IoT (Internet of Things) Notes: Devices, Applications, and Protocols

Okay, here is the transcription of the images you sent, formatted in Markdown. ### MODULE-1 4/12/23 Mon I **IoT device**- communication * It refers to the network of physical objects that are embedded with sensors, SIw and other technology for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with...

Okay, here is the transcription of the images you sent, formatted in Markdown. ### MODULE-1 4/12/23 Mon I **IoT device**- communication * It refers to the network of physical objects that are embedded with sensors, SIw and other technology for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and sim oved the internet * These devices range from ordinary house hold object to industrial tools. We can connect everyday objects like Smart Watches, smart tv, cars, etc to the internet via embedded devices 5/12/23 Tues 2 **Applications of IoT** * H can be used to build applications like, 1. Agriculture 2. Assets tracking 3. Energy sector 4. Safety and security sector 5. Defense 6. Embedded applications 7. Education 8. Health Cade applications 9. Telemedicine 10. Smartcity **Characteristics of IoT** 1. Connectivity: - Anyone, Anywhere, Anytime connectivity Should be guaranteed at all times 2. Intelligence and identity: - The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment. 3. Scalability: - The no of devices connected to IOT Zone is increasing day by day and it should be handled appropriately. 4. Dynamic and self-adapting:- IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to the changing context of scenarios. 5. Architecture: - It should be hybrid, supporting different manufactures Products to function in the IoT network. 6. Safety: - There is a danger of sensitive Personal details of a used getting comprised when connected to the intednet. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical. IoT ensures the safety. **Things in IoT** * In the context of IoT, things refer to a variety of devices * It capable of exchanging data with other connected devices in the slm. The data could be stored in a centralized served Lon cloud, Processed there and a control action could be initiated. The devices involved in getting this accomplished are known as "Thing" * " Thing" = h/w + s/w + service 8/12/23 Fai * The following can also be called as things, 1. Industrial motods 2. Wearables (eg:watch) 3. Shoes 4. Heart monitoring implants (eg: Pacemaker) **IoT Stack** * It has a stack with clearly defined layers | Application layed | layer 7 | | :---------------- | :------ | | Used experience | layer 6 | | Session layed | layer 5 | | RF layer | layer 4 | | H/w interface | layed 3 | | Processing and control layer | layed 2 | | Sensor layed | layer 1 | **IoT layers** →1. Layed 1 → Physical of Sensor layed * It is concerned about the Physical components, which mainly includes sensors. * His responsible for data collection * The sensors are the core component of this layer * eg: Temperature sensor, Pressure sensor, humidity Sensor, etc 2. Layer 2 → Processing and control action layed * It comprises of code components for Iot. * The data collected from the sensors is Processed in this layed * To determine, if the data is meaningful a He should be Present * The Mc od Processors are found in this layer * The data is received by the Ac from the sensors →3. Layer 3 Hlw interface layed → Handshaking hetion * The h/w components and communication standards Such Rs 232, CAN, SPI, etc occupy in this layer. * All these components ensure flawless communication CAN→ Controlled Area Network Protocol → Mc devices SPI → Serial Pheripheral Interface → used in embedded fod Short distance wired communication b/w IC's $RS232 \to DTE \to DCE (Protocol)$ 12/12/24 Tues →4. Layer 4 → RF Layed * The Protocol used for communication and transfer of data based on RF are listed in this layer. * some famous and common Protocols ade WiFi, NFC, RFID, Bluetooth, etc- * This layer can also include Lifi, which are effective -alternates for RF Protocols NFC → Neat field communication → Fort shortrange wireless Communication RFID→ Radio frequency identification 20/01/2023 wed! →5. Layer 5 → Session/message Layed * Session management is as important in IoT as it is in general networking, which is guided by ost layer. * There are Protocols which oversee how messages are broadcasted to the cloud. * It has the messaging Protocols as MQIT, COAP, etc MQTT → Message queing Telemetry Transport COAP → constrained Application Protocol →6. Layer 6 → used experience Layer * This layer is fully concerned with the end user experience * object oriented Programming languages, scripting languages, etc should be included in this layer. * It should showcase nich Ul features and designs Which Provide a Pleasing experience while using the Service →7. Layer 7 → Application Layer * This layer talks about the Possible application that can be built with the support of the rest of the layers. * It can range from a simple automation application to Smart city application IoT Enabling Technologies IoT work technologies * IoT is a collection/groups of many technologies/devices. * The simplest of sensors, embedded systems, data analytics, mobile internet security aspect and protocols involving cloud Storage have all become enabling technologies. 