Compendium 4 Notes PDF

Week 4 Notes Lecture 1 Functions of the respiratory system - Respiration - Ventilation -- movement of air in and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation) - External respiration -- gaseous exchange between lungs and blood (in the alveoli) - Respiratory ga...

Week 4 Notes Lecture 1 Functions of the respiratory system - Respiration - Ventilation -- movement of air in and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation) - External respiration -- gaseous exchange between lungs and blood (in the alveoli) - Respiratory gas transport -- through blood to the whole body (O2 and CO2) - Internal respiration -- gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues - Blood Ph regulation - Blood ph must be 9.35-7.45 and a change to this will impact body function - Carbon dioxide makes the blood more acidic - Sound production - As air passes through the vocal cords in the larynx sound can be produced and controlled by the tension of the vocal cords and the force of the air - Olfaction - Some cells are sensitive to smell so this gives us an idea of our surroundings - Protection - The respiratory system filters out dust and micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses and spores - Hair cilia and mucous n the respiratory system aid this protection Organisation of the respiratory tract - Nares/nostrils - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Primary, secondary and tertiary - Bronchioles - Terminal, respiratory - Alveolar ducts - Alveoli Divisions of the respiratory system - Structural classification - Upper respiratory tract - Nose - Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Lower respiratory tract - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli - Functional classification - Conducting zone - From nose to terminal bronchioles - Respiratory zone - Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar duct - Alveoli Nares and nasal cavity - External nose - Made up of bone and cartilage and covered by skin - Opens to the inside through the nares - Nasal cavity - Nares to choana - Nares - Vestibule - Septum - Floor of nasal cavity (uvula, hard and soft pallet) - Conchae (bony ridges) and meatuses (depressions) - Superior, middle and inferior conchae - Superior, middle and inferior meatuses - Sinuses - Empty areas within bones functions of the nasal cavity - Passageway for air - Hair -- filter coarse particles from the inspired air - Mucus -- traps dust, bacteria and other debris from the inspired air and humidifies air - Cilia -- creates a gentle current by beating, moving the contaminated mucus towards the throat to be swallowed or coughed out (if in the lower respiratory tract) - Lysozymes -- kill bacteria - Rich capillary network -- maintain the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air - Conchae and meatuses -- increase mucosal surface are and maintain turbulence facilitating the above functions - Olfaction -- olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptors allow for a sense of smell - Sinuses, nasal cavity -- resonating chambers, lighten skull Pharynx - Throat - Common passage for food and air - Divided into three regions - Nasopharynx - Posterior to the nasal cavity - Choana to uvula - Eustachian tube opening - Pharyngeal tonsils - Oropharynx - Posterior to the oral cavity - Uvula to epiglottis/hyoid bone - Common passage for air and food - Palatine and lingual tonsils - Assists in immunity - Laryngopharynx - Posterior to epiglottis - Epiglottis/hyoid bone to larynx/oesophagus Larynx - Also known as the voice box - Mainly made up of cartilage (9 types) - 3 unpaired - Thyroid (Adams apple) - Cricoid (looks like a collar of a shirt) - Epiglottis - 3 paired - Arytenoid - Corniculate - Cuneiform - Located between the pharynx and the trachea - Passageway for air - Ligaments extend from the arytenoids to the thyroid cartilage - True vocal cords or vocal folds - Vestibular folds or false vocal cords - The opening between is called the glottis - As air moves through the vocal cords they vibrate creating sounds - The tension on the vocal cords impacts the quality - Men have longer vocal folds (lower toned voice) than females - Functions: - Maintains an open passageway for air movement (cartilages) - Directs food into the oesophagus away from the respiratory tract (epiglottis/vocal folds) - The epiglottis falls and covers the glottis so no food gan get into the airways - Sound production via vocal folds - Traps debris from entering the airways (cilia and mucous) Trachea (windpipe) - From the larynx to the carina (special cartilage- sensitive to any debris or dust) - Tough flexible membranous tube approximately 10-12cm long and 2cm in diameter - Posterior to the oesophagus and passes through the mediastinum - Trachea is made up of Cartilage, dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle - Cartilage keeps the airway open - Trachealis muscle facilitates ease of peristalsis in the oesophagus and the contraction of this muscle causes expired air to rush out of the lungs with greater force - Connective tissue gives a little flexibility - 15-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with smooth muscle in between - Divides into the two main bronchi at the carina - The mucosa of the carina is very sensitive and triggers the cough reflex if any dust or debris enters the lungs - Specific cells within the respiratory tract - goblet cells that produce mucous which traps dust then cilia move dust out of the respiratory tract Tracheobronchial tree - Primary (main) Bronchi - One for each lung (right one is larger in diameter ) - Secondary (lobar) bronchi - 2 in left and three in right lung - Tertiary (segmental) bronchi - 10 on each side - Bronchioles (\