Converging Technologies for Smart Environments & Integrated Ecosystems PDF

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Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS Consulting Series Editors MARINA RUGGIERI HOMAYOUN NIKOOKAR University of Roma “Tor Vergata” Delft University of Technology Italy The Netherlands This series focuses on communications science and technology. This includes the theory and use of systems involving all terminals, computers, and infor- mation processors; wired and wireless networks; and network layouts, pro- contentsols, architectures, and implementations. Furthermore, developments toward new market demands in systems, prod- ucts, and technologies such as personal communications services, multimedia systems, enterprise networks, and optical communications systems. Wireless Communications Networks Security Antennas & Propagation Microwaves Software Deﬁned Radio For a list of other books in this series, please visit www.riverpublishers.com. Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems Dr. Ovidiu Vermesan SINTEF, Norway Dr. Peter Friess EU, Belgium Aalborg Published, sold and distributed by: River Publishers PO box 1657 Algade 42 9000 Aalborg Denmark Tel.: +4536953197 www.riverpublishers.com ISBN: 978-87-92982-73-5 (Print) ISBN: 978-87-92982-96-4 (E-Book) © 2013 River Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Dedication “A rock pile ceases to be a rock pile the moment a single man contemplates it, bearing within him the image of a cathedral.” — Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “Creativity is contagious. Pass it on.” — Albert Einstein Acknowledgement The editors would like to thank the European Commission for their support in the planning and preparation of this book. The recommendations and opinions expressed in the book are those of the editors and contributors, and do not necessarily represent those of the European Commission. Ovidiu Vermesan Peter Friess v This page intentionally left blank Editors Biography Dr. Ovidiu Vermesan holds a Ph.D. degree in microelectronics and a Master of International Business (MIB) degree. He is Chief Scientist at SINTEF Information and Communication Technology, Oslo, Norway. His research interests are in the area of microelectronics/nanoelectronics, analog and mixed-signal ASIC Design (CMOS/BiCMOS/SOI) with applications in measurement, instrumentation, high- temperature applications, medical electronics and integrated sensors; low power/low voltage ASIC design; and computer-based electronic analysis and simulation. Dr. Vermesan received SINTEFs 2003 award for research excellence for his work on the implementation of a biometric sensor system. He is currently working with projects addressing nanoelectronics integrated systems, communication and embed- ded systems, integrated sensors, wireless identiﬁable systems and RFID for future Internet of Things architectures with applications in green automotive, internet of energy, healthcare, oil and gas and energy efﬁciency in buildings. He has authored or co-authored over 75 technical articles and conference papers. He is actively involved in the activities of the European Technology Platforms ENIAC (European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council), ARTEMIS (Advanced Research & Technology for EMbedded Intelligence and Systems), EPoSS (European Technol- ogy Platform on Smart Systems Integration). He coordinated and managed various national and international/EU projects related to integrated electronics. He was co- coordinator of ENIAC E3 Car project, and is currently coordinating the ARTEMIS projects POLLUX and IoE — Internet of Energy for Electric Mobility. Dr. Vermesan is the coordinator of the IoT European Research Cluster (IERC) of the European Commission, actively participated in EU FP7 Projects related to Internet of Things. Dr. Peter Friess is a senior ofﬁcial of the European Commission overseeing for more than ﬁve years the research and innovation policy for the Internet of Things, Machine to Machine communication and related subject areas such as Smart Cities, Cloud computing, Future Internet, Trust and Security. In this function he has shaped the on-going European research and innovation program on the Internet of Things and became responsible for supervising the European Commission’s direct investment for 70 Mill. Euro in this ﬁeld. As part of the Commission Internet of Things European vii viii Editors Biography Action Plan from 2009, he also oversees international cooperation on the Internet of Things, in particular with Asian countries. In previous engagements he was working as senior consultant for IBM, dealing with major automotive and utility companies in Germany and Europe. Prior to this engagement he worked as IT manager at Philips Semiconductors dealing with busi- ness process optimisation in complex manufacturing. Before that period he was active as a researcher in European and national research projects on advanced telecommu- nications and business process reorganisation. He is a graduate engineer in Aeronautics and Space technology from the Univer- sity of Munich and holds a Ph.D. in Systems Engineering including self-organising systems from the University of Bremen. He also published a number of articles and co-edits a yearly book of the European Internet of Things Research Cluster. Foreword The Bright Future of the Internet of Things Mário Campolargo DG CONNECT, European Commission, Belgium “IoT will boost the economy while improving our citizens’ lives” Analysts predict that new Internet of Things (IoT) products and services will grow exponentially in next years. I ﬁrmly believe that the Commission will continue to support research in IoT in Horizon 2020, the forthcoming EU research and innovation framework programme starting in 2014. ix x Foreword In order to enable a fast uptake of the IoT, key issues like identiﬁcation, privacy and security and semantic interoperability have to be tackled. The interplay with cloud technologies, big data and future networks like 5G have also to be taken into account. Open and integrated IoT environments will boost the competitiveness of European SMEs and make people’s daily life easier. For instance, it will be easier for patients to receive continuous care and for companies to efﬁciently source components for their products. This will lead to better services, huge savings and a smarter use of resources. To achieve these promising results, I think it is vital to enhance users’ trust in the Internet of Things. The data protection legislation and the cybersecurity strategy proposed by the European Commission clearly go in this direction. I am conﬁdent that the following chapters will cater for interesting reading on the state-of-the-art of research and innovation in IoT and will expose you to the progress towards the bright future of the Internet of Things. Contents Foreword The Bright Future of the Internet of Things ix Mário Campolargo 1 Driving European Internet of Things Research 1 Peter Friess 1.1 The Internet of Things Today 1 1.2 Time for Convergence 3 1.3 Towards the IoT Universe(s) 5 1.4 Conclusions 6 2 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda 7 Ovidiu Vermesan, Peter Friess, Patrick Guillemin, Harald Sundmaeker, Markus Eisenhauer, Klaus Moessner, Franck Le Gall, and Philippe Cousin 2.1 Internet of Things Vision 7 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 16 2.3 IoT Applications 39 2.4 Internet of Things and Related Future Internet Technologies 61 2.5 Infrastructure 69 2.6 Networks and Communication 72 2.7 Processes 78 2.8 Data Management 81 2.9 Security, Privacy & Trust 92 2.10 Device Level Energy Issues 95 xi xii Contents 2.11 IoT Related Standardization 101 2.12 Recommendations on Research Topics 113 References 144 3 IoT Applications — Value Creation for Industry 153 Nicolaie L. Fantana, Till Riedel, Jochen Schlick, Stefan Ferber, Jürgen Hupp, Stephen Miles, Florian Michahelles, and Stefan Svensson 3.1 Introduction 154 3.2 IoT Applications for Industry — Value Creation and Challenges 155 3.3 Future Factory Concepts 162 3.4 Brownﬁeld IoT: Technologies for Retroﬁtting 171 3.5 Smart Objects, Smart Applications 177 3.6 Four Aspects in your Business to Master IoT 180 3.7 Auto_ID — Value Creation from Big Data and Serialization in the Pharmaceutical Industry 186 3.8 What the Shopping Basket Can Tell: IoT for Retailing Industry? 194 3.9 IoT For Oil and Gas Industry 197 3.10 Opinions on IoT Application and Value for Industry 201 3.11 Conclusions 204 References 204 4 Internet of Things Privacy, Security and Governance 207 Gianmarco Baldini, Trevor Peirce, Marcus Handte, Domenico Rotondi, Sergio Gusmeroli, Salvatore Piccione, Bertrand Copigneaux, Franck Le Gall, Foued Melakessou, Philippe Smadja, Alexandru Serbanati, and Julinda Stefa 4.1 Introduction 207 4.2 Overview of Activity Chain 05 — Governance, Privacy and Security Issues 211 4.3 Contribution From FP7 Projects 212 4.4 Conclusions 223 References 224 Contents xiii 5 Security and Privacy Challenge in Data Aggregation for the IoT in Smart Cities 225 Jens-Matthias Bohli, Peter Langendörfer, and Antonio F. Gómez Skarmeta 5.1 Security, Privacy and Trust in Iot-Data-Platforms for Smart Cities 226 5.2 First Steps Towards a Secure Platform 228 5.3 Smartie Approach 236 5.4 Conclusion 240 References 241 6 A Common Architectural Approach for IoT Empowerment 245 Alessandro Bassi, Raffaele Giaffreda, and Panagiotis Vlacheas 6.1 Introduction 245 6.2 Deﬁning a Common Architectural Ground 247 6.3 The iCore Functional Architecture 251 References 257 7 Internet of Things Standardisation — Status, Requirements, Initiatives and Organisations 259 Patrick Guillemin, Friedbert Berens, Marco Carugi, Marilyn Arndt, Latif Ladid, George Percivall, Bart De Lathouwer, Steve Liang, Arne Bröring, and Pascal Thubert 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 M2M Service Layer Standardisation 262 7.3 OGC Sensor Web for IoT 266 7.4 IEEE and IETF 270 7.5 ITU-T 272 7.6 Conclusions 275 References 276 8 Simpler IoT Word(s) of Tomorrow, More Interoperability Challenges to Cope Today 277 Payam Barnaghi, Philippe Cousin, Pedro Maló, Martin Serrano, and Cesar Viho xiv Contents 8.1 Introduction 277 8.2 Physical vs Virtual 283 8.3 Solve the Basic First — The Physical Word 285 8.4 The Data Interoperability 290 8.5 The Semantic Interoperability 293 8.6 The Organizational Interoperability 299 8.7 The Eternal Interoperability 299 8.8 The Importance of Standardisation — The Beginning of Everything 303 8.9 The Need of Methods and Tools and Corresponding Research 304 8.10 The Important Economic Dimension 307 8.11 The Research Roadmap for IoT Testing Methodologies 308 8.12 Conclusions 309 References 312 9 Semantic as an Interoperability Enabler in Internet of Things 315 Vicente Hernández Díaz, José Fernán Martínez