Compendium 4
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary gases transported by the respiratory system to the body?

Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Describe the process of internal respiration.

Internal respiration is the gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues, allowing O2 to enter cells and CO2 to be removed.

How does carbon dioxide affect blood pH?

Carbon dioxide makes the blood more acidic, which can lower blood pH.

What role do the vocal cords play in sound production?

<p>The vocal cords produce sound as air passes through them, with tension and air force controlling the quality of sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural makeup of the external nose?

<p>The external nose is made up of bone and cartilage, covered by skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

<p>The nasal cavity serves as a passageway for air and filters dust and microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

<p>The conducting zone includes structures from the nose to the terminal bronchioles, facilitating air passage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures comprise the lower respiratory tract?

<p>The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary role of alveoli in the respiratory system.

<p>Alveoli are responsible for the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cilia and mucus in the respiratory system?

<p>Cilia and mucus help filter out dust and microorganisms, providing protection in the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mucus play in the nasal cavity's function?

<p>Mucus traps dust, bacteria, and debris from inspired air while also humidifying it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how cilia contribute to respiratory health.

<p>Cilia create a gentle current that moves contaminated mucus towards the throat for swallowing or coughing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lysozymes function in the respiratory system?

<p>Lysozymes kill bacteria present in the inspired air and mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of the nasal cavity aids in increasing surface area and turbulence?

<p>The conchae and meatuses increase the mucosal surface area and maintain air turbulence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx in sound production?

<p>The larynx houses the vocal cords that vibrate as air passes through, creating sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?

<p>The epiglottis falls and covers the glottis to divert food into the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the rich capillary network in the nasal cavity.

<p>The capillary network helps maintain the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

<p>The three regions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do men typically have a lower-pitched voice than women?

<p>Men generally have longer vocal folds, leading to a lower tone when they vibrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the nasal cavity facilitate olfaction?

<p>The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity contains receptors that detect smells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea?

<p>To keep the airway open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the trachealis muscle contribute to respiratory function?

<p>It facilitates the ease of peristalsis in the esophagus and helps expel air from the lungs with greater force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the cough reflex at the carina?

<p>Irritation from dust or debris entering the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the right primary bronchus larger in diameter than the left?

<p>To accommodate a larger volume of air entering the right lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of goblet cells within the respiratory tract.

<p>They produce mucous which traps dust and debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of tertiary bronchi present in each lung?

<p>There are 10 tertiary bronchi in each lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of the connective tissue in the trachea.

<p>It provides flexibility while maintaining structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does intern step respiration occur in the bronchioles?

<p>Gas exchange occurs via diffusion across alveolar membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of blood pH regulation, how does respiration affect acidity?

<p>Increased carbon dioxide levels lead to lower pH (more acidity) due to the formation of carbonic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of the trachea aids in sound production during phonation?

<p>The incompleteness of the trachea due to C-shaped cartilage allows for vocal cord movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary divisions of the respiratory system based on structural classification?

<p>Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

<p>The conducting zone is the part of the respiratory system that conducts air from the nose to the terminal bronchioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the alveoli in the respiratory system.

<p>Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between the lungs and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions do the conchae and meatuses serve within the nasal cavity?

<p>Conchae and meatuses increase the surface area and turbulence of incoming air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory system protect the body from pathogens?

<p>It uses hair, cilia, and mucus to filter out dust and microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does carbon dioxide have on blood pH, and why is this important?

<p>Carbon dioxide makes the blood more acidic, lowering pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how air moves during ventilation in the respiratory system.

<p>Ventilation involves inhalation (air entering the lungs) and exhalation (air leaving the lungs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures comprise the lower respiratory tract?

<p>The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of sound production, how are vocal cords involved?

<p>Vocal cords vibrate as air passes through them, producing sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

<p>The nasal cavity serves as a passageway for air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings in the trachea?

<p>The C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings keep the airway open, preventing collapse during inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the trachealis muscle facilitate the respiratory process?

<p>The trachealis muscle allows for the contraction that expels air forcefully from the lungs during expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the mucosa of the carina particularly sensitive?

<p>The mucosa of the carina is sensitive to dust or debris, triggering a cough reflex to protect the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the bronchi and bronchioles in terms of structure?

<p>Bronchi are surrounded by cartilage rings, while bronchioles lack cartilage and have more smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do goblet cells contribute to maintaining respiratory health?

<p>Goblet cells produce mucus that traps dust, while cilia move this mucus out of the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical features distinguish the primary bronchi?

<p>The primary bronchi are the main bronchi branching from the trachea; the right bronchi is larger in diameter than the left.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of secondary bronchi in each lung?

<p>There are two secondary bronchi in the left lung and three in the right lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of connective tissue in the trachea.

