Respiratory System Anatomy PDF

Introduction:- Respiration is a process in which oxygen is taken in side the body and Co2 is released. Normal Respiratory Rate in different Age Groups: Newborn: 30-60/minute Early Childhood: 20-40/minute Late Childhood: 15-25/minute Adult: 12-16/minute Tachypnoea: If mor...

Introduction:- Respiration is a process in which oxygen is taken in side the body and Co2 is released. Normal Respiratory Rate in different Age Groups: Newborn: 30-60/minute Early Childhood: 20-40/minute Late Childhood: 15-25/minute Adult: 12-16/minute Tachypnoea: If more than 16/min Bradypnoea: If less than 12/min. Types of Respiration: - Respiration is classified into two types: 1. External respiration - Exchange of respiratory gases between lungs and blood. 2. Internal respiration - Exchange of gases between blood and tissues. Phases of Respiration: Respiration occurs in two phases - 1. Inspiration - during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere 2. Expiration - during which air leaves the lungs. Note- During normal breathing, Inspiration is an active process Expiration is a passive process. Anatomy of Respiratory System :- 1. Upper Respiratory System :- Includes Nose, Pharynx, Larynx and Other Associated Structures 2. Lower Respiratory System :- Includes trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles & lungs. Key Points: Nose is the first organ of Respiratory tract. Larynx also Known as Voice Box. Glottis: Opening between True Vocal Cord  Epiglottis: flexible Cartilage, Prevent food and drink from entering the windpipe (Trachea) Trachea- length 10-12 cm, Having 16-20 Incomplete (C - Shaped) Rings made up of Hyaline Cartilage. Carina : Point where Trachea divides into two Bronchi. Bronchi: 1. Right Bronchi :-यह Left Bronchi की तुलना में Wide, Short & Vertical होती हैं इसललए इसमें Left Bronchi की तुलना में ज्यादा Obstructed होने के chance होते हैं। 2. Left Bronchi :- यह Right Bronchi की तल ु ना में Narrow, longer एवं Horizontal होती हैं। Respiratory Unit:- यह Respiratory Bronchioles, alveolar duct, Alveolar Sac एवं Alveolus से लमलकर बनी होती हैं, जो Gases Exchange हैं वो Respiratory Unit में ही होता हैं। Alveoli : Smallest Unit of Respiratory Tract. Lungs में लगभग 300 million Alveoli पायी जाती हैं जो gas exchange के ललए 70 मीटर Surface Area प्रदान करवाती हैं। Types of Alveolar Cells :- (Pneumocytes) 1. Type-1 Alveolar Cells: ये लगभग 95% Cells हैं जो Gas exchange में help करती हैं। 2. Type-2 Alveolar Cells :- ये लगभग 5% cells होती हैं जो Surfactant secretion का काम करता Surfactant:- Surfactant ये Phospholipid के बने होते हैं जो Expiration के दौरान Lungs को collapse होने से बचाते हैं। Note:- Surfactant का secretion fetal life के 24 से 28th Week पर शुरू हो जाता हैं और 35th week तक mostly Babies में पयााप्त दे खने को लमलते हैं Antrum - Space inside the Alveoli Sac. Lungs: The right lung is divided into 3 lobes (upper, middle & lower) by two fissures, oblique & horizontal. The left lung is divided into two lobes (upper & lower) by the oblique fissures. Pleura – Outer covering of Lungs, made up of Serous membrane. Diaphragm :- Diaphragm यह Respiration की Main muscle हैं, Diaphragm को Nerve Supply Phrenic Nerve करती हैं। Composition of Inspired and Expired Air: Pulmonary function Test - Lung volumes - Static lung volumes are the volumes of air breathed by an individual. Static lung volumes are of four types: Tidal volume - Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air breathed in and out of lungs in a single normal quiet respiration. Normal Value 500 mL (0.5 L). Inspiratory Reserve Volume- normal value 3,300 ml (3.31) Expiratory Reserve Volume - Normal Value 1,000 mL (1 L). Residual volume (RV) - Normal Value 1,200 ml (1.2 L) Pulmonary function Test – Instrument: Spirometry LUNG CAPACITIES Static lung capacities are the combination of two or more lung volumes. Inspiratory Capacity- TV 500+ IRV 3,300 = 3800 ml IC Vital Capacity (VC) - IRV 3,300 + TV 500 + ERV 1,000 = 4,800 mL Functional Residual Capacity - ERV 1,000 + RV 1,200 = 2,200 ml Total Lung Capacity- IRV 3,300 + TV 500 + ERV 1,000+ RV 1,200 = 6,000 mL