Combined Academic English Presentations PDF

COMBINED ACADEMIC ENGLISH SECTION’S FINAL WEEK PRESENTATIONS Bygrave, J. (2020). Roadmap. Pearson. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah GRAMMAR By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  Table of Contents 1. 1A: Question Forms 7. 7C: Introductory It 2....

COMBINED ACADEMIC ENGLISH SECTION’S FINAL WEEK PRESENTATIONS Bygrave, J. (2020). Roadmap. Pearson. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah GRAMMAR By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  Table of Contents 1. 1A: Question Forms 7. 7C: Introductory It 2. 2C: –ed and –ing Adjectives 8. 8A: Second Conditional 3. 3B: Comparatives and 9. 9A: Past Modals of Deduction Superlatives 10. 10B: Articles 4. 4C: Forming Verbs with –en 5. 5C: Adverb + Adjective Collocations 6. 6A: Verb + –ing and Infintive with to By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms There are mainly three types of questions: 1. Yes/No Question 2. WH-Question a. Subject Question b. Object Question 3. Indirect Question By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms Auxiliary Verbs: verb put in front of main verbs in order to change or add to the meaning. E.g., I am playing video games. Present Continuous I was playing video games. Past Continuous Auxiliary Verbs include: am / is / are do / does / did was / were can / could / would / should has / have / had will / may / must / might By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms 1. Yes/No Question INVERSION No, I am not hungry. Verb to be (am, is, are, was or  RULE were) + S Are you hungry? INVERSION Yes, I have met him. A (do, does, did, etc.) + S + M  Have you met him? By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms 2. WH-Question A Wh-Question gains information about someone or something, cannot be answered with yes or no and starts with: - Who - What - When - Where - Why - How (...)  can be combined with other words, e.g., how big, how old. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms 2. WH-Question (Subject – asking about the subject) QW + M + O RULE Who wants ice-cream? Who broke the TV? Who answered the phone? By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms 2. WH-Question (Object – asking about the object) QW + A + S + M RULE What did you do today? Where does your brother work? Why did he go on vacation? By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms 3. WH-Question (Object Question with a preposition) Form a question asking The letter was addressed about the object. to Mark. Who was the letter Less formal QW + A + S + M + P RULE addressed to? To whom was the letter Formal P + whom + A + S + M addressed? By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Question Forms 4. Indirect Question (more polite) Indirect Introductory Direct Introductory phrase + QW + S + A + M Phrases (NO INVERSION) Could/can you tell Could/can you tell me where she is me…? going? RULE Can I ask you…? Where is she Can I ask you where she is going? I wonder… going? I wonder where she is going. I’d like to know… I’d like to know where she is going. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  2C: –ed and –ing Adjectives Some words seem like verbs because they end in –ed or –ing, but in fact they are adjectives. –ed –ing It describes a person’s feelings. It describes an object/thing or a situation. E.g., I am astonished, alarmed, overwhelmed, annoyed, E.g., This situation is astonishing, alarming, overwhelming etc., etc., Exception: Some pairs of adjectives have different endings. It can be used with verb to be, get, feel, make + S + (feel): –ed –ing I am annoyed when people are slow. Scared Scary I get annoyed when people are slow. Stressed Stressful I feel annoyed when people are slow. Delighted Delightful It makes me (feel) annoyed when people are slow. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives and superlatives are grammatical forms, often formed using adjectives or adverbs, used to compare the qualities or quantities of things. Comparatives are used to compare two nouns, whereas superlatives are used to compare more than two nouns or one noun against all the others in the same group. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: Comparative Adjectives Form: - Short adjectives: Add " –er" or “–ier” (e.g., old → older, weak → weaker, happy → happier) + than - Long adjectives: Use "more" or "less" + adjective (e.g., intelligent → more intelligent, interesting → less interesting, expensive → more expensive) + than - Exception: Some adjectives can take "-er" or "more": quiet → quieter/more quiet, clever → cleverer/more clever, narrow → narrower/more narrow, simple → simpler/more simple, pleasant → more pleasant/pleasanter - Exception: Some adjectives have irregular forms: good → better, little → less, much → more, well → better, bad → worse, far → farther/further Examples: - "This book is thicker than that one.“ - "She is more talented than her sister.“ By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives To quantify comparatives - "The house is a bit bigger than the apartment." - "She is a bit more intelligent than her sister.“ + comp. Difference A bit, - "The house is slightly bigger than the apartment." adjective + than is small. slightly - "She is slightly more intelligent than her sister." - "The house is much more spacious than the Much apartment." so much - "The house is so much bigger than the apartment.“ Difference a lot + comp. + than - "The car is a lot more expensive than the motorcycle.