Ortega, Alexandra Cuerva García, Jesús Rodríguez-Molina, Gregorio Rubio Cifuentes, and Antonio Jara 9.1 Introduction 315 9.2 Semantics as an Interoperability Enabler 322 9.3 Related Works 335 9.4 Conclusions 339 References 340 Index 343 1 Driving European Internet of Things Research Peter Friess European Commission, Belgium 1.1 The Internet of Things Today One year after the past edition of the Clusterbook 2012 it can be clearly stated that the Internet of Things (IoT) has reached many different players and gained further recognition. Out of the potential Internet of Things application areas, Smart Cities (and regions), Smart Car and mobility, Smart Home and assisted living, Smart Industries, Public safety, Energy & environmental protection, Agriculture and Tourism as part of a future IoT Ecosystem (Figure 1.1) have acquired high attention. In line with this development, the majority of the governments in Europe, in Asia, and in the Americas consider now the Internet of Things as an area of innovation and growth. Although larger players in some application areas still do not recognise the potential, many of them pay high attention or even accelerate the pace by coining new terms for the IoT and adding additional components to it. Moreover, end-users in the private and business domain have nowadays acquired a signiﬁcant competence in dealing with smart devices and networked applications. As the Internet of Things continues to develop, further potential is esti- mated by a combination with related technology approaches and concepts such as Cloud computing, Future Internet, Big Data, robotics and Semantic Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, 1–6. © 2013 River Publishers. All rights reserved. 2 Driving European Internet of Things Research Fig. 1.1 IoT Ecosystem. technologies. The idea is of course not new as such but becomes now evident as those related concepts have started to reveal synergies by combining them. However, the Internet of Things is still maturing, in particular due to a number of factors, which limit the full exploitation of the IoT. Among those factors the following appear to be most relevant: No clear approach for the utilisation of unique identiﬁers and num- bering spaces for various kinds of persistent and volatile objects at a global scale. No accelerated use and further development of IoT reference archi- tectures like for example the Architecture Reference Model (ARM) of the project IoT-A. Less rapid advance in semantic interoperability for exchanging sensor information in heterogeneous environments. Difﬁculties in developing a clear approach for enabling innova- tion, trust and ownership of data in the IoT while at the same time respecting security and privacy in a complex environment. Difﬁculties in developing business which embraces the full poten- tial of the Internet of Things. Missing large-scale testing and learning environments, which both facilitate the experimentation with complex sensor networks and stimulate innovation through reﬂection and experience. 1.2 Time for Convergence 3 Only partly deployed rich interfaces in light of a growing amount of data and the need for context-integrated presentation. Practical aspects like substantial roaming-charges for geograph- ically large-range sensor applications and missing technical availability of instant and reliable network connectivity. Overcoming those hurdles would result in a better exploitation of the Internet of Things potential by a stronger cross-domain interactivity, increased real-world awareness and utilisation of an inﬁnite problem-solving space. Here the subsequent chapters of this book will present further approaches and solu- tions to those questions. In addition eight new projects from the recent call on SMARTCITIES in the scope of the European Research Program FP7, including a support and coordination action on technology road-mapping, will reinforce this year the research and innovation on a safe/reliable and smart Internet of Things, and complete the direct IoT related funding of 70 M in FP7. Furthermore, a project resulting from a joint call with Japan will explore the potential of combining IoT and Cloud technologies. 1.2 Time for Convergence Integrated environments that have been at the origin of the successful take up of smartphone platforms and capable of running a multiplicity of user-driven applications and connecting various sensors and objects are missing today. Such super-stack like environments, bringing together a number of distinct constituencies, represent an opportunity for Europe to develop Internet of Things ecosystems. As an example this would include the deﬁnition of open APIs and hence offer a variety of channels for the delivery of new applications and services. Such open APIs are of particular importance at module range on any abstraction level for application-speciﬁc data analysis and processing, thus allowing application developers to leverage the underlying communication infrastructure and use and combine information generated by various devices to produce added value across multiple environments. As a quintessence the next big leap in the Internet of Things evolution will be the coherence of efforts on all levels towards innovation (Figure 1.2). In case of the IoT community this would mean that out of many possible “coherence 4 Driving European Internet of Things Research Fig. 1.2 Innovation Matrix of IERC –– Internet of Things European Research Cluster. horizons” the following will likely provide the foundation for a step forward to the Internet of Things: Coherence of object capabilities and behaviour: the objects in the Internet of Things will show a huge variety in sensing and actuation capabilities, in information processing functionality and their time of existence. In either case it will be necessary to generally appre- hend object as entities with a growing “intelligence” and patterns of autonomous behaviour. Coherence of application interactivity: the applications will increase in complexity and modularisation, and boundaries between applications and services will be blurred to a high degree. Fixed programmed suites will evolve into dynamic and learning application packages. Besides technical, semantic interoperability will become the key for context aware information exchange and processing. 1.3 Towards the IoT Universe(s) 5 Coherence of corresponding technology approaches: larger con- cepts like Smart Cities, Cloud computing, Future Internet, robotics and others will evolve in their own way, but because of complementarity also partly merge with the Internet of Things. Here a creative view on potential synergies can help to develop new ecosystems. Coherence of real and virtual worlds: today real and virtual worlds are perceived as two antagonistic conceptions. At the same time virtual worlds grow exponentially with the amount of stored data and ever increasing network and information processing capabili- ties. Understanding both paradigms as complementary and part of human evolution could lead to new synergies and exploration of living worlds. 1.3 Towards the IoT Universe(s) In analogy to the deﬁnition that a universe is commonly deﬁned as the totality of existence, an Internet of Things universe might potentially connect every- thing. As a further analogy to new theories about parallel universes, different Internet of Things worlds might develop and exist in parallel, potentially over- lap and possess spontaneous or ﬁxed transfer gates. These forward-looking considerations do certainly convey a slight touch of science ﬁction, but are thought to stimulate the exploration of future living worlds. The overall scope is to create and foster ecosystems of platforms for connected smart objects, integrating the future generation of devices, network technologies, software technologies, interfaces and other evolving ICT inno- vations, both for the society and for people to become pervasive at home, at work and while on the move. These environments will embed effective and efﬁcient security and privacy mechanisms into devices, architectures, plat- forms, and protocols, including characteristics such as openness, dynamic expandability, interoperability of objects, distributed intelligence, and cost and energy-efﬁciency. Whereas the forthcoming Internet of Things related research in the scope of Horizon 2020 and corresponding national research programs will address the above matters, challenges from a societal and policy perspective remain 6 Driving European Internet of Things Research equally important, in particular the following: Fostering of a consistent, interoperable and accessible Internet of Things across sectors, including standardisation. Directing effort and attention to important societal application areas such as health and environment, including focus on low energy consumption. Offering orientation on security, privacy, trust and ethical aspects in the scope of current legislation and development of robust and future-proof general data protection rules. Providing resources like spectrum allowing pan-European service provision and removal of barriers such as roaming. Maintaining the Internet of Things as an important subject for inter- national cooperation both for sharing best practises and developing coherent strategies. 1.4 Conclusions The Internet of Things continues to afﬁrm its important position in the context of Information and Communication Technologies and the development of society. Whereas concepts and basic foundations have been elaborated and reached maturity, further efforts are necessary for unleashing the full potential and federating systems and actors.1 1 This article expresses the personal views of the author and in no way constitutes a formal or ofﬁcial position of the European Commission. 2 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Ovidiu Vermesan1 , Peter Friess2 , Patrick Guillemin3 , Harald Sundmaeker4 , Markus Eisenhauer5 , Klaus Moessner6 , Franck Le Gall7 , and Philippe Cousin8 1 SINTEF, Norway 2 European Commission, Belgium 3 ETSI, France 4 ATB GmbH, Germany 5 Fraunhofer FIT, Germany 6 University of Surrey, UK 7 inno TSD, France 8 Easy Global Market, France “Creativity is thinking up new things. Innovation is doing new things.” Theodore Levitt “Innovation accelerates and compounds. Each point in front of you is bigger than anything that ever happened.” Marc Andreessen 2.1 Internet of Things Vision Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers perva- sive presence in the environment of a variety of things/objects that through Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems, 7–151. © 2013 River Publishers. All rights reserved. 