Construction Surveys Terminologies PDF

CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS TERMINOLOGIES 1. Surveying - The science of determining positions, distances, angles, and elevations on the Earth’s surface. 2. Benchmark (BM) - A permanent reference point with a known elevation, used as a baseline for leveling. 3. Datum - A reference surface u...

CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS TERMINOLOGIES 1. Surveying - The science of determining positions, distances, angles, and elevations on the Earth’s surface. 2. Benchmark (BM) - A permanent reference point with a known elevation, used as a baseline for leveling. 3. Datum - A reference surface used for horizontal or vertical measurements (e.g., mean sea level). 4. Control Points - Surveyed points that serve as references for additional measurements or layout work. 5. Traverse - A series of interconnected lines with measured angles and distances, used to establish control. 6. Stationing - A method of marking and referencing points along a linear project, like a road or pipeline. 7. Stakeout - The process of marking physical locations on-site based on design plans. 8. As-Built Survey - A survey conducted after construction to ensure the project matches the design. 9. Right-of-Way (ROW) - A legally defined area where infrastructure can be built or accessed. 10. Cut and Fill - Earthwork operations to lower high points (cut) or raise low points (fill) to meet design grades. 11. Horizontal Alignment - The plan view layout of a project, showing the path’s geometry. 12. Vertical Alignment - The profile view of a project, showing elevations and slopes. 13. Theodolite - An instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. 14. Total Station - Combines a theodolite and distance measurement to determine precise positions. 15. Auto Level - A self-leveling instrument used for elevation measurements. 16. Laser Level - A device projecting a laser beam to establish level or plumb lines. 17. GPS (Global Positioning System) - A satellite-based system for locating points with high precision. 18. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) - A device that measures distances electronically using light or sound waves. 19. Leveling - Determining the relative heights of points on the Earth’s surface. 20. Triangulation - A surveying method that determines positions using angles and distances from known points. 21. Resection - Locating an unknown point by measuring angles to three known points. 22. Offset - A perpendicular distance from a baseline or survey line to a feature. 23. Interpolation - Estimating unknown elevations or values between known points. 24. Parallax - An apparent shift in an object’s position caused by a change in the observer’s viewpoint. 25. Angle of Elevation - The angle between a horizontal line and a line of sight upward. 26. Angle of Depression - The angle between a horizontal line and a line of sight downward. 27. Systematic Error - Consistent errors caused by flaws in equipment or methods. 28. Random Error - Unpredictable errors due to environmental or observational factors. 29. Contour Line - A line on a map connecting points of equal elevation, used to represent terrain. 30. Prolongation - Extending a survey line beyond its original measured length.