“ is big. far adjective - "She is far more talented than her sister.“ Too - "The house is too much bigger than the apartment." By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: Comparative Adverbs Form: - Short adverbs: Add "-er" (e.g., quickly - quicker, slowly - slower) + than - Long adverbs: Use "more" or "less" + adverb (e.g., intelligently - more intelligently, carefully - less carefully) + than Examples: - "He runs faster than me." - "She sings more beautifully than her sister." - "The car drives less smoothly on this road than the other one." By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: “More” or “Less” + “ of a/an” + Noun You can use "more" or "less" + “of a/an" + noun to compare quantities or amounts, especially abstract nouns or things that cannot be easily counted. Examples: - "He has more of a sense of humor than his brother." - "She needs less of a break." - "The project requires more of an investment." By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: Use “and” between two repeated comparatives to add emphasis to it Examples: - "The weather is getting colder and colder.” - "The prices are getting higher and higher.” - "She is becoming more and more confident.“ - “The sea was getting rougher and rougher.” - “Her illness was becoming worse and worse.” - “He became more and more tired as the weeks went by.” By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: Contrasting two comparatives (adjectives or adverbs) by placing “the” before them, expressing a cause-and-effect relationship, where one thing leads or leads to the other Examples: - "The faster you run, the sooner you will finish.“ - “The longer we waited, the hungrier we got.” - “The smaller the gift, the easier it is to send.” - “The more stressed you are, the worse it is for your health.” - "The harder you work, the more successful you'll be." By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: Use “as” + adjective + “as” to compare between two nouns that are equal or similar Form: (not) as + adjective + as + noun Examples: - "He is as tall as his father." - "This book is as interesting as the last one." - "The weather today is as cold as the weather yesterday." - “The sport is not as popular here as in the United States.” By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Comparatives and Superlatives Superlatives: Superlative Adjectives Form: - Short adjectives: Add the + adjective + "-est" or “iest” (e.g., old → oldest, weak → weakest, sunny → sunniest) - Long adjectives: Use the + "most" or "least" + adjective (e.g., intelligent → most intelligent, interesting → least interesting) - Exception: Some adjectives have irregular forms: good → best, bad → worst, far → farthest/furthest little → less, much → most, well → best - If difference is big, use “by far”, e.g., It is by far the most famous chess match. - If the difference is small, use “one of /among”, e.g., He is among the most successful players. Examples: - "Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world." - "He is the most hardworking student in the class." By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  4C: Forming Verbs with –en Some adjectives or nouns can be changed into verbs. By adding –en at the beginning or end of the adjective or noun, creating a verb that means to make or to increase. Exception: If it is a short adjective that ends in a vowel and a consonance, the final consonance is doubled and –en is added at the end, e.g., sad → sadden. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  4C: Forming Verbs with –en Beginning End Rich Enrich Worse Worsen Able Enable Sweet Sweeten Danger Endanger Length Lengthen Rage Enraged Bright Brighten Large Enlarge Soft Soften Force Enforce Less Lessen Broad Broaden Awake Awaken Short Shorten *Sad Sadden *Flat Flatten By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  5C: Adverb + Adjective Collocations A collocation is a combination of words formed when two or more words are frequently used together in a way that sounds natural, e.g., fast food. Collocations are made up of adverbs, adjectives, nouns, prepositions and verbs. 1. Adverb + adjective collocations (extremely happy) 2. Adjective + noun collocations (fast food, mixed feelings) 3. Noun + noun collocations (board game) 4. Verb + noun collocations (break my fast, threw a party) 5. Verb + preposition collocations (rely on) By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  Adverb Adjective absolutely right, true, essential, ridiculous 5C: bitterly completely cold, divided, opposed, disappointed different, wrong, honest, new Adverb + deeply religious, personal, concerned Adjective entirely extremely different, new, possible difficult, important, dangerous, rare Collocations highly perfectly unlikely, qualified effective, successful good, safe, legal, normal When you want to strengthen relatively small, new, simple, easy the meaning of the adjective, use the adverb really, which can totally unacceptable, lost, wrong be used with any adjective. widely known, accepted, used, available However, there are other painfully shy, thin adverb + adjective collocations heavily built, armed that are better and fairly fixed, providing variety. seriously rich utterly disastrous, fearless By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to In English, if you want to follow a verb with another action, you must use a gerund (verb + –ing) or (t0 + infinitive). Negate by adding not By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to