Introduction to Surveying PDF

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Diopter Theodolite General Classifications CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY MINE SURVEY undertaken at a construction site. provides data about grades, reference lines, FORESTRY SURVEY surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, Determine the position of all TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY oceans, and other bodies of water. underground excavations and surface dimensions, elevation of structure, etc. Determine the shape of the ground, the location and forest mangement and mensuration map shorelines, measure flow of CITY SURVEY production and conservation of forest lands streams mine structures, fix surface boundaries elevation of natural and artificial features upon it. of mining claims, determine geological The features include natural objects such as hills, for planning expansions, locating use for navigation, development of formations, etc. mountains, rivers, lakes, etc. property lines, configuration of the water supply, flood control, irrigation, land etc. etc. A. Linear , Area and Volume Measurements B. Angular Measurements (rad) CADASTRAL SURVEY INDUSTRIAL SURVEY Review: Undertaken in urban and rural areas Known as optical tooling ROUTE SURVEY Defining property lines and Ship building, aircraft construction, Determination of alignment, grades, earthwork Significant Figures boundaries Fix boundaries of municipalities, town installation of heavy and complex machinery, etc. quantities, location of natural and artificial objects. For the construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, Rounding Off Numbers and provincial jurisdictions. canals, etc. CHAINS and TAPES PLUMB BOB TRANSITS and THEODOLITES used to measure distances on the field. used to check if objects are vertical. A plumb bob consists of a These tools are used to measure both horizontal and A chain is made up of connected steel piece of metal (called a bob) pointing downwards, which is vertical angles. LEVELS RANGING POLES POLES, TRIPODS and MOUNTS segments, or links, which each measure 20 attached to a cord. Both tools have a minimum accuracy of one minute of used to mark areas and to set out straight lines Poles, tripods, and other mounting accessories are essential A carpenter level is used to check if objects are cm. Usually, a chain has a total length of 20 When the plumb bob is hanging free and not moving, the cord is angle, though the theodolite is generally recognized as on the field. for surveyors to ensure solid, stable readings. horizontal or vertical. Within a carpenter level there metres, including one handle at each end. vertical. the more accurate of the two, measuring angles to an They are also used to mark points which must are one or more curved glass tubes, called level Measuring tapes are made of steel, coated accuracy of one-tenth of a second angle. be seen from a distance, in which case a flag tubes linen, or synthetic material. Centimetres, may be attached to improve the visibility. decimetres and metres are usually indicated on the tape.