<p>Connective tissue provides flexibility to the trachea, allowing it to withstand pressure changes during breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many tertiary bronchi are found in each lung?

<p>There are 10 tertiary bronchi in each lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the cough reflex in the respiratory tract?

<p>The cough reflex is triggered by irritants detected by sensitive mucosal cells at the carina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mucus play in the nasal cavity?

<p>Mucus traps dust, bacteria, and debris while humidifying the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cilia contribute to respiratory health?

<p>Cilia create a current that moves contaminated mucus towards the throat for elimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozymes in the respiratory system?

<p>Lysozymes kill bacteria to help prevent infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure and function of the epiglottis.

<p>The epiglottis is a cartilage flap that covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food entry into the airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the larynx contributes to sound production.

<p>The larynx contains vocal folds that vibrate as air moves through, producing sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the rich capillary network in the nasal cavity?

<p>It helps maintain the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the regions of the pharynx and their roles.

<p>The pharynx is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, serving as a passageway for air and food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature helps increase the surface area in the nasal cavity?

<p>The conchae increase the mucosal surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the vocal cords differ between genders?

<p>Men have longer vocal folds, resulting in a lower-pitched voice than women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pharyngeal tonsils?

<p>Pharyngeal tonsils assist in immunity by trapping pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functions of the Respiratory System

  • Respiration: The process of gas exchange, including ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration.
  • Blood pH Regulation: The respiratory system helps regulate blood pH by regulating carbon dioxide levels.
  • Sound Production: As air passes through the vocal cords, sound is produced and controlled by their tension and the force of air.
  • Olfaction: The respiratory system facilitates the sense of smell through olfactory receptors.
  • Protection: The respiratory system filters out dust, bacteria, viruses, and spores using cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.

Organization of the Respiratory Tract

  • Respiratory Tract: Starts at the nares (nostrils) and ends at the alveoli, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
  • Upper Respiratory Tract: Includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx.
  • Lower Respiratory Tract: Includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
  • Conducting Zone: Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, which transport air to the lungs.
  • Respiratory Zone: Starts at the respiratory bronchioles and includes alveolar ducts and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Nares and Nasal Cavity

  • External Nose: Composed of bone and cartilage covered by skin.
  • Nasal Cavity: A passageway for air lined with mucous membranes and containing nasal conchae, meatuses, and sinuses, which function to filter, warm, humidify, and clean inhaled air.
  • Conchae and Meatuses: Bony ridges and depressions that increase surface area and help to maintain turbulent air flow.
  • Sinuses: Air-filled cavities within bones that regulate air pressure and voice resonance.

Pharynx

  • Pharynx: A common passage for air and food, divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
  • Nasopharynx: Posterior to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membranes and containing the pharyngeal tonsils.
  • Oropharynx: Posterior to the oral cavity, a common passage for air and food containing palatine and lingual tonsils.
  • Laryngopharynx: Posterior to the epiglottis, connecting the pharynx to the larynx and esophagus.

Larynx

  • Larynx: The voice box, mainly composed of nine cartilages, which control airflow, protecting the airways and producing sound.
  • Epiglottis: A flap of cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing, directing food into the esophagus.
  • Vocal Cords: Ligaments extended from the arytenoids to the thyroid cartilage, responsible for sound production through vibration.

Trachea

  • Trachea: The windpipe, a tough, flexible tube of cartilage, smooth muscle, and connective tissue.
  • Carina: The point where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi.
  • Tracheal Cartilages: C-shaped cartilage rings that keep the trachea open.
  • Trachealis Muscle: Smooth muscle between cartilage rings, facilitating esophageal peristalsis and forced exhalation.

Tracheobronchial Tree

  • Bronchi: Branching airways leading from the trachea.
  • Primary Bronchi: One per lung, directing air to the respective lung (the right bronchus is larger).
  • Secondary Bronchi: Supply the lobes of each lung (2 in the left lung, 3 in the right lung).
  • Tertiary Bronchi: Supply the bronchopulmonary segments within each lobe.
  • Bronchioles: Smaller airways branching from the tertiary bronchi, eventually leading to the alveoli.

Functions of the Respiratory System

  • Respiration:
    • Ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs (inhalation and exhalation)
    • External respiration: Gas exchange between the lungs and blood (in the alveoli)
    • Respiratory gas transport: Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the blood to the entire body
    • Internal respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and the tissues
  • Blood pH regulation:
    • Blood pH must be maintained between 7.35-7.45 for proper bodily function.
    • Carbon dioxide makes the blood more acidic.
  • Sound production:
    • As air passes through the vocal cords in the larynx, sound can be produced and regulated by tension of the vocal cords and force of air.
  • Olfaction:
    • Specific cells are sensitive to smell, providing a sense of surrounding environment.
  • Protection:
    • Respiratory system filters out dust, bacteria, viruses, and spores.
    • Hair, cilia, and mucous aid in this protection.