Verb + –ing Examples 1. After certain consider, keep, quit, suggest, enjoy, regret, - I considered moving to a new city. verbs recommend 2. After verb + keep on, keen on, think about - I ran ten miles without stopping. prepositions - He kept on nagging. - I am keen on playing padel. - I am tired of waiting for you. 3. After certain be (is/isn’t) worth, no point, waste time, - She always wastes her time playing phrases can’t help, no use video games. - I can't help laughing at that joke. - There's no point in arguing about it. - It's worth trying a new restaurant. - It's no use crying over spilled milk. 4. As the subject - Cycling is good for your health. of a sentence By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to Infinitive with to Examples 1. After certain afford, appear, seem, tend, choose, learn, - I can't afford to buy a new car right verbs manage, promise, can’t wait, forget now. 2. After It + - It's important to eat a healthy diet. adjective - They were quick to react. - It’s nice to relax on a Sunday afternoon. 3. To express - He called to ask for help. purpose of - We traveled to Paris to visit the Eiffel doing the first Tower. verb By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or –ing and there is NO difference in meaning, e.g., begin, continue, hate, love, start. Negate by adding not By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to Verb + –ing Infinitive with to 1. begin - I began studying for the exam. - I began to study for the exam. 2. continue - She continued to work all night long. - She continued working all night long. 3. start - The meeting started getting boring. - The meeting started to get boring.. 4. love - I love reading books. - I love to read books. 5. hate - I hate cleaning the house. - I hate to clean the house. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to Other verbs can be followed by an infinitive or –ing but they have different meanings, as shown in the following table. Negate by adding not By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Verb + –ing and Infinitive with to Verb + –ing Infinitive with to 1. forget/reme = forget/remember an earlier action: =forget/remember to do a future action: mber I remember locking the lab door. Don’t forget to lock the lab door 2. go on = continue: = to change to another action: I went on answering questions even though I was After giving my presentation, I went on to answer hungry. questions. 3. regret = feel sorry about the past: = announce bad news: I regret not studying harder in first year. I regret to inform you that you have failed. 4. stop = finish an action: = finish an action to do another: The company stopped making cars last year. We stopped to watch the protesters. 5. mean = will result in: = intend to do something: This new job means moving to Sydney. I mean to finish my thesis by July this year. 6. try = do something to see what will happen: = make an effort to do something difficult: Try using a different type of cereal for your We tried to alter the meeting time but we experiment. couldn’t. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  7C: Introductory It The introductory it is used to 1. Describe how you feel or think about a situation. 2. Introduce a clause as a dummy subject. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  7C: Introductory It To Describe How You Think or Feel about a Situation appears seems It + + that + he’s acting crazy. turns out follows feels like/as looks It + + if/as + he’s acting crazy. seems though sounds bothers surprises me/him/ It + + + to + infinitive + to see that he’s acting crazy. alarms her/them amazes By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  7C: Introductory It To Describe How You Think or Feel about a Situation strikes feels to occurs to seems to me/him/ It + bothers + her/the + that + he’s acting crazy. concerns m surprises alarms amazes By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  7C: Introductory It To Describe How You Think or Feel about a Situation (NEGATION) It’s not that + he’s acting crazy. It’s just that + I don’t mind it. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah 7C: Introductory It To Introduce a Clause as a Dummy Subject It sometimes rains after snowing. It is not going to be my last visit! It will soon be night. It is nice to meet you. It is 10 am. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  8A: Second Conditional We use the second conditional to talk about hypothetical, unlikely or impossible situations that will not happen in most cases. Second conditional sentences are made up of two clauses: 1. condition/if clause 2. result/main clause By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  8A: Second Conditional condition/if clause result/main clause would/could/may/ Structure: if + past simple + might + infinitive Structure with if + subject + past would + subject + + question: simple infinitive Certainty or strong intention: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house. Ability: If I you had a superpower, would you help people? The be verb in conditional sentences is Possibility: If I studied harder, I might or may pass the exam. always were (not was) for all subjects (I, he, she, it, we, they and you) By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  8A: Second Conditional Sentences Condition Result Explanation If we won the wining the lottery traveling the world Wining the lottery lottery, we would is extremely rare, travel the world. so this is very unlikely. If I had wings, I having wings flying to Japan I do not have wings, would fly to Japan. so this is impossible. If Lisa lived near living near the learning to surf She does not live the beach, she beach near the beach, so would learn to surf. this is very unlikely. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  8A: Second Conditional The "were to" construction in the second conditional is used to make the condition even more unlikely or hypothetical, adding more formality. E.g., If I were to win the lottery, I would travel the world. (This is more hypothetical than "If I won the lottery..."). condition/if clause result/main clause if + were + to + would + infinitive Structure: + infinitive By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  9A: Past Modals of Deduction We can use modal verbs for deduction to make a guess about the past using the available information or evidence and depending on how certain we are about the possibility. The modal verbs that express deduction are: - Must  (100%) positive - Might (not)/may (not)/could  (50-30%) positive or negative - Can not/could not  (100%) negative By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  9A: Past Modals of Deduction Modal Verb Certainty Level Examples must have + strong certainty - You must have slept late because you arrived late to work. past participle that something is - The lights are off. They must have gone to bed. true based on evidence. - This window's smashed. The thieves must have climbed in here. Can not/could strong certainty - He can not have heard the phone otherwise he'd have answered it. not have + past that something is - He can not have finished the marathon in under two hours. He's not that fit. participle not true based on evidence. - It can not have been the fish that made him sick. He did not eat any. might weak certainty - I can not find my keys, I might have left them in the shop. (not)/may that something is - Joe's a bit deaf. He might not have heard the phone. (not)/could true or not true. have + past - Matt's not in his office. He may have left early. participle - It's only 5pm. She may not have finished work yet. - I haven't received a reply to my email. They might not have received it yet. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  10B: Articles Articles are words that come before nouns to indicate whether the noun is specific or general. There are three main types of articles: - The definite article: "the" - The indefinite article: "a" or "an" - The zero article: no article is used By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  The A / An No / Zero Article ( Ø ) Refer to a specific noun. Refer to an unspecific countable noun (used to refer Before countries, cities, towns, lakes, mountains, - E.g., Let’s watch the movie (a specific movie in mind to any member of a group). seasons, stations, roads and planets. that we are familiar with). - E.g., Let’s watch a movie. - E.g., I live in Spain, where summer is the best. - E.g., The dog barked at the mailman. - E.g., An apple a day keeps the doctor away. - E.g., Cairo and Lake Nasser are in Egypt, while Mount Everest is in Nepal. Nouns mentioned for the 2nd time. Nouns mentioned for the 1st time. Before academic subjects, languages, - E.g., I met a woman. The woman is 20 years old. - E.g., I met a woman. The woman is 20 years old. nationalities, sports, games and meals - E.g., I love art, history, physics, French, padel, chess, Korean noodles and sushi. Before landmarks, rivers, seas, oceans, and deserts. Before jobs, descriptions and phrases of quantity Before plural nouns and uncountable nouns when - E.g., I visited the Pyramids of Giza, and I went to the and frequency. referring to them in general (members of the same Red Sea and the Sahara desert. - E.g., She is a lovely woman, who is an architect and group). works five hours a month. - E.g., Tigers are endangered. - E.g., Food and water are essential for life. Only one thing of something. Home, work, school, hospital or prison use the or - E.g., The sun is out. – no article. Before instruments, museums, theaters and day times. - E.g., In the morning, we went to the Civilization – – Museum and the Falaki Theater, where they played the piano. Before countries with republic, kingdom, states and plural names – – - E.g., I lived in the USA and the Bahamas. Before superlatives or time phrases (the present, past or future), noun phrases with (first, second, last, next, only, same, right or wrong). – – - E.g., He is the most intelligent student. - E.g., In the future, I will travel to the right place. VOCABULARY By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  Table of Contents 1. 1A: Verbs with Dependent 8. 6A: Common Idioms Prepositions 9. 7C: Personal and Professional 2. 1D: Verbs to Describe a Healthy Relationships Lifestyle 10. 7D: Meeting 3. 3B: Character Adjectives 11. 8A: Film 4. 3D: Adjectives to Describe Food 12. 9A: Mysteries 5. 4C: 21st Century Words 13. 9D: Problems with Products and 6. 5C: Money Words Services 7. 5D: Phrases with Leave 14. 10B: Fame By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1A: Verbs with Dependent Prepositions Dependent prepositions are the prepositions that are frequently used with specific verbs. - Think about (to - Working on (to engage - Belong to (to be a part consider smth) in a task) of smone or smth) - Smile at (specifies the - Suffer from (to - Deal with (to handle target of the smile) experience a –ve smone or smth) condition) - Believe in (a sense of - Concentrate on (to - Rely on (to depend on trust in an idea or a focus) smone or smth) person) By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Verbs to Describe a Healthy Lifestyle 1. Encourage: To give someone the confidence or motivation to do something. - The health app encourages users to track their daily steps. 