Imperialism in India, China, and Japan PDF

New Imperialism in India Cycle 8 Meeting 3 Photo Analysis How do the colonizers look at the colonized countries and people? New Imperialism in India Why were the British interested in India? 1. Raw materials ❖ Products traded with England: calico, silk, jewels, and tea 2. Consumer...

New Imperialism in India Cycle 8 Meeting 3 Photo Analysis How do the colonizers look at the colonized countries and people? New Imperialism in India Why were the British interested in India? 1. Raw materials ❖ Products traded with England: calico, silk, jewels, and tea 2. Consumers / Ready market (300 million population) First Phase of British Imperialism in India: Trade British East India Company Part-trade organization, part-nation-state reap vast profits from overseas trade with India “At its peak, the English East India Company was by far the largest corporation of its kind. It was also larger than several nations. It was essentially the de facto emperor of large portions of India, which was one of the most productive economies in the world at that point" - E. Erikson Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company Second Phase of British Imperialism in India: Empire Building BEI and Sepoys The British East India Company hired Indian soldiers known as sepoys to protect the company’s interests in the region.  The spark that lit the fire Stories had been spreading that the new bullet cartridges for their new Enfield rifles were being greased with animal fat derived from pigs and cows. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. However, nearly every sepoy was either Muslim—a religion that forbids eating the fat or any other part of a pig, or Hindu—where the same rule applies to cows. When some of the sepoys, in religious observation, disobeyed orders to sink their teeth into the fat-greased ammunition, they were sentence to prison.  Several sepoys rose up to free their comrades. News spread fast, inspiring more mutinies in other garrison towns and First War of disturbances in districts across the north and Independence northeast of India. By the end, over 50,000 sepoys had died or were executed later, whether or not they were guilty of participating in the revolt. Another 100,000 civilians were killed by British efforts to put down the rebellion and take revenge. The chaos that followed also contributed to a major famine that killed even more people. It took a full year for the British to put down the revolt and re-establish its control over Indian society. The East India Company no longer governed India and the East India Company was dissolved by the British. The British Queen Victoria became the sole sovereign of the subcontinent and India became an official colony of the British Empire for nearly 100 more years.  Impacts of colonization on India "Positive": Negative: Modern goods and technology Destruction of local industries Modern transportation Abuse of power of local officials New school system (for the elite Poverty 10%) Hunger (30M in 100 years died of Improvement of health care starvation) Protection Indians were seen as “half” citizens Impact of New Watch How Britain Stole $45 Trillion Imperialism in from India with Trains | Empires of India Dirt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =x_jGPf764d0 References: The Age of Imperialism (1870–1914) - Tamaqua Area School District. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/Th eAgeofImperialism.pdf Mastoi, R. B., Lohar, S. A., & Shah, S. W. A. (n.d.). English Colonialism and Imperialism in India. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234693599.pdf Roos, D. (2020, October 23). How the East India Company became the world's most powerful monopoly. History.com. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.history.com/news/east-india-company-england-trade Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2022, May 3). Indian Mutiny. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Indian-Mutiny Imperialism, colonialism, and responses | khan academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-1750/xcabef9ed3fc7da7b:unit-5-imperia lism-colonialism-and-responses New Imperialism in China How do you remember China from the Ancient Civilization discussions? How the world met China: Silk Road European missionaries & merchants 16th c. Portuguese traded with them for silk and tea ❏ Qing rulers wanted to limit European trading in their territory. As such, the Qing established the Canton System, which forced all foreign nations to trade only at the port of Canton. ❏ The Qing restricted all foreign nations and companies to trade as this port in the hopes of limiting outside influence on Chinese society. ❏ The Canton System annoyed the European merchants, because it limited their access to other parts of the country. The huge demand of silk and porcelain from the Western countries, specifically Britain, created a huge imbalance of trade. Britain tried to alter this balance by replacing cotton with opium, and they succeeded. By the early 19th century, more and more Chinese were smoking British opium as a recreational drug. But for many, what started as recreation soon became a punishing addiction: many people who stopped ingesting opium suffered chills, nausea, and cramps, and sometimes