01/11/24 wed * Enabling technologies fall under one of the following catego- nies 1. Technologies that help in acquiring/sensing data 04/1/24 Thurs 2. Technologies that help in analysing / Processing data 3. Technologies that help in taking control action 4. Technologies that help in enhancing security/privacy * **1.Sensors** * Sensors arte at the heart of any IoT application. * They sense the environment and detrieve data. * They are the starting Point of any IoT application. * **2\Cloud computing** * As a data storage option, cloud serves as an affordable,effective and efficient medium for data storage * Cloud services are categorized as follows 1.Iaas (Infrastructure-as-a-service) * Provides Virtualized computing resources over the internet * The user's manage the machines, select the os and underlying applications, and Pay Per their use 2. Paas (Platform-as-a-Service) * cloud service Provides delivers h/w and s/w tools needed fod application development to users oved the internet. * users have to build, manage and maintain the applications as per theid Nequidement 3.Sass (slw-as-a-Service) * A complete siw application is provided to the used. * This service can be availed by Paying a monthly, yearly subscription 5/1/24 Fail * **3. Big data analytics** * IoT is all about Collecting data from various sensor nodes and handling the huge data is fundamental to make the application a success. * Data is everywhere, and from everly function of oferta- tion we get more data. * It is majorly governed by the following. These ade Referred as 4V's of big data 1. Volume * Huge Volume of data is generated in every minute. * Cloud Storage and blw storage both have become affordable Storage Solution 2. Variety * Data no longer comes from single source. * It comes in different formats and has to be inter- Pritted Systematically. 3. Velocity/speed * It is the date at which new data, is being created * The Nate at which data is generiated is very fast 4. Veracity (Doubt in data) * The data's nature alters dynamically and ambiguity is often seen. * **4. Embedded computing boards** * It is a very important component to bring IoT design to deality * Eg: Raspberry Pi, Arduino, Node MCU 7/1/24 Wed * **5. Communication Protocols** * Protocols are the Pillers for good IoT infrastructure and hence are very important in communication. * **IoT challenges** * while building an IoT application one faces many Challenges-both technical and non technical 1. security * since, a no. of devices are used in IoT, used data becomes mode vulnerable to theft. * so, it becomes necessary to make sure that the data is safe 2. Privacy * one could be tracked/monitored by anyone, as we ade connected to 24x7 to the internet * one could be tracked without permission 3. Data extraction with consistency from complex environments * It is a huge challenge to sense data from complex environments * Internet 24x7 may not be an easy task. * Hence data extraction and storage in the cloud Could be made challenging * **IoT Levels** * Based on architectural approach, IoT can be classified in 5 levels, levell to level 5 → **Level I** * It is of minimal complexity and the easiest to build * The application has one sensor-a device to sense, H Could be a temperature sensorf, Pressure sensor etc. * The data sensed is stored locally and the data analysis is done locally. * The data generated in this level applications is not huge. * A simple scenario is Presented in fig: 1, where the temperature sensor senses the room temperature and the data is storted and analysed locally. * Based on analysis, the control action can be triggered through mobile application *I am unable to draw diagrams or images, therefore, I will describe in words.* **Level 2** * In this level data is more Voluminous and hence, cloud storage is Prefedded * The frequency of sensing done by the sensor is fast * The no of times sensing is done would be much more than Levell * The analysis is carried out locally, while Cloud is meant for Storage only. *Fig:2, Shows the Level^2 IoT application, The sensort deads the doom temperature at a better Pace and date than Level! the data then goes on to the cloud for storage **Level 3** * In this level data is Voluminous, frequency of sensing dore by sensor is fasted and the data is stored on the cloud. * The difference is that the analysis is carried out on the Cloud. **Level 4** * At this level, multiple nodes are present which are independent of each other * These nodes uploads data to cloud. * Fig: 4 shows IoT level 4, All the sensors upload the dead sensory MP * Hede, cloud storage is Preferred as data is huge * Analysis is also Carried out onl of Cloud and based on the analy carried out on the contraction occurs. **Level 5** * The amount of data is extensive and is densed much faster multiple nodes are involved in the application Categorized under level 5 and these nodes are indepfendent of each other. * when an application is completely cloud oriented, It is computationally intensive in realtime. * Dased on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through web application of mobile application as in all Other levels. 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