2. Track: To follow the progress or development of something over time. - The fitness tracker tracks the user's heart rate, calories burned and sleep patterns. 3. Promote: To encourage or support the development or growth of something. - The health organization promotes healthy eating habits through educational campaigns. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Verbs to Describe a Healthy Lifestyle 4. Provide: To give or supply something. - The hospital provides a variety of medical services, including surgery and rehabilitation. 5. Offer: To present or propose something for acceptance or consideration. - The health clinic offers free screenings for common health conditions. 6. Alternative to: To offer a different option or choice. - Meditation is often offered as an alternative to prescription medication for stress relief. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Verbs to Describe a Healthy Lifestyle 7. Make it possible to: To create the conditions or circumstances that allow something to happen. - The new medical technology makes it possible to diagnose diseases earlier and more accurately. 8. Warn about: To inform someone of a danger or risk. - The health department warns about the dangers of smoking and secondhand smoke. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Common Complaints 1. Slow delivery: product or service is not delivered within a reasonable timeframe. - The customer was frustrated by the slow delivery of their online order, which took over a month to arrive. 2. Faulty product: a product that is defective (has a defect or error) or does not work as intended. - The customer returned the faulty product to the store and requested a refund. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Common Complaints 3. Broken promises: when a company fails to fulfill its commitments or promises. - The company's broken promises regarding the product's features led to customer dissatisfaction. 4. Poor customer service: when a company fails to provide adequate assistance or support to its customers. - The customer was disappointed with the poor customer service they received when trying to resolve an issue with their purchase. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Common Complaints 5. Lack of communication: when a company fails to communicate effectively with its customers. - The customer was frustrated by the lack of communication from the company regarding their order status. 6. Rude staff: when employees of a company are impolite or disrespectful to customers. - The customer was upset by the rude staff at the store who refused to help them. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Common Complaints 7. Aggressive salespeople: when salespeople are overly pushy or forceful in their attempts to sell products or services. - The customer felt pressured by the aggressive salespeople at the car dealership. 8. Billing disputes: when there are disagreements or errors related to a customer's bill. - The customer contacted the company to resolve a billing dispute regarding an unauthorized charge. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  1D: Common Complaints 9. Cold callers: people who make unsolicited phone calls to try to sell products or services. - The customer was annoyed by the cold callers who kept trying to sell him vacation properties. 10. False advertising: when a company makes misleading or untrue claims about its products or services. - The customer filed a complaint against the company for false advertising regarding the effectiveness of their product. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Character Adjectives 1. Experienced: is naïve or unfamiliar, lacking knowledge or skill in a particular area. - The rookie, inexperienced player made a fool of himself by doing clumsy moves. 2. Bold: is courageous, daring, or fearless, willing to take risks or do something difficult. - The bold coach switched Mohamed Salah with El-Neny. 3. Competitive: is ambitious, rivalrous, or striving for superiority, enjoying competing with others in order to succeed or win. - The players' competitive spirit drove them to push themselves to their limits. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Character Adjectives 4. Reasonable: is sensible, logical, fair or common sense. - The reasonable referee made a decision to award a penalty kick after viewing the VAR. 5. Tough: is resilient or enduring, who is able to withstand hardship or adversity. - The tough football player tackled his opponent, causing him to become hospitalized. 6. Unpredictable: is inconsistent, having a behavior or actions that are difficult to predict, expect, forecast or anticipate. - The unpredictable player kept his opponents guessing due to his style of play. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Character Adjectives 7. Stubborn: is intransigent, unwilling to change their mind or give up, even when it is in their best interest. - Despite the coach's advice, the stubborn player insisted on using their own technique. 8. Confident: is self-assured, having a positive belief in their abilities and qualities. - The confident swimmer’s overcomes anxiety by performing breathing exercises. 