Organisation of the Respiratory Tract

  • Nasres/Nostrils
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi:
    • Primary, secondary, and tertiary
  • Bronchioles:
    • Terminal, respiratory
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveoli

Divisions of the Respiratory System

  • Structural classification:
    • Upper respiratory tract:
      • Nose
      • Nasal cavity
      • Pharynx
    • Lower respiratory tract:
      • Larynx
      • Trachea
      • Bronchi
      • Bronchioles
      • Alveoli
  • Functional Classification:
    • Conducting zone: From nose to terminal bronchioles
    • Respiratory zone: Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Nares and Nasal Cavity

  • External nose:
    • Made of bone and cartilage and covered by skin.
    • Opens to the inside through the nares.
  • Nasal cavity:
    • From nares to choana.
    • Nares
    • Vestibule
    • Septum
    • Floor of nasal cavity (uvula, hard and soft palate)
    • Conchae (bony ridges) and meatuses (depressions):
      • Superior, middle, and inferior conchae
      • Superior, middle, and inferior meatuses
    • Sinuses:
      • Empty areas within bones

Functions of the Nasal Cavity

  • Passageway for air
  • Hair: Filter coarse particles from inhaled air.
  • Mucus: Traps dust, bacteria, and other debris. Humidifies inspired air.
  • Cilia: Gently move contaminated mucous towards the throat to be swallowed or coughed out.
  • Lysozymes: Kill bacteria.
  • Rich capillary network: Maintain the temperature of inhaled and exhaled air.
  • Conchae and meatuses: Increase mucosal surface area and maintain turbulence, facilitating above functions.
  • Olfaction: Olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptors provide a sense of smell.
  • Sinuses and nasal cavity: Resonating chambers; lighten the skull.

Pharynx

  • Throat
  • Common passage for food and air
  • Divided into three regions:
    • Nasopharynx:
      • Posterior to the nasal cavity.
      • Choana to uvula
      • Eustachian tube opening
      • Pharyngeal tonsils
    • Oropharynx:
      • Posterior to the oral cavity.
      • Uvula to epiglottis/hyoid bone
      • Common passage for air and food
      • Palatine and lingual tonsils
        • Assist in immunity
    • Laryngopharynx:
      • Posterior to epiglottis.
      • Epiglottis/hyoid bone to larynx/esophagus

Larynx

  • Voice box
  • Primarily composed of cartilage (9 types):
    • 3 unpaired:
      • Thyroid (Adam's apple)
      • Cricoid (collar shaped)
      • Epiglottis
    • 3 paired:
      • Arytenoid
      • Corniculate
      • Cuneiform
  • Located between pharynx and trachea.
  • Passageway for air.
  • Ligaments extend from arytenoids to thyroid cartilage:
    • True vocal cords (vocal folds)
    • Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
    • The opening between is called the glottis.
    • As air moves through vocal cords, they vibrate creating sounds.
    • The tension of the vocal cords impacts the quality of sounds.
    • Men have longer vocal folds (lower toned voice) than females.
  • Functions:
    • Maintains an open passageway for air movement (cartilages).
    • Directs food into the esophagus and away from the respiratory tract (epiglottis/vocal folds).
    • Sound production via vocal folds.
    • Traps debis before it enters airways (cilia and mucous).

Trachea (Windpipe)

  • From larynx to carina (special cartilage sensitive to debris and dust)
  • Tough, flexible membranous tube about 10-12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter.
  • Posterior to the esophagus, passes through the mediastinum.
  • Composed of cartilage, dense regular connective tissue, and smooth muscle:
    • Cartilage keeps airway open.
    • Trachealis muscle facilitates ease of peristalsis in the esophagus; contraction of this muscle causes expired air to rush out of the lungs with greater force.
    • Connective tissue provides flexibility.
  • 15-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings with smooth muscle in between.
  • Divides into two main bronchi at the carina.
  • Mucosa of the carina is very sensitive and triggers the cough reflex if debris enters lungs.
  • Specific respiratory tract cells (goblet cells) produce mucus, which traps dust, and cilia then move dust out of the respiratory tract.

Tracheobronchial Tree

  • Primary (main) bronchi:
    • One for each lung (right one is larger in diameter).
  • Secondary (lobar) bronchi:
    • Two in the left lung, and three in the right lung.
  • Tertiary (segmental) bronchi:
    • 10 on each side.
  • Bronchioles:
    • Terminal, respiratory

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Description

This quiz explores the various functions of the respiratory system, including gas exchange, blood pH regulation, sound production, olfaction, and protection. Additionally, it covers the organization and structure of the respiratory tract, from the nares to the alveoli. Test your knowledge on how these functions and structures contribute to overall health.

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