TCS Survey Level 1 – Extended Notes PDF

TCS Survey Level 1 – Extended Notes 1. Define Surveying Surveying is a method of measuring distances, angles, and elevations to determine the relative positions of points on or near the Earth's surface. Importance: Forms the foundation of mapping, property boundaries, construction, and...

TCS Survey Level 1 – Extended Notes 1. Define Surveying Surveying is a method of measuring distances, angles, and elevations to determine the relative positions of points on or near the Earth's surface. Importance: Forms the foundation of mapping, property boundaries, construction, and large-scale engineering projects. Branches: Land surveying, engineering surveying, geodetic surveying, and marine/hydrographic surveying. 2. Primary Classification of Surveys 1. Plane Surveying: a. The Earth’s curvature is ignored. b. Applicable for small areas (up to 250 sq km). c. Examples: Local construction, road layouts, small property boundary surveys. 2. Geodetic Surveying: a. Accounts for the Earth's curvature. b. Used for large-scale surveys over long distances. c. Examples: National mapping, satellite positioning, military applications. 3. Types of Surveys and Applications 1. Cadastral/Legal Surveys Used to establish legal property boundaries. Ensures clarity in land ownership, legal disputes, and taxation. Applications: o Land registration systems.  o Resolving boundary conflicts. 2. Topographical Surveys Focuses on natural (rivers, hills) and artificial (buildings, roads) features. Elevations and contours are key. Applications: o Land development planning. o Engineering design (roads, railways). 3. Hydrographical Surveys Measures physical features of water bodies. Data includes depth, tides, currents, and underwater structures. Applications: o Harbor construction, flood mapping, and navigation planning. 4. Construction/Layout Surveys Used to mark reference points for construction projects. Ensures structures are built as per design. Examples: Bridges, buildings, roads, and tunnels. 5. As-Built/Final Surveys It will be conducted after construction is completed. Ensures projects align with design specifications. Applications: Record drawings for future maintenance and legal purposes. 4. Surveying Uses and Applications Topographic Maps: Represent elevations and contours for planning. Cadastral Maps: Show property divisions and ownership.  Engineering Maps: Support infrastructure design and construction. Military Maps: Used for defense planning and strategy. Reconnaissance: Preliminary site analysis for feasibility studies. 5. Surveying Instruments and Equipment 1. Total Station: a. Combines a theodolite and EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement). b. Captures angles, distances, and coordinates. 2. GPS (Global Positioning System): a. Provides real-time location and elevation data. 3. Theodolite: a. Measures horizontal and vertical angles. 4. Steel Tape: a. Accurate for short, flat distances. 5. Fiberglass Tape: a. Flexible, lightweight, and resistant to weather. 6. Automatic Level: a. Determines height differences for leveling tasks. 7. Leveling Rod: a. Used to measure elevations relative to the instrument. 6. Equipment Care and Safety 1. General Care: a. Store in dry, secure cases. b. Calibrate regularly for accurate measurements. 2. Safety Precautions: a. Wear PPE during surveys. b. Avoid exposing instruments to extreme weather. c. Prevent physical shocks to instruments like total stations and GPS units. 7. Taping Techniques and Errors Taping Techniques 1. Measuring Along a Slope: a. Use a plumb bob or calculate horizontal distance mathematically. 2. Pacing: a. Approximate distances by counting steps of known lengths. Types of Errors 1. Random Errors: Small, uncontrollable variations in measurements. 2. Systematic Errors: Repeatable and predictable errors (e.g., calibration issues). 3. Blunders/Mistakes: Human errors, such as incorrect readings. 8. Steel Tape vs. Fiberglass Tape Steel Tape Fiberglass Tape More accurate Less accurate Rigid and stable Flexible and easy to use Prone to rust Rust and moisture-resistant Limited in wet conditions Ideal for wet/rough terrain 9. GPS System Components 1. Space Component: Satellites transmitting position and time data. 2. Control Component: Ground stations tracking satellite orbits. 3. Receiver Component: User devices that interpret GPS signals. Key Uses: Navigation, surveying, mapping, and military operations. 10. Factors Influencing Route Surveys 1. Environmental: Terrain, vegetation, and weather. 2. Financial Impact: Budget constraints, cost-benefit analysis. 3. Social Impact: Effects on communities, resettlement concerns. 4. Terrain: Elevation changes, slopes, and land stability. 11. Attributes of Instruments Total Station Combines angle, distance, and coordinate measurement. Advantages over Theodolite: Faster, integrates EDM, and data recording. GPS Provides real-time location over long distances. Advantages over Total Station: Large coverage area. Limitations: Signal interference (trees, buildings). 12. Fundamental Principles of Surveying 1. Reconnaissance and Planning: Initial site inspection and project setup. 2. Consistency: Maintain repeatable and verifiable measurements. 3. Economics of Accuracy: Balance cost, time, and precision. 4. Checking: Cross-check results to minimize errors. 13. History and Evolution of Surveying Early Tools: Ropes, rods, chains (Ancient Egypt).  Modern Tools: Theodolites, total stations, GPS. Significance: Surveying evolved to support construction, mapping, and navigation. 14. Metric and Imperial Units Imperial Units: Mile (mi), Yard (yd), Foot (ft), Inch (in). Metric Units: Kilometer (km), Meter (m), Centimeter (cm), Millimeter (mm). 15. Levelling Terminologies Back Sight (BS): First reading on a known elevation. Fore Sight (FS): Final reading on an unknown elevation. Intermediate Sight (IS): Between BS and FS. Datum: Reference level for elevation. Reduced Level (RL): Computed height relative to datum. 16. Types of Levelling 1. Simple Levelling: One setup for height difference. 2. Differential Levelling: Multiple setups over longer distances. 17. Levelling Techniques 1. Levelling Technique: Using leveling instruments. 2. Total Station Technique: Combines distance and height measurement. 3. GPS Technique: Satellite-based height determination. 4. Remote Sensing: Elevations derived from satellite imagery. 18. Components of a Cadastral Survey Plan 1. Upper Title Block: Includes date, scale, and purpose. 2. Lower Title Block: Surveyor’s name, checker, and project details. 3. Coordinate Table: Measurements of parcel lines. 4. Legend and North Arrow. 19. 2-Peg Test Verifies instrument adjustment accuracy. 20. Rise and Fall Method for Reduced Levels 1. Compute rise/fall between points. 2. Add/subtract from the previous RL to determine new RL.