9. Arrogant: is snobbish, believing they are better than others and superior to others. - The arrogant athlete's alienated himself from his teammates and coaches. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3B: Character Adjectives 10. Determined: is resolute, persistent, or single-minded, having a strong intention or resolve to achieve a goal. - Even when losing by a large margin, the determined team decided to fight back. 11. Remarkable: is extraordinary, outstanding, or noteworthy, who is deserving of attention or admiration. - Usain Bolt is a remarkable athlete who has broken several world records. 12. Thoughtful: is considerate, reflective, or contemplative. - The thoughtful girl decided to speak. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3D: Adjectives to Describe Food Texture Flavour or Taste Feeling Tough: difficult to chew or Spicy: having a strong, Filling: causing a feeling of bite through. pungent taste, often from fullness or satisfaction. spices. Raw: uncooked, in its natural state. Salty: having a strong, salty taste. Crunchy: having a crisp, brittle texture. Bland: lacking flavor or spices. Creamy: having a smooth, thick texture like cream. Greasy: containing or covered in excess oil or fat. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  3D: Adjectives to Describe Food Adjectives to Describe Food This steak is tough and difficult to chew The chicken is raw from the inside. I love spicy food, but my stomach can't handle it. The pickles were too salty to eat. The meal was so filling that I couldn't eat dessert. The soup was so bland that I had to add some salt and pepper. The peanut butter was crunchy with bits of peanuts. The mashed potatoes were creamy and buttery. The fried chicken was greasy and left a stain on my shirt. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  4C: 21st Century Words 1. Animated GIFs are short, looping videos that can be used to express emotions, add humor, or visualize data. They are often used in online conversations and memes. 2. Binge-watching is the act of watching multiple episodes of a television show in succession, often over a short period of time. Binge typically refers to excessive consumption or indulgence in something. In the context of watching TV, it means watching multiple episodes of a show in quick succession. 3. Contactless (payment) is a method of payment that allows you to make purchases without physically handing over your credit or debit card. Instead, you simply tap your card or smartphone against a contactless reader, include Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay or BandPay. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  4C: 21st Century Words 4. Crowdsourcing (v) is the practice of obtaining information from a large number of people through the internet. It allows individuals or organizations to access a wide range of knowledge, skills and perspectives from a diverse group of people, e.g., online surveys or groups such as ‘What to Eat’ on Facebook. 5. Emoji are small images or icons used to represent emotions😄, animals🐶, objects📱 or ideas❤️. 6. Google (v) means to search for information using the Google search engine. 7. Hashtag is a word or phrase preceded by the "#" symbol that is used to categorize and organize content on social media platforms, to make content more discoverable and to connect with people who are interested in similar topics, e.g., ‫باشا البلد‬# By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  4C: 21st Century Words 8. Meme is a humorous image, video, or piece of text that is shared online, which are often based on popular culture references or current events. E.g., Shaaban AbdelRehim’s meme ”‫ “شعبولي العملية‬is a line from an old TV show, used to reference when people need something to be simplified more. 9. Paywall refers to a system that restricts access to content unless a user pays a fee. This is commonly seen in online publications, websites, or services, e.g., news websites (New York Times), streaming services (Netflix or Disney+) or online academic journals (Scribd). 10. Selfie is a photograph that a person takes of themselves at arm's length, typically with a smartphone or other device. 11. Tech-savvy means someone who is knowledgeable and skilled in using technology. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  4C: 21st Century Words 11. Time-poor refers to someone who is constantly busy and has limited time available. 12. Unfriend is a term used on social media platforms to describe the action of removing someone from your friend list. 13. Virtual assistant is a type of AI-powered assistant that can be used to perform tasks (setting reminders) and provide information (searching on the internet) for users, e.g., Siri, Alexa and Cortana. 14. Virtual tour is a tour that involves using computer software or technology to create a 3D environment of a location that can be explored by users and can be used for a variety of purposes such as in tourism by allowing potential tourists to explore destinations before they visit or in real estate by providing virtual tours of properties. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  5C: Money Words 1. Donation: money given to a person, charity or organization in need. 2. Budget: a financial plan that outlines income and expenses, detailing how money a person earns and spends. 3. Recession: a period of economic decline where businesses are doing bad, people are losing their jobs and prices are going up, e.g., COVID-19 Recession. 