A Tour of the Cell (shortened version) PDF

A Tour of the Cell & the Cell Cycle Ernest Everett Just, Ph.D. (1883-1941) Size Range in Biology Guillame Paumier Matryoshka Doll Set Fanghong  The Hierarchy of Biology $ Openstax College Rice University — At each stage of biological h...

A Tour of the Cell & the Cell Cycle Ernest Everett Just, Ph.D. (1883-1941) Size Range in Biology Guillame Paumier Matryoshka Doll Set Fanghong  The Hierarchy of Biology $ Openstax College Rice University — At each stage of biological hierarchy, new properties, called emergent properties emerge; this is major theme of biology — Structure & function are correlated at all levels of biological organization; another major theme of biology  From the Next Slides,You Should Understand: — The major concepts of cell theory — The difference between a prokaryote & a eukaryote — The fundamental role cells play in life — Any vocabulary terms typed in bold as well as any other words relevant to understanding the material Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) 1st Realized That Biology Could be Studied Microscopically — Popularized use of microscope (below) — Unknown who invented microscope — Discovered parasites in 1674 from sewage & bacteria from human mouth in 1676 Jeroen Rouwkema Portrait by Jan Verkolje  Robert Hooke (1635-1703) of UK Discovered Cells — Discovered them when he made a microscopic slide of a wine cork & named them cells as they reminded him of cells, the rooms that nuns & priests live in & his original drawing is in the center & microscope is at left — No one knows who invented microscopes, yet Hooke was one of the people who popularized their use  All Life is Cellular as Major Theme of Biology $ — All life is composed of tiny fluid filled compartments surrounded by a membrane called cells — All cells come from pre-existing cells — Most chemical reactions for life take place within cells — Most living things are unicellular, or have one cell, but some are multicellular, or contain many cells that are often specialized — Unicellular species are called microorganisms as they are best seen with a microscope — Above concepts are called cell theory  Most Living Things are Unicellular Paracoccidiodes Plasmodium malariae Saccharomyces braziliensis Michael Wunderli cereviciae Legionella pneumophila Trypanosoma cruzi Mycobacterium tuberculosis  Most Living Things are Unicellular Pseudomonas syringiae Cryptosporidium Chris Smart Histoplasma capsulatum Klebsiella pneumonia Sea sparkle  One of 1st Discovered Unicellular Species Was Giardia lamblia — Discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723, top) of the Netherlands, who was another popularizer of the microscope & 1st to document muscles, blood flow in capillaries, & red blood cells — Giardia lamblia (bottom) is one of the most common causes of intestinal infection & is spread though fresh water & food contaminated by infected manure — A common infection in the wilderness, & poorly maintained day cares, nursing homes, & hospitals — Infects millions annually — Van Leeuwenhoek was infected & discovered Giardia lamblia by looking at his own manure in his microscope Most Unicellular Species are Microscopic, But the Algae Sailor’s Eyeball (Valonia ventricosa) Is One of Largest Unicellular Species & Largest Cells at 5 cm (2 in) Alexander Vasenin — Sailors eyeballs live in Indian, Pacific, & Atlantic Oceans  Most Unicellular Species are Microscopic, But the Algae Caulerpa taxifolia Is Largest Unicellular Species & Largest Cells — Originally from Indian Ocean, but has colonized Mediterranean Sea & California as 1 of the 100 worst invasive species — Rapidly grows to dominate areas it grows in — Each frond is a cell up to 80 cm (31.5 in) long Shrimp sitting on Caulerpa taxifolia Some Living Things are Multicellular — The Peaceable Kingdom by Edward Hicks (1780-1849) All Cells Come From Preexisting Cells $ — Cells divide to produce more cells — Proteins manage division process — Mitosis is division of cells to create new body cells — Meiosis is division of cells in genitalia specifically to create special cells for sexual reproduction 8 week old human fetus  Many Life Sustaining Chemical Reactions Happen within Cells — Such critical cellular chemical reactions include: 1) Respiration 2) Photosynthesis 3) Fermentation 4) Biologic Central Dogma processes For multicellular species, many life sustaining chemical reactions also happen outside their cells  There Are 2 Types of Cells $ — Cells can be eukaryotic or prokaryotic — An individual can have either eukayrotic cells or prokaryotic cells, but never both — Prokaryotes & eukaryotes are also family groups in biological classification of different life forms  Prokaryotes $ — Prokaryotes are always unicellular — Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound compartments inside them — Prokaryote cells are generally small — Prokaryotes include bacteria & another group of microbes called archaea  Eukaryotes $ — Eukaryotes can be multicellular or unicellular — Includes all plants, fungi, algae, & animals, including humans — Cells contain an system of compartments called organelles — Cells are generally large — The 2 types of eukaryotic cell are animal & plant  Leishmania mexicana (top left), Cryptosporidium (bottom right), Toxoplasma gondii (top right), Giardia The Peaceable Kingdom by Edward lamblia (bottom left) Hicks (1780-1849) Zephyris, Alae-eddine GATI Eukaryotes Can Be Unicellular (Left) or Multicellular (Right) The Broad Eukaryotic Cell Categories Are Animal (Left) & Plant (Right) $ Lady of Hats — But, many eukaryotic cells do not fit neatly into animal or plant category — Within these categories, a eukaryotic individual will have only plant or animal cells in their body, never both  There Is No Such Thing as a Typical Eukaryotic Cell — There are many cell types based on that cell’s function — Images of typical eukaryotic cells in many books are only meant to help students get acquainted with cells — Humans have at least 210 kinds of cells Ethan Hein  Collections of Eukaryotic Cells in a Multicellular Species Group Together To Form Tissues $ — A tissue, in context of biology, is a group of cells that work together for a common purpose or goal — Animals have 4 types of tissues: muscle (bottom), connective (center right), nervous (center left), & epithelium (tissue that forms glands & surfaces, top) — Groups of tissues get together to form organs Blue Histology Cytoplasm $ — All the internal components of a cell, including fluid & organelles — Organelles are molecular complexes in eukaryotic cells that have a specific purpose — Cytosol, cytoplasmic matrix, or intracellular fluid is the fluid between organelles — Cytosol contains molecules that undergo various chemical reactions that sustain life of cell — Cytosol contains protein array called cytoskeleton to give cell its shape Just As a Body Has Organs with Functions, Eukaryotic Cells Have Organelles with Functions Openstax College  The Organelles $ — Mitochondrion — Ribosome — Endoplasmic Reticulum 1) rough 2) smooth — Golgi body or apparatus — Lysosomes — Peroxisomes — Nucleus — Chloroplast or plastid — Vesicle — Plant vacuole — For each of the above organelles you should understand: 1) Definition, function, & importance 2) The fact that they are in eukaryotes 3) Whether plant or animal cells have them 4) How certain ogranelles work together 5) Be able to utilize information from any of the above objectives to solve a real world problem, such as in a clinical, business, or personal setting, when given key information Animal Cell Plant Cell Organelle Summary $ Openstax College Cairo, Egypt, largest city in Africa & Melbourne, 2nd largest & one of the 10th largest on Earth most important Australian cities Fir0002/Flagstaffotos A Eukaryotic Cell & its Organelles Can be Thought of as Like a City  Mitochondria $ Bruce Blaus — Provide energy for the cell — Inherited maternally — Have their own DNA & RNA Openstax College  Susquehanna Steam Electric Power Mitochondria nuclear plant, Pennsylvania Mitochondria Can be Thought of as Like a Power Plant in a City  Ribosome $ Vossman — Make proteins by assembling amino acids — Made of RNA — Discovered by Romanian George Emil Palade, MD (1912-2008) who won Nobel Prize Openstax College  Ribosome Lindt & Sprüngli chocolate factory, Vossman Kilchberg, Switzerland Roland ZH Ribosomes Can be Thought of as Factories in a City  Endoplasmic Reticulum $ Openstax College — Two kinds: smooth & rough — Each have different functions Bruce Blaus  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum $ Openstax College — Coated on outside surface with ribosomes — Folding of proteins happens inside — Abundant in secretory cells — Discovered by Romanian George Emil Palade, MD (1912-2008) who won Nobel Prize  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum $ Daniel Friend & Don W. Fawcett M.D. — Connect with rough endoplasmic reticulum — Lipid metabolism — Synthesize lipid hormones — Absorption & transport of fats — Detoxification Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company Newtown Creek Water Pollution sugar mill, Pu’unene, Maui, Hawai’i Control Plant, Brooklyn, New York City Joanna Orpia Postdlf Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Can be Thought of as Like a Factory (Left) & Sewage Treatment (Right) Combined  Golgi Apparatus or Body $ Don W. Fawcett, MD — Discovered by Italian Camillo Golgi, MD (1843-1926, right) who won Nobel Prize — Made of stacked membranous sacks — Packages, addresses, & ships proteins, & makes sure potentially dangerous proteins are safely stored — Adds PO4’s & carbohydrates to proteins, if needed Openstax College/Rice University  Golgi apparatus Los Angeles, California, USA Los Angeles Golgi Apparatus Can be Thought of as Being Like a Post Office in a City  Be Clear When Mentioning Golgi Apparatus as Other Things Are Also Named for Golgi — Golgi was 1 of greatest STEM professionals ever & he also discovered or invented: 1. Golgi tendon organ (bottom left) 2. Golgi staining (bottom right) 3. Golgi reflex 4. Golgi cells  Vesicle $ — A package made of lipids within a cell — Created by Golgi apparati & endoplasmic reticula — Uses: 1) To release chemicals from cell 2) To take chemicals or life forms into cell 3) Transportation within cell 4) Storage 5) Matrix vesicles create environment outside of cell Carsten Kutzner  Transport Vesicles Get to Their Destination Due to Protein Targeting $ — Process of sorting of proteins to proper location is called protein targeting — Signal peptides are chemical addresses on proteins that allow for their correct delivery Masur — Each organelle has its own signal peptide address — Without signal peptides cell cannot function as proteins are not delivered to right place — Signal peptide function discovered by German Günter Blobel, Ph.D. (1936-present) who won Nobel Prize Phillipe Perone Proteins are Processed through Organelles in a Sequence $ Openstax College 1) Proteins created by ribosomes 2) Rough endoplasmic reticulum folds proteins 3) Rough endoplasmic reticulum sends proteins to Golgi apparatus using vesicles 4) Golgi apparatus packages proteins then ships them either within or outside of cell using vesicles  Lysosomes $ — Contain intracellular digestive proteins to digest nutrients that enter cell — A type of vesicle that emerges from the Golgi apparatus — Digest pathogens in immune cells — Degrade glycogen in cell — Discovered by Belgian Viscount Christian de Duve, MD (1917-present) who won Nobel Prize Openstax College Don W Fawcett, MD & Roy Jones Immune Cells Have Lots of Lysosomes — Immune cells swallow threats to body — Lysosomes destroy threats swallowed by immune cells, but some infections take advantage of lysosomes to infect immune cells Leishmania infected immune cells Neutrophil (yellow) with anthrax (orange) HIV infected immune cell Volker Brinkmann  Peroxisomes $ Don W. Fawcett, MD, Daniel Friend, Richard Wood — In green in bottom left image — Detoxify harmful substances like alcohol, formaldehyde, & free radicals — Neutralizes 25% of alcohols that are drunk — Degrades lipids particularly in plant cells — Discovered by Belgian Viscount Christian de Duve, MD (1917-present) who won Nobel Prize  Peroxisome Deer Island Sewage Plant, Boston, Don W Fawcett, MD Massachusetts Fletcher6 Peroxisomes are Like a Sewage Treatment Plant of a City  Chloroplasts or Plastids $ Spike Walker — Found in plants & algae — Perform photosynthesis, the use of light energy to create carbohydrates — Contain DNA  Plastids Solúcar PS10, Seville, Spain Kristian Peters Afloresm Chloroplasts are Like Solar Power Parks in a City  Plant Central Vacuoles — Usually occupy 30-90% of cell volume — A type of vesicle — Bordered by a tonoplast — Maintains water pressure within cell (bottom) — Stores water & waste materials — Contain proteins to degrade polymers — Stores toxins that protect plant from being eaten — Maintains cell pH — Pushes chloroplasts closer to the light Heliotropes (left) & Sunflowers (right) Move to Face Sun by Adjusting Turgor in Stems Stan Shebs  Lake Vyrnwy, Powys, Wales, UK Landfill, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA Sean Hattersley Eric Guinther Plant Vacuoles are Like a Combination of a Landfill & Reservoir for a City  Nucleus $ LadyofHats — Contains most of the genetic material, DNA — Directs which proteins the ribosomes create through genetic material — The nucleus takes AND gives direction, as chemicals from other parts of cell & organelles & hormones & other chemicals outside of cell communicate to nucleus; nucleus then directs ribosomal activity — Nucleus does not control entire cell directly, just the ribosomes — The nucleolus is a body in nucleus that creates ribosomes Openstax College  There is No Rule That Says That a Cell Can Only Have One Nucleus Blue Histology — Muscles can have 100 or more nuclei (left) — Immune cells have 3-4 nuclei (right) Nucleus Has Different Meanings In Different Contexts Openstax College — Nucleus is Latin for “kernel” — A nucleus of an atom is the center of an atom — A nucleus in the brain is a special function center in brain National Library of China, Beijing is largest New York Public Library is 2nd largest in Asia with 29 million volumes on Earth with 53,1 million volumes PFHLai Shanghai.Dennis A Nucleus is Like a Library, NOT a Control Center Like a City Hall Animal Cell Plant Cell Organelle Summary $ Openstax College