8 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda wireless and wired connections and unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with other things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals. In this context the research and development challenges to create a smart world are enormous. A world where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart environments that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent. The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service. Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects make themselves recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making or enabling context related decisions thanks to the fact that they can communicate information about themselves. They can access information that has been aggregated by other things, or they can be components of complex services. This transformation is concomitant with the emergence of cloud computing capabilities and the transition of the Internet towards IPv6 with an almost unlimited addressing capacity. New types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smart house, in which appliances and services that provide notiﬁcations, security, energy-saving, automation, telecommunication, computers and entertainment are integrated into a single ecosystem with a shared user interface. Obviously, not everything will be in place straight away. Developing the technology in Europe right now — demonstrating, testing and deploying products — it will be much nearer to implementing smart environments by 2020. In the future computation, storage and communication services will be highly pervasive and distributed: people, smart objects, machines, platforms and the surround- ing space (e.g., with wireless/wired sensors, M2M devices, RFID tags, etc.) will create a highly decentralized common pool of resources (up to the very edge of the “network”) interconnected by a dynamic network of networks. The “communication language” will be based on interoperable protocols, operat- ing in heterogeneous environments and platforms. IoT in this context is a generic term and all objects can play an active role thanks to their connection to the Internet by creating smart environments, where the role of the Inter- net has changed. This powerful communication tool is providing access to information, media and services, through wired and wireless broadband con- nections. The Internet of Things makes use of synergies that are generated 2.1 Internet of Things Vision 9 Fig. 2.1 Convergence of consumer, business and industrial internet. by the convergence of Consumer, Business and Industrial Internet, as shown in Figure 2.1. The convergence creates the open, global network connecting people, data, and things. This convergence leverages the cloud to connect intelligent things that sense and transmit a broad array of data, helping creat- ing services that would not be obvious without this level of connectivity and analytical intelligence. The use of platforms is being driven by transformative technologies such as cloud, things, and mobile. The cloud enables a global infrastructure to generate new services, allowing anyone to create content and applications for global users. Networks of things connect things globally and maintain their identity online. Mobile allows connection to this global infrastructure anytime, anywhere. The result is a globally accessible network of things, users, and consumers, who are available to create businesses, con- tribute content, generate and purchase new services. Platforms also rely on the power of network effects, as they allow more things, they become more valuable to the other things and to users that make use of the services generated. The success of a platform strategy for IoT 10 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda can be determined by connection, attractiveness and knowledge/information/ data ﬂow. The European Commission while recognizing the potential of Converg- ing Sciences and Technologies to advance the Lisbon Agenda, proposes a bottom-up approach to prioritize the setting of a particular goal for conver- gence of science and technology research; meet challenges and opportunities for research and governance and allow for integration of technological poten- tial as well as recognition of limits, European needs, economic opportunities, and scientiﬁc interests. Enabling technologies for the Internet of Things such as sensor net- works, RFID, M2M, mobile Internet, semantic data integration, semantic search, IPv6, etc. are considered in and can be grouped into three cate- gories: (i) technologies that enable “things” to acquire contextual information, (ii) technologies that enable “things” to process contextual information, and (iii) technologies to improve security and privacy. The ﬁrst two categories can be jointly understood as functional building blocks required building “intel- ligence” into “things”, which are indeed the features that differentiate the IoT from the usual Internet. The third category is not a functional but rather a de facto requirement, without which the penetration of the IoT would be severely reduced. Internet of Things developments implies that the environ- ments, cities, buildings, vehicles, clothing, portable devices and other objects have more and more information associated with them and/or the ability to sense, communicate, network and produce new information. In addition we can also include non-sensing things (i.e. things that may have functionality, but do not provide information or data). All the computers connected to the Inter- net can talk to each other and with the connection of mobile phones it has now become mobile. The Internet evolution based on the level of information and social connectivity is presented in Figure 2.2. With the Internet of Things the communication is extended via Internet to all the things that surround us. The Internet of Things is much more than M2M communication, wireless sensor networks, 2G/3G/4G, RFID, etc. These are considered as being the enabling technologies that make “Internet of Things” applications possible. An illustration of the wireless and wired technologies convergence is pre- sented in Figure 2.3. In this context network neutrality is an essential element 2.1 Internet of Things Vision 11 i on er s al V rig in in o a b le a v ail a g e Im where no bit of information should be prioritized over another so the principle of connecting anything from/to anybody located anywhere at any-time using the most appropriate physical path from any-path available between the sender and the recipient is applied in practice. For respecting these principles, Internet service providers and governments need to treat all data on the Internet equally, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, and modes of communication. 2.1.1 Internet of Things Common Deﬁnition Ten “critical” trends and technologies impacting IT for the next ﬁve years were laid out by Gartner in 2012 and among them the Internet of Things, which will beneﬁt from cheap, small devices allowing that everything will have a radio and location capability. Self-assembling mesh networks, location aware services will be provided. This all creates the always on society. 12 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda i on er s al V rig in in o a b le a v ail a g e Im In this context the notion of network convergence using IP as presented in Figure 2.4 is fundamental and relies on the use of a common multi-service IP network supporting a wide range of applications and services. The use of IP to communicate with and control small devices and sensors opens the way for the convergence of large, IT-oriented networks with real time and specialized networked applications. Currently, the IoT is made up of a loose collection of disparate, purpose- built networks, which are mostly not inter-connected. Today’s vehicles, for example, have multiple networks to control engine function, safety features, communications systems, and so on. Commercial and residential buildings also have various control systems for heating, venting, and air conditioning (HVAC); telephone service; security; and lighting. As the IoT evolves, these networks, and many others, will be connected with added security, analytics, and management capabilities and some of them will converge. This will allow the IoT to become even more powerful in what 2.1 Internet of Things Vision 13 Fig. 2.4 IP convergence. Fig. 2.5 IoT viewed as a network of networks. (Source: Cisco IBSG, April 2011). it can help people achieve. A presentation of IoT as a network of networks is given in Figure 2.5. The Internet of Things is not a single technology, it’s a concept in which most new things are connected and enabled such as street lights being 14 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda networked and things like embedded sensors, image recognition functionality, augmented reality, and near ﬁeld communication are integrated into situational decision support, asset management and new services. These bring many busi- ness opportunities and add to the complexity of IT. Distribution, transportation, logistics, reverse logistics, ﬁeld service, etc. are areas where the coupling of information and “things” may create new business processes or may make the existing ones highly efﬁcient and more proﬁtable. The Internet of Things provides solutions based on the integration of information technology, which refers to hardware and software used to store, retrieve, and process data and communications technology which includes electronic systems used for communication between individuals or groups. The rapid convergence of information and communications technology is taking place at three layers of technology innovation: the cloud, data and communication pipes/networks, and device , as presented in Figure 2.7. The synergy of the access and potential data exchange opens huge new possibilities for IoT applications. Already over 50% of Internet connections are between or with things. In 2011 there were over 15 billion things on the Web, with 50 billion+ intermittent connections. By 2020, over 30 billion connected things, with over 200 billion with inter- mittent connections are forecast. Key technologies here include embedded sensors, image recognition and NFC. By 2015, in more than 70% of enter- prises, a single executable will oversee all Internet connected things. This becomes the Internet of Everything. As a result of this convergence, the IoT applications require that classical industries are adapting and the technology will create opportunities for new industries to emerge and to deliver enriched and new user experiences and services. In addition, to be able to handle the sheer number of things and objects that will be connected in the IoT, cognitive technologies and contextual intelligence are crucial. This also applies for the development of context aware applications that need to be reaching to the edges of the network through