New Imperialism in India

New Imperialism in India

• Photo Analysis: Colonizers depicted colonized countries/people in a way that often portrayed them as inferior or needing guidance.
• British Interest in India: Motivated by raw materials (calico, silk, jewels, tea) and a vast consumer market (300 million people).
• British East India Company: A part-trade organization and part-nation-state, collecting immense profits from trade with India.
• Company's Power: At its peak, the British East India Company was larger than many nations, essentially controlling significant portions of India.
• Second Phase: Shift from trade to empire building.
• Sepoys: Indian soldiers hired by the British East India Company to protect its interests.
• Sepoy Mutiny Spark: Rumors that new rifle cartridges were greased with animal fat (pig and cow) sparked religious objections and a major revolt.
• First War of Independence: Over 50,000 sepoys died, and 100,000 civilians were killed during this revolt. Chaos led to a major famine.
• British Control Re-established: Took a year to quell the revolt, dissolve the East India Company, and impose British rule over India.
• Queen Victoria's Rule: Queen Victoria became sovereign and India became a British colony.
• Bengal Famine: A major famine impacting India after the revolt.

Impacts of Colonization on India

• Positive Impacts: Modern goods, technology, transportation, some improvements in health care (limited to elite) and protection from external threats.
• Negative Impacts: Destruction of local industries & abuse of power by officials, poverty, hunger (30 million deaths in 100 years), and subjugating Indians.

New Imperialism in China

• Limited Trade (Canton System): Qing emperors restricted European trade to the port of Canton in order to limit foreign cultural/political influence.
• Opium Trade: British merchants introduced opium as a way to balance trade imbalances and generated massive addiction in China.
• Opium War: China's attempts to stop the opium trade led to war with Britain, resulting in the loss of 20,000 chests of opium and heavy Chinese losses.
• Treaty of Nanking: This treaty forced China to yield to British demands. Gave Britain Hong Kong, forced China to open more treaty ports and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens in China.
• Open Door Policy: Initiated by the US as a way to ensure equal trading opportunities for all countries.

How the World Met China

• Silk Road: One of the major ways the West interacted with China.
• Missionaries & Merchants: European missionaries and merchants traveled to China.
• 16th Century Portuguese traders: Traded with China for silk and tea, marked early stages of Western engagement with the "Middle Kingdom".

Meiji Japan

• Tokugawa Shogunate: Feudal rulers. Seen as weak for ending 250 years of isolation.
• Samurai and Daimyo: Upset with the Tokugawa Shogunate for surrendering to Westerners.
• Sat-Cho Alliance: Alliance that ended the Shogunate government.
• Meiji Restoration: Overthrow of shogunate, increase power of emperor, make Japan strong enough to compete with the West.
• Major Changes: Abolished feudalism, established a central government, created a western-style constitution, reformed education and adopted Western technology, opened up trade.
• Imperialism: In order to industrialize, Japan followed the cue from other industrialized nations and went after an empire.

Imperialism in Asia 1914

• Map: Illustration showing major empires' control in Asia in 1914.
• Aftermath of Japanese's Rise to Power: Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and Russo-Japanese War (1904).
• Annexation of Korea: Japan annexed Korea in 1910 solidifying regional imperialism.
• Trade Growth: Strong economic growth in Japan (exports and imports) post-Meiji Restoration.