died from withdrawal. An excerpt from Commissioner Lin’s letter to Britain: "Let us ask, where is your conscience? I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries -- how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people: they are of benefit when eaten, or of benefit when used, or of benefit when resold: all are beneficial. Is there a single article from China which has done any harm to foreign countries?" After the Emperor saw the massive growth of addiction in China, he ordered the soldier to burn all the opium they found. Britain lost 20,000 chest of opium, equivalent to 2 million pounds. Britain demanded for economic reparations for the loss of the smuggled and illegal product in China. This resulted to the Opium War. The British refused to end the opium trade & used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) After the defeat of China in the Opium Wars, Britain created the Treaty of Nanking and Tianjin port at Hong Kong a huge indemnity (compensation) to be paid to the British government and merchants; five new Chinese treaty ports where British merchants and their families could reside; extraterritoriality for British citizens residing in these treaty ports, meaning that they were subject to British, not Chinese, laws a “most favoured nation” clause that any rights gained by other foreign countries would automatically apply to Great Britain as well. Protection of Christian Missionaries.  Statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 Open Door Policy for the protection of equal privileges among 1899 countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. The Boxer Rebellion 1900 Chinese nationalists, which were known as ‘Boxers’ rise up and fight against western influence in China. In fact, the Boxers fought to end western imperialism in China, as well as bring a stop to the spread of Christian missionaries. Traces of British Occupation in Hongkong  References The Age of Imperialism (1870–1914) - Tamaqua Area School District. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/ Domain/119/TheAgeofImperialism.pdf Teng, S., & John Fairbank. (n.d.). Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria. Digital China/harvard: Letter of advice to queen victoria. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://cyber.harvard.edu/ChinaDragon/lin_xexu.html Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). The Opium Wars. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-colonialism/The-Opium-Wars Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, February 19). Open Door policy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Open-Door-policy Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. (2017). The Opium Wars in China. Asia Pacific Curriculum. https://asiapacificcurriculum.ca/learning-module/opium-wars-china#:~:text=The %20Opium%20Wars%20in%20the,China%20lost%20both%20wars. New Imperialism in Japan  Essential Question: How can new ideas accelerate economic and political change? Meiji Japan  1. Japanese society in turmoil Japanese Declining agricultural productivity society before Harsh taxes on peasants Imperialism Samurai and daimyos are in debt to the merchants Disliked European ideas, ways of life 2. Sakoku- Japanese Isolationist Policy  First Foreign Contact Commodore Matthew Perry (USA); 1854 Japan, unlike China, reversed its policy of isolation Fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate seen as weak for ending 250 years of isolation. Satsuma and Choshu samurai were upset at the Shogunate for “surrendering” to Westerners. In 1868, the Sat-Cho alliance successfully ends the shogunate system.  Replace the feudal rulers (shogun) Meiji Increase the power of Restoration the emperor Feudal Society to Make Japan strong Industrial Society enough to compete with the West  Changes During The Meiji Restoration Major Changes: ✔ Abolished feudalism ✔ Created a centralized government (establishment of prefectures) ✔ Japan's 1st Western-style constitution (1889), followed by the country's first elected Diet. ✔ Eliminated samurai armies ✔ Reformed education ✔ Adopted Western technology, industrialized ✔ Opened up trade (ended isolation)  In order to Industrialize, you must... IMPERIALIZE Japan followed the cue from other industrialized nations and went after an empire. Aftermath: Japanese global superiority ✔ Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 ✔ Russo-Japanese War 1904 ✔ Imperialism of Korea: Annexed in 1910 How was life different in Japan and other colonies during New Imperialism? What is the difference between the response of Japan and other countries to Imperialism? References The Age of Imperialism (1870–1914) - Tamaqua Area School District. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2022, from https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Cent ricity/Domain/119/TheAgeofImperialism.pdf Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021, September 29). Meiji Restoration. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Meiji-Restoration Asia for educators: Columbia University. (n.d.). The Meiji Restoration and modernization. The Meiji Restoration and Modernization | Asia for Educators | Columbia University. Retrieved July 8, 2022, from http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_meiji.htm