smart devices that are incorporated into our everyday life. The Internet is not only a network of computers, but it has evolved into a network of devices of all types and sizes, vehicles, smartphones, home appliances, toys, cameras, medical instruments and industrial systems, all 2.1 Internet of Things Vision 15 Fig. 2.6 Internet of everything. (Source: Cisco). connected, all communicating and sharing information all the time as pre- sented in Figure 2.6. The Internet of Things had until recently different means at different lev- els of abstractions through the value chain, from lower level semiconductor through the service providers. The Internet of Things is a “global concept” and requires a common deﬁni- tion. Considering the wide background and required technologies, from sens- ing device, communication subsystem, data aggregation and pre-processing to the object instantiation and ﬁnally service provision, generating an unam- biguous deﬁnition of the “Internet of Things” is non-trivial. The IERC is actively involved in ITU-T Study Group 13, which leads the work of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) on standards for next generation networks (NGN) and future networks and has been part of the team which has formulated the following deﬁnition : “Internet of things (IoT): A global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies. 16 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Fig. 2.7 Factors driving the convergence and contributing to the integration and transformation of cloud, pipe, and device technologies. (Source: Huawei Technologies ). NOTE 1 — Through the exploitation of identiﬁcation, data capture, process- ing and communication capabilities, the IoT makes full use of things to offer services to all kinds of applications, whilst ensuring that security and privacy requirements are fulﬁlled. NOTE 2 — From a broader perspective, the IoT can be perceived as a vision with technological and societal implications.” The IERC deﬁnition states that IoT is “A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-conﬁguring capabilities based on standard and inter- operable communication protocols where physical and virtual “things” have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.” 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions The development of enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics, communi- cations, sensors, smart phones, embedded systems, cloud networking, network virtualization and software will be essential to provide to things the capability 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 17 Fig. 2.8 Technology convergence. to be connected all the time everywhere. This will also support important future IoT product innovations affecting many different industrial sectors. Some of these technologies such as embedded or cyber-physical systems form the edges of the “Internet of Things” bridging the gap between cyber space and the physical world of real “things”, and are crucial in enabling the “Internet of Things” to deliver on its vision and become part of bigger systems in a world of “systems of systems”. An example of technology convergence is presented in Figure 2.8. The ﬁnal report of the Key Enabling Technologies (KET), of the High- Level Expert Group identiﬁed the enabling technologies, crucial to many of the existing and future value chains of the European economy: Nanotechnologies Micro and Nano electronics 18 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Photonics Biotechnology Advanced Materials Advanced Manufacturing Systems. As such, IoT creates intelligent applications that are based on the support- ing KETs identiﬁed, as IoT applications address smart environments either physical or at cyber-space level, and in real time. To this list of key enablers, we can add the global deployment of IPv6 across the World enabling a global and ubiquitous addressing of any communicating smart thing. From a technology perspective, the continuous increase in the integration density proposed by Moore’s Law was made possible by a dimensional scaling: in reducing the critical dimensions while keeping the electrical ﬁeld constant, one obtained at the same time a higher speed and a reduced power consumption of a digital MOS circuit: these two parameters became driving forces of the microelectronics industry along with the integration density. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors has empha- sized in its early editions the “miniaturization” and its associated beneﬁts in terms of performances, the traditional parameters in Moore’s Law. This trend for increased performances will continue, while performance can always be traded against power depending on the individual application, sustained by the incorporation into devices of new materials, and the application of new tran- sistor concepts. This direction for further progress is labelled “More Moore”. The second trend is characterized by functional diversiﬁcation of semiconductor-based devices. These non-digital functionalities do contribute to the miniaturization of electronic systems, although they do not necessarily scale at the same rate as the one that describes the development of digital functionality. Consequently, in view of added functionality, this trend may be designated “More-than-Moore”. Mobile data trafﬁc is projected to double each year between now and 2015 and mobile operators will ﬁnd it increasingly difﬁcult to provide the bandwidth requested by customers. In many countries there is no additional spectrum that can be assigned and the spectral efﬁciency of mobile networks is reaching its physical limits. Proposed solutions are the seamless integration of existing Wi-Fi networks into the mobile ecosystem. This will have a direct impact on Internet of Things ecosystems. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 19 The chips designed to accomplish this integration are known as “multicom” chips. Wi-Fi and baseband communications are expected to converge in three steps: 3G — the applications running on the mobile device decide which data are handled via 3G network and which are routed over the Wi-Fi network. LTE release eight — calls for seamless movement of all IP trafﬁc between 3G and Wi-Fi connections. LTE release ten — trafﬁc is supposed to be routed simultaneously over 3G and Wi-Fi networks. To allow for such seamless handovers between network types, the architec- ture of mobile devices is likely to change and the baseband chip is expected to take control of the routing so the connectivity components are connected to the baseband or integrated in a single silicon package. As a result of this architecture change, an increasing share of the integration work is likely done by baseband manufacturers (ultra -low power solutions) rather than by handset producers. The market for wireless communications is one of the fastest-growing segments in the integrated circuit industry. Breathtakingly fast innovation, rapid changes in communications standards, the entry of new players, and the evolution of new market sub segments will lead to disruptions across the industry. LTE and multicom solutions increase the pressure for industry consolidation, while the choice between the ARM and x86 architectures forces players to make big bets that may or may not pay off. Integrated networking, information processing, sensing and actuation capabilities allow physical devices to operate in changing environments. Tightly coupled cyber and physical systems that exhibit high level of integrated intelligence are referred to as cyber-physical systems. These systems are part of the enabling technologies for Internet of Things applications where com- putational and physical processes of such systems are tightly interconnected and coordinated to work together effectively, with or without the humans in the loop. An example of enabling technologies for the Internet of Things is presented in Figure 2.9. Robots, intelligent buildings, implantable medical devices, vehicles that drive themselves or planes that automatically ﬂy in a controlled airspace, are examples of cyber-physical systems that could be part of Internet of Things ecosystems. 20 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Fig. 2.9 Internet of Things — enabling technologies. Today many European projects and initiatives address Internet of Things technologies and knowledge. Given the fact that these topics can be highly diverse and specialized, there is a strong need for integration of the individual results. Knowledge integration, in this context is conceptualized as the process through which disparate, specialized knowledge located in multiple projects across Europe is combined, applied and assimilated. The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) is the result of a discussion involving the projects and stakeholders involved in the IERC activities, which gather the major players of the European ICT landscape addressing IoT technology priorities that are crucial for the competitiveness of European industry. IERC Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda covers the important issues and challenges for the Internet of Things technology. It provides the vision and the roadmap for coordinating and rationalizing current and future research and development efforts in this ﬁeld, by addressing the different enabling technologies covered by the Internet of Things concept and paradigm. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 21 The Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is developed with the support of a European-led community of interrelated projects and their stakeholders, dedicated to the innovation, creation, development and use of the Internet of Things technology. Since the release of the ﬁrst version of the Strategic Research and Inno- vation Agenda, we have witnessed active research on several IoT topics. On the one hand this research ﬁlled several of the gaps originally identiﬁed in the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda, whilst on the other it created new challenges and research questions. Furthermore, recent advances in pertinent areas such as cloud computing, autonomic computing, and social networks have changed the scope of the Internet of Thing’s convergence even more so. The Cluster has a goal to provide an updated document each year that records the relevant changes and illustrates emerging challenges. The updated release of this Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda builds incrementally on previous versions [19, 29] and highlights the main research topics that are associated with the development of IoT enabling technologies, infrastructures and applications with an outlook towards 2020. The research items introduced will pave the way for innovative applica- tions and services that address the major economic and societal challenges underlined in the EU 2020 Digital Agenda. In addition to boosting the development of emerging architectures and services, the directions of the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda will collectively enable the formation of ecosystems for open innovation based on Internet of Things technologies. The IERC Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is developed incre- mentally based on its previous versions and focus on the new challenges being identiﬁed in the last period. The updated release of the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is highlighting the main research topics that are associated with the development of IoT infra-structures and applications, with an outlook towards 2020. The timeline of the Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda covers the current decade with respect to research and the following years with respect to implementation of the research results. Of course, as the Internet and its current key applications show, we anticipate unexpected trends will emerge leading to unforeseen and unexpected development paths. 