4. Interest: money bank charges when you borrow money or pays when you have money in your bank account. 5. Income: money earned from employment, investments or other sources. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  5C: Money Words 6. Pension: an amount of money given to an employee after they retire. 7. Investment: when you buy something, expecting it to generate more income by increasing in value, e.g., gold, real estate or stocks. 8. Bargain: a purchase sold at a discounted price, usually through negotiation. 9. Inflation: when the price of multiple goods and services increases at the same time. The difference between inflation and price increase is that price increase involves the increase of only one item, whereas inflation involves multiple items. 10. Savings account: a type of bank account that allows you to deposit money and earn interest on it. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  5D: Phrases with Leave Phrases with Leave Definition Left a message. Recorded a voicemail for someone. Leave it lying around. Not put away. Leave at home. Not brought with you when you left the house. Left in a mess. Not cleaned or tidied up. Leave (S) alone. Not talk to someone. Leave it to me. I’ll do it (don’t worry). Left a mark. Made a small area of something dirty or a different colour. Left it on. Not turned off. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Common Idioms An idiom is a phrase or expression that has a different meaning other than its literal meaning. E.g., “Before the match, I told Omar Marmoush to break a leg.” This idiom is used to wish someone good luck, especially before a performance or competition. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  6A: Common Idioms 1. Judge a book by its cover: do not form 5. Take your breath away: to be an opinion about someone or extremely beautiful or impressive. something based on their appearance. 6. Over the moon: extremely happy and 2. Drive up the wall: to annoy or irritate excited. someone very much. 7. A piece of cake: very easy to do. 3. Such a pain: a very annoying or 8. Out of this world: extremely good or troublesome person or thing. impressive. 4. Cost an arm and a leg: to be very expensive. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  7C: Personal and Professional Relationships Personal Relationships Professional Relationships 1. Flatmate: a person you share a flat with. 1. Co-worker: a person who works with you in the 2. Classmate: a person you share a class with. same company or organization. 3. Ex-partner: a former romantic partner such as ex- 2. Senior colleague: a person who works with you in husband, ex-wife, ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend. the same company or organization, but they have 4. Acquaintance: a person you slightly know, having a higher position than you. limited interactions with and a superficial 3. Client: a person who buys or does business with a relationship. company or organization. 5. Distant relative: a family member who is not closely related to you such as grandparent’s siblings or great-grandparents. 9. Sister-in-law: sister of your spouse or wife of your sibling. 10. Brother-in-law: brother of your spouse or husband of your sibling. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  7D: Meeting 1. Agenda: items to discuss in the meeting. 2. Item: a single point on an agenda. 3. Input: idea, thoughts or opinion. 4. Stay on topic: to adhere or stick to the agenda. 5. Go off topic: to deviate from the agenda. 6. Move on: to proceed, resume or continue. 7. Come back to it later: to return to a point later on. 8. Get down to business: to start working seriously and immediately on a task. 9. Get through: to complete or finish a task or project. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  8A: Film 1. Abandon: to leave someone or something alone without help in time of need or danger. 2. Betray: to be disloyal to someone or something by putting in danger. 3. Capture: to catch or seize someone or something. 4. Confront: to face, meet or challenge someone or something directly. 5. Face: to confront or deal with someone or something difficult or challenging. 6. Go on a mission: to begin or undertake a task or journey. 7. Murder: to kill someone deliberately or intentionally. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  8A: Film 9. Overcome: to defeat beat someone or something. 10. Rescue: to save someone from danger or difficulty. 11. Survive: to continue to live or exist or to successfully manage to stay alive. 12. Trap: to catch or confine someone or something or to be stuck. 13. Trick: to deceive someone. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  9A: Mysteries 1. Clues: a small piece of information that helps you solve a mystery. 2. Evidence: information or facts that support a claim. 3. Hoax: a not real mystery that serves as an act to deceive or trick someone; a fraud. 4. Motive: reason. 5. Red herring: a piece of information that intentionally misleads or distracts you from the main item; a false or fake clue that makes you look in the wrong direction. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  9A: Mysteries 6. Account for: to explain. 7. Identify: to recognize. 8. Remains a mystery: to be unknown. 9. Turn out: to happen or develop in a particular way or to be found. 10. Victim: a person who suffered. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  9D: Problems with Products and Services 1. Was refused: to not