22 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda The Cluster has involved experts working in industry, research and academia to provide their vision on IoT research challenges, enabling tech- nologies and the key applications, which are expected to arise from the current vision of the Internet of Things. The IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda covers in a logical manner the vision, the technological trends, the applications, the technology enablers, the research agenda, timelines, priorities, and ﬁnally summarises in two tables the future technological developments and research needs. Advances in embedded sensors, processing and wireless connectivity are bringing the power of the digital world to objects and places in the physical world. IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is aligned with the ﬁndings of the 2011 Hype Cycle developed by Gartner , which includes the broad trend of the Internet of Things (called the “real-world Web” in earlier Gartner research. The ﬁeld of the Internet of Things is based on the paradigm of supporting the IP protocol to all edges of the Internet and on the fact that at the edge of the network many (very) small devices are still unable to support IP protocol stacks. This means that solutions centred on minimum Internet of Things devices are considered as an additional Internet of Things paradigm without IP to all access edges, due to their importance for the development of the ﬁeld. 2.2.1 Applications and Scenarios of Relevance The IERC vision is that “the major objectives for IoT are the creation of smart environments/spaces and self-aware things (for example: smart trans- port, products, cities, buildings, rural areas, energy, health, living, etc.) for climate, food, energy, mobility, digital society and health applications” , see Figures 2.10 and 2.11. The outlook for the future is the emerging of a network of interconnected uniquely identiﬁable objects and their virtual representations in an Internet alike structure that is positioned over a network of interconnected computers allowing for the creation of a new platform for economic growth. Smart is the new green as deﬁned by Frost & Sullivan and the green products and services will be replaced by smart products and services. Smart products have a real business case, can typically provide energy and efﬁciency savings of up to 30 per cent, and generally deliver a two- to three-year return 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 23 Fig. 2.10 Internet of Things — smart environments and smart spaces creation. on investment. This trend will help the deployment of Internet of Things applications and the creation of smart environments and spaces. An illustration of Smart World is presented in Figure 2.12. At the city level, the integration of technology and quicker data analysis will lead to a more coordinated and effective civil response to security and safety (law enforcement and blue light services); higher demand for outsourc- ing security capabilities. At the building level, security technology will be integrated into systems and deliver a return on investment to the end-user through leveraging the technology in multiple applications (HR and time and attendance, customer behaviour in retail applications etc.). There will be an increase in the development of “Smart” vehicles which have low (and possibly zero) emissions. They will also be connected to infras- tructure. Additionally, auto manufacturers will adopt more use of “Smart” materials. Intelligent packaging will be a “green” solution in its own right, reducing food waste. Intelligent materials will be used to create more comfortable cloth- ing fabrics. Phase-change materials will help regulate temperatures in build- ings, reducing energy demand for heating and cooling. Increasing investment 24 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Fig. 2.11 Internet of Things in the context of smart environments and applications. in research and development, alliances with scientiﬁc bodies and value cre- ation with IP & product line will lead to replacement of synthetic additives by natural ingredients and formulation of fortiﬁed & enriched foods in convenient and tasty formats. Local sourcing of ingredients will become more common as the importance of what consumers eat increases. Revealing the carbon foot print of foods will be a focus in the future. The key focus will be to make the city smarter by optimizing resources, feeding its inhabitants by urban farming, reducing trafﬁc congestion, providing more services to allow for faster travel between home and various destinations, and increasing accessibility for essential services. It will become essential to have intelligent security systems to be implemented at key junctions in the city. Various types of sensors will have to be used to make this a reality. Sensors are moving from “smart” to “intelligent”. Biometrics is expected to be integrated with CCTV at highly sensitive locations around the city. National 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 25 Fig. 2.12 Smart world illustration. (Source: Libelium ). identiﬁcation cards will also become an essential tool for the identiﬁcation of an individual. In addition, smart cities in 2020 will require real time auto identiﬁcation security systems. A range of smart products and concepts will signiﬁcantly impact the power sector. For instance, sensors in the home will control lights, turning them off periodically when there is no movement in the room. Home Area Networks will enable utilities or individuals to control when appliances are used, resulting in a greater ability for the consumer to determine when they want to use electricity, and at what price. This is expected to equalize the need for peak power, and spread the load more evenly over time. The reduction in the need for peaking power plant capacity will help delay investment for utilities. Pattern recognizing smart meters will both help to store electricity, and pre-empt usual consumption patterns within the home. All appliances will be used as electricity storage facilities, as well as users of it. Storm water management and smart grid water will see growth. 26 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Wastewater treatment plants will evolve into bio-reﬁneries. New, innova- tive wastewater treatment processes will enable water recovery to help close the growing gap between water supply and demand. Self-sensing controls and devices will mark new innovations in the Building Technologies space. Customers will demand more automated, self-controlled solutions with built in fault detection and diagnostic capabilities. Development of smart implantable chips that can monitor and report indi- vidual health status periodically will see rapid growth. Smart pumps and smart appliances/devices are expected to be signiﬁcant contributors towards efﬁciency improvement. Process equipment with in built “smartness” to self-assess and generate reports on their performance, enabling efﬁcient asset management, will be adopted. In the future batteries will recharge from radio signals, cell phones will recharge from Wi-Fi. Smaller Cells (micro, pico, femto) will result in more cell sites with less distance apart but they will be greener, provide power/cost savings and at the same time, higher throughput. Connected homes will enable consumers to manage their energy, media, secu- rity and appliances; will be part of the IoT applications in the future. Test and measurement equipment is expected to become smarter in the future in response to the demand for modular instruments having lower power consumption. Furthermore, electronics manufacturing factories will become more sustainable with renewable energy and sell unused energy back to the grid, improved water conservation with rain harvesting and implement other smart building technologies, thus making their sites “Intelligent Manufactur- ing Facilities”. General Electric Co. considers that this is taking place through the conver- gence of the global industrial system with the power of advanced computing, analytics, low-cost sensing and new levels of connectivity permitted by the Internet. The deeper meshing of the digital world with the world of machines holds the potential to bring about profound transformation to global industry, and in turn to many aspects of daily life. The Industrial Internet starts with embedding sensors and other advanced instrumentation in an array of machines from the simple to the highly complex, as seen in Figure 2.13. This allows the collection and analysis of an enormous amount of data, which can be used to improve machine performance, and inevitably the efﬁciency of the systems and networks that link them. Even the data itself can become “intelligent,” instantly knowing which users it needs to reach. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 27 Fig. 2.13 Industrial internet applications. In this context the new concept of Internet of Energy requires web based architectures to readily guarantee information delivery on demand and to change the traditional power system into a networked Smart Grid that is largely automated, by applying greater intelligence to operate, enforce policies, mon- itor and self-heal when necessary. This requires the integration and interfacing of the power grid to the network of data represented by the Internet, embrac- ing energy generation, transmission, delivery, substations, distribution control, metering and billing, diagnostics, and information systems to work seamlessly and consistently. This concept would enable the ability to produce, store and efﬁciently use energy, while balancing the supply/demand by using a cognitive Internet of Energy that harmonizes the energy grid by processing the data, information and knowledge via the Internet. In fact, as seen in Figure 2.14 , the Internet of Energy will leverage on the information highway provided by the Internet to link computers, devices and services with the distributed smart energy grid that is the freight highway for renewable energy resources allowing stakeholders to invest in green technologies and sell excess energy back to the utility. The Internet of Energy applications are connected through the Future Internet and Internet of Things enabling seamless and secure interactions and 28 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Fig. 2.14 Internet of Things embedded in internet of energy applications. cooperation of intelligent embedded systems over heterogeneous communi- cation infrastructures. It is expected that this “development of smart entities will encourage devel- opment of the novel technologies needed to address the emerging challenges of public health, aging population, environmental protection and climate change, conservation of energy and scarce materials, enhancements to safety and security and the continuation and growth of economic prosperity.” The IoT applications are further linked with Green ICT, as the IoT will drive energy-efﬁcient applications such as smart grid, connected electric cars, energy-efﬁcient buildings, thus eventually helping in building green intelligent cities. 2.2.2 IoT Functional View The Internet of Things concept refers to uniquely identiﬁable things with their virtual representations in an Internet-like structure and IoT solutions 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 29 comprising a number of components such as: Module for interaction with local IoT devices (for example embedded in a mobile phone or located in the immediate vicinity of the user and thus contactable via a short range wireless inter- face). This module is responsible for acquisition of observations and their forwarding to remote servers for analysis and permanent storage. Module for local analysis and processing of observations acquired by IoT devices. Module for interaction with remote IoT devices, directly over the Internet or more likely via a proxy. This module is responsible for acquisition of observations and their forwarding to remote servers for analysis and permanent storage. Module for application speciﬁc data analysis and processing. This module is running on an application server serving all clients. It is taking requests from mobile and web clients and relevant IoT obser- vations as input, executes appropriate data processing algorithms and generates output in terms of knowledge that is later presented to users. Module for integration of IoT-generated information into the busi- ness processes of an enterprise. This module will be gaining impor- tance with the increased use of IoT data by enterprises as one of the important factors in day-to-day business or business strategy deﬁnition. User interface (web or mobile): visual representation of measure- ments in a given context (for example on a map) and interaction with the user, i.e. deﬁnition of user queries. It is important to highlight that one of the crucial factors for the success of IoT is stepping away from vertically-oriented, closed systems towards open systems, based on open APIs and standardized protocols at various system levels. In this context innovative architecture and platforms are needed to support highly complex and inter-connected IoT applications. A key consideration is how to enable development and application of comprehensive architec- tural frameworks that include both the physical and cyber elements based on 30 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda enabling technologies. In addition, considering the technology convergence trend, new platforms will be needed for communication and to effectively extract actionable information from vast amounts of raw data, while providing a robust timing and systems framework to support the real-time control and synchronization requirements of complex, networked, engineered physical/ cyber/virtual systems. A large number of applications made available through application mar- kets have signiﬁcantly helped the success of the smart phone industry. The development of such a huge number of smart phone applications is primarily due to involvement of the developers’ community at large. Developers lever- aged smart phone open platforms and the corresponding development tools, to create a variety of applications and to easily offer them to a growing number of users through the application markets. Similarly, an IoT ecosystem has to be established, deﬁning open APIs for developers and offering appropriate channels for delivery of new applications. Such open APIs are of particular importance on the level of the module for application speciﬁc data analysis and processing, thus allowing application developers to leverage the underlying communication infrastructure and use and combine information generated by various IoT devices to produce new, added value. Although this might be the most obvious level at which it is important to have open APIs, it is equally important to aim towards having such APIs deﬁned on all levels in the system. At the same time one should have in mind the heterogeneity and diversity of the IoT application space. This will truly support the development of an IoT ecosystem that encourages development of new applications and new business models. The complete system will have to include supporting tools providing secu- rity and business mechanisms to enable interaction between a numbers of different business entities that might exist. Research challenges: Design of open APIs on all levels of the IoT ecosystem Design of standardized formats for description of data generated by IoT devices to allow mashups of data coming from different domains and/or providers. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 31 2.2.3 Application Areas In the last few years the evolution of markets and applications, and therefore their economic potential and their impact in addressing societal trends and challenges for the next decades has changed dramatically. Societal trends are grouped as: health and wellness, transport and mobility, security and safety, energy and environment, communication and e-society, as presented in Figure 2.15. These trends create signiﬁcant opportunities in the markets of consumer electronics, automotive electronics, medical applications, com- munication, etc. The applications in these areas beneﬁt directly by the More- Moore and More-than-Moore semiconductor technologies, communications, networks, and software developments. Potential applications of the IoT are numerous and diverse, permeating into practically all areas of every-day life of individuals (the so-called “smart life”), enterprises, and society as a whole. The 2010 Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) has identiﬁed and described the main Internet of Things applications, which span numerous applications — that can be Fig. 2.15 Application matrix: Societal needs vs. market segments. 32 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda often referred to as “vertical” — domains: smart energy, smart health, smart buildings, smart transport, smart living and smart city. The vision of a pervasive IoT requires the integration of the various vertical domains (mentioned before) into a single, uniﬁed, horizontal domain which is often referred to as smart life. The IoT application domains identiﬁed by IERC [19, 29] are based on inputs from experts, surveys and reports. The IoT application covers “smart” environments/spaces in domains such as: Transportation, Building, City, Lifestyle, Retail, Agriculture, Factory, Supply chain, Emergency, Health care, User interaction, Culture and Tourism, Environment and Energy. The applications areas include as well the domain of Industrial Internet where intelligent devices, intelligent systems, and intelligent decision-making represent the primary ways in which the physical world of machines, facilities, ﬂeets and networks can more deeply merge with the connectivity, big data and analytics of the digital world as represented in Figure 2.16. The updated list presented below, includes examples of IoT applications in different domains, which is showing why the Internet of Things is one of the strategic technology trends for the next 5 years. Fig. 2.16 Industrial Internet Data Loop. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 33 Cities Smart Parking: Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city. Structural health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in build- ings, bridges and historical monuments. Noise Urban Maps: Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time. Trafﬁc Congestion: Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize driving and walking routes. Smart Lightning: Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights. Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash collection routes. Intelligent Transportation Systems: Smart Roads and Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or trafﬁc jams. Environment Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and preemptive ﬁre conditions to deﬁne alert zones. Air Pollution: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and toxic gases generated in farms. Landslide and Avalanche Prevention: Monitoring of soil moisture, vibrations and earth density to detect dangerous patterns in land conditions. Earthquake Early Detection: Distributed control in speciﬁc places of tremors. Water Water Quality: Study of water suitability in rivers and the sea for fauna and eligibility for drinkable use. Water Leakages: Detection of liquid presence outside tanks and pressure variations along pipes. River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and reservoirs. 34 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Energy Smart Grid, Smart Metering Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and management. Tank level: Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in storage tanks and cisterns. Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy plants. Water Flow: Measurement of water pressure in water transportation systems. Silos Stock Calculation: Measurement of emptiness level and weight of the goods. Security & Emergencies Perimeter Access Control: Access control to restricted areas and detection of people in non-authorized areas. Liquid Presence: Liquid detection in data centres, warehouses and sensitive building grounds to prevent break downs and corrosion. Radiation Levels: Distributed measurement of radiation levels in nuclear power stations surroundings to generate leakage alerts. Explosive and Hazardous Gases: Detection of gas levels and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of chemical factories and inside mines. Retail Supply Chain Control: Monitoring of storage conditions along the supply chain and product tracking for traceability purposes. NFC Payment: Payment processing based in location or activity duration for public transport, gyms, theme parks, etc. Intelligent Shopping Applications: Getting advice at the point of sale accord- ing to customer habits, preferences, presence of allergic components for them or expiring dates. Smart Product Management: Control of rotation of products in shelves and warehouses to automate restocking processes. Logistics Quality of Shipment Conditions: Monitoring of vibrations, strokes, con- tainer openings or cold chain maintenance for insurance purposes. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 35 Item Location: Search of individual items in big surfaces like warehouses or harbours. Storage Incompatibility Detection: Warning emission on containers storing inﬂammable goods closed to others containing explosive material. Fleet Tracking: Control of routes followed for delicate goods like medical drugs, jewels or dangerous merchandises. Industrial Control M2M Applications: Machine auto-diagnosis and assets control. Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside chem- ical plants to ensure workers and goods safety. Temperature Monitoring: Control of temperature inside industrial and med- ical fridges with sensitive merchandise. Ozone Presence: Monitoring of ozone levels during the drying meat process in food factories. Indoor Location: Asset indoor location by using active (ZigBee, UWB) and passive tags (RFID/NFC). Vehicle Auto-diagnosis: Information collection from CAN Bus to send real time alarms to emergencies or provide advice to drivers. Agriculture Wine Quality Enhancing: Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diame- ter in vineyards to control the amount of sugar in grapes and grapevine health. Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits and vegetables and its quality. Golf Courses: Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water resources required in the green. Meteorological Station Network: Study of weather conditions in ﬁelds to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, snow or wind changes. Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants. 36 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Animal Farming Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival and health. Animal Tracking: Location and identiﬁcation of animals grazing in open pastures or location in big stables. Toxic Gas Levels: Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and detection of harmful gases from excrements. Domotic & Home Automation Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save cost and resources. Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy. Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to prevent intruders. Art and Goods Preservation: Monitoring of conditions inside museums and art warehouses. eHealth Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people living independent. Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers storing vaccines, medicines and organic elements. Sportsmen Care: Vital signs monitoring in high performance centres and ﬁelds. Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patients inside hospitals and in old people’s home. Ultraviolet Radiation: Measurement of UV sun rays to warn people not to be exposed in certain hours. The IoT application space is very diverse and IoT applications serve dif- ferent users. Different user categories have different driving needs. From the IoT perspective there are three important user categories: The individual citizens, Community of citizens (citizens of a city, a region, country or soci- ety as a whole), and The enterprises. 2.2 IoT Strategic Research and Innovation Directions 37 Examples of the individual citizens/human users’ needs for the IoT applica- tions are as follows: To increase their safety or the safety of their family members — for example remotely controlled alarm systems, or activity detection for elderly people; To make it possible to execute certain activities in a more conve- nient manner — for example: a personal inventory reminder; To generally improve life-style — for example monitoring health parameters during a workout and obtaining expert’s advice based on the ﬁndings, or getting support during shopping; To decrease the cost of living — for example building automation that will reduce energy consumption and thus the overall cost. The society as a user has different drivers. It is concerned with issues of importance for the whole community, often related to medium to longer term challenges. Some of the needs driving the society as a potential user of IoT are the following: To ensure public safety — in the light of various recent disasters such as the nuclear catastrophe in Japan, the tsunami in the Indian Ocean, earthquakes, terrorist attacks, etc. One of the crucial con- cerns of the society is to be able to predict such events as far ahead as possible and to make rescue missions and recovery as efﬁcient as possible. One good example of an application of IoT technology was during the Japan nuclear catastrophe, when numerous Geiger counters owned by individuals were connected to the Internet to provide a detailed view of radiation levels across Japan. To protect the environment ◦ Requirements for reduction of carbon emissions have been included in various legislations and agreements aimed at reducing the impact on the planet and making sustainable development possible. ◦ Monitoring of various pollutants in the environment, in particular in the air and in the water. 38 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda ◦ Waste management, not just general waste, but also elec- trical devices and various dangerous goods are important and challenging topics in every society. ◦ Efﬁcient utilization of various energy and natural resources are important for the development of a country and the protection of its resources. To create new jobs and ensure existing ones are sustainable — these are important issues required to maintain a high level quality of living. Enterprises, as the third category of IoT users have different needs and different drivers that can potentially push the introduction of IoT-based solutions. Examples of the needs are as follows: Increased productivity — this is at the core of most enterprises and affects the success and proﬁtability of the enterprise; Market differentiation — in a market saturated with similar prod- ucts and solutions, it is important to differentiate, and IoT is one of the possible differentiators; Cost efﬁciency — reducing the cost of running a business is a “mantra” for most of the CEOs. Better utilization of resources, better information used in the decision process or reduced down- time are some of the possible ways to achieve this. The explanations of the needs of each of these three categories are given from a European perspective. To gain full understanding of these issues, it is important to capture and analyse how these needs are changing across the world. With such a complete picture, we will be able to drive IoT developments in the right direction. Another important topic which needs to be understood is the business rationale behind each application. In other words, understanding the value an application creates. Important research questions are: who takes the cost of creating that value; what are the revenue models and incentives for participating, using or con- tributing to an application? Again due to the diversity of the IoT application domain and different driving forces behind different applications, it will not 2.3 IoT Applications 39 be possible to deﬁne a universal business model. For example, in the case of applications used by individuals, it can be as straightforward as charging a fee for a service, which will improve their quality of life. On the other hand, community services are more difﬁcult as they are fulﬁlling needs of a larger community. While it is possible that the community as a whole will be will- ing to pay (through municipal budgets), we have to recognise the limitations in public budgets, and other possible ways of deploying and running such services have to be investigated. 2.3 IoT Applications It is impossible to envisage all potential IoT applications having in mind the development of technology and the diverse needs of potential users. In the fol- lowing sections, we present several applications, which are important. These applications are described, and the research challenges are identiﬁed. The IoT applications are addressing the societal needs and the advancements to enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics and cyber-physical systems continue to be challenged by a variety of technical (i.e., scientiﬁc and engi- neering), institutional, and economical issues. The list is limited to the applications chosen by the IERC as priorities for the next years and it provides the research challenges for these applications. While the applications themselves might be different, the research challenges are often the same or similar. 2.3.1 Smart Cities By 2020 we will see the development of Mega city corridors and networked, integrated and branded cities. With more than 60 percent of the world popula- tion expected to live in urban cities by 2025, urbanization as a trend will have diverging impacts and inﬂuences on future personal lives and mobility. Rapid expansion of city borders, driven by increase in population and infrastructure development, would force city borders to expand outward and engulf the sur- rounding daughter cities to form mega cities, each with a population of more than 10 million. By 2023, there will be 30 mega cities globally, with 55 percent in developing economies of India, China, Russia and Latin America. This will lead to the evolution of smart cities with eight smart features, including Smart Economy, Smart Buildings, Smart Mobility, Smart Energy, 40 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Smart Information Communication and Technology, Smart Planning, Smart Citizen and Smart Governance. There will be about 40 smart cities globally by 2025. The role of the cities governments will be crucial for IoT deployment. Running of the day-to-day city operations and creation of city development strategies will drive the use of the IoT. Therefore, cities and their services represent an almost ideal platform for IoT research, taking into account city requirements and transferring them to solutions enabled by IoT technology. In Europe, the largest smart city initiatives completely focused on IoT is undertaken by the FP7 Smart Santander project. This project aims at deploying an IoT infrastructure comprising thousands of IoT devices spread across several cities (Santander, Guildford, Luebeck and Belgrade). This will enable simultaneous development and evaluation of services and execution of various research experiments, thus facilitating the creation of a smart city environment. Similarly, the OUTSMART project, one of the FI PPP projects, is focusing on utilities and environment in the cities and addressing the role of IoT in waste and water management, public lighting and transport systems as well as environment monitoring. A vision of the smart city as “horizontal domain” is proposed by the BUT- LER project , in which many vertical scenarios are integrated and concur to enable the concept of smart life. An illustrative example is depicted in the storyline of Figure 2.17. The ﬁgure depicts several commons actions that may take place in the smart day, highlighting in each occasion which domain applies. Obviously such a horizontal scenario implies the use of heterogeneous underlying communication technologies and imposes the user to interact with various seamless and pervasive IoT services. In this context there are numerous important research challenges for smart city IoT applications: Overcoming traditional silo based organization of the cities, with each utility responsible for their own closed world. Although not technological, this is one of the main barriers Creating algorithms and schemes to describe information created by sensors in different applications to enable useful exchange of information between different city services 2.3 IoT Applications 41 Fig. 2.17 A day in the life of a typical European citizen of a smart city. (Source: Swisscom, ). Mechanisms for cost efﬁcient deployment and even more important maintenance of such installations, including energy scavenging Ensuring reliable readings from a plethora of sensors and efﬁcient calibration of a large number of sensors deployed everywhere from lamp-posts to waste bins Low energy protocols and algorithms Algorithms for analysis and processing of data acquired in the city and making “sense” out of it. IoT large scale deployment and integration 2.3.2 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid There is increasing public awareness about the changing paradigm of our pol- icy in energy supply, consumption and infrastructure. For several reasons our future energy supply should no longer be based on fossil resources. Neither is nuclear energy a future proof option. In consequence future energy supply needs to be based largely on various renewable resources. Increasingly focus 42 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda must be directed to our energy consumption behaviour. Because of its volatile nature such supply demands an intelligent and ﬂexible electrical grid which is able to react to power ﬂuctuations by controlling electrical energy sources (generation, storage) and sinks (load, storage) and by suitable reconﬁgura- tion. Such functions will be based on networked intelligent devices (appli- ances, micro-generation equipment, infrastructure, consumer products) and grid infrastructure elements, largely based on IoT concepts. Although this ideally requires insight into the instantaneous energy consumption of individ- ual loads (e.g. devices, appliances or industrial equipment) information about energy usage on a per-customer level is a suitable ﬁrst approach. Future energy grids are characterized by a high number of distributed small and medium sized energy sources and power plants which may be combined virtually ad hoc to virtual power plants; moreover in the case of energy outages or disasters certain areas may be isolated from the grid and supplied from within by internal energy sources such as photovoltaics on the roofs, block heat and power plants or energy storages of a residential area (“islanding”). A grand challenge for enabling technologies such as cyber-physical sys- tems is the design and deployment of an energy system infrastructure that is able to provide blackout free electricity generation and distribution, is ﬂexi- ble enough to allow heterogeneous energy supply to or withdrawal from the grid, and is impervious to accidental or intentional manipulations. Integration of cyber-physical systems engineering and technology to the existing electric grid and other utility systems is a challenge. The increased system complexity poses technical challenges that must be considered as the system is operated in ways that were not intended when the infrastructure was originally built. As technologies and systems are incorporated, security remains a paramount concern to lower system vulnerability and protect stakeholder data. These challenges will need to be address as well by the IoT applications that integrate heterogeneous cyber-physical systems. The developing Smart Grid, which is represented in Figure 2.18, is expected to implement a new concept of transmission network which is able to efﬁciently route the energy which is produced from both concentrated and distributed plants to the ﬁnal user with high security and quality of supply standards. Therefore the Smart Grid is expected to be the implementation of a kind of “Internet” in which the energy packet is managed similarly to the data packet — across routers and gateways which autonomously can decide the best 2.3 IoT Applications 43 Fig. 2.18 Smart grid representation. pathway for the packet to reach its destination with the best integrity levels. In this respect the “Internet of Energy” concept is deﬁned as a network infrastruc- ture based on standard and interoperable communication transceivers, gate- ways and protocols that will allow a real time balance between the local and the global generation and storage capability with the energy demand. This will also allow a high level of consumer awareness and involvement. The Internet of Energy (IoE) provides an innovative concept for power distribution, energy storage, grid monitoring and communication as presented in Figure 2.19. It will allow units of energy to be transferred when and where it is needed. Power consumption monitoring will be performed on all levels, from local individual devices up to national and international level. Saving energy based on an improved user awareness of momentary energy consumption is another pillar of future energy management concepts. Smart meters can give information about the instantaneous energy consumption to 44 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda Fig. 2.19 Internet of energy: Residential building ecosystem. the user, thus allowing for identiﬁcation and elimination of energy wasting devices and for providing hints for optimizing individual energy consump- tion. In a smart grid scenario energy consumption will be manipulated by a volatile energy price which again is based on the momentary demand (acquired by smart meters) and the available amount of energy and renewable energy production. In a virtual energy marketplace software agents may negotiate energy prices and place energy orders to energy companies. It is already recog- nised that these decisions need to consider environmental information such as weather forecasts, local and seasonal conditions. These must be to a much ﬁner time scale and spatial resolution. In the long run electro mobility will become another important element of smart power grids. An example of electric mobility ecosystem is presented in Figure 2.20. Electric vehicles (EVs) might act as a power load as well as moveable energy storage linked as IoT elements to the energy information grid (smart grid). IoT enabled smart grid control may need to consider energy demand and offerings in the residential areas and along the major roads based on trafﬁc forecast. EVs will be able to act as sink or source of energy based on 2.3 IoT Applications 45 Fig. 2.20 Electric mobility ecosystem. (Source: Bosch). their charge status, usage schedule and energy price which again may depend on abundance of (renewable) energy in the grid. This is the touch point from where the following telematics IoT scenarios will merge with smart grid IoT. This scenario is based on the existence of an IoT network of a vast multitude of intelligent sensors and actuators which are able to communicate safely and reliably. Latencies are critical when talking about electrical control loops. Even though not being a critical feature, low energy dissipation should be manda- tory. In order to facilitate interaction between different vendors’ products the technology should be based on a standardized communication protocol stack. When dealing with a critical part of the public infrastructure, data security is of the highest importance. In order to satisfy the extremely high requirements on reliability of energy grids, the components as well as their interaction must feature the highest reliability performance. New organizational and learning strategies for sensor networks will be needed in order to cope with the shortcomings of classical hierarchical con- trol concepts. The intelligence of smart systems does not necessarily need to be built into the devices at the systems’ edges. Depending on connectivity, 46 Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda cloud-based IoT concepts might be advantageous when considering energy dissipation and hardware effort. Sophisticated and ﬂexible data ﬁltering, data mining and processing pro- cedures and systems will become necessary in order to handle the high amount of raw data provided by billions of data sources. System and data models need to support the design of ﬂexible systems which guarantee a reliable and secure real-time operation. Some research challenges: Absolutely safe and secure communication with elements at the network edge Addressing scalability and standards interoperability Energy saving robust and reliable smart sensors/actuators Technologies for data anonymity addressing privacy concerns Dealing with critical latencies, e.g. in control loops System partitioning (local/cloud based intelligence) Mass data processing, ﬁltering and mining; avoid ﬂooding of com- munication network Real-time Models and design methods describing reliable inter- working of heterogeneous systems (e.g. technical/economical/ social/environmental systems). Identifying and monitoring criti- cal system elements. Detecting critical overall system states in due time System concepts which support self-healing and containment of damage; strategies for failure contingency management Scalability of security functions Power grids have to be able to react correctly and quickly to ﬂuc- tuations in the supply of electricity from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar facilities. 2.3.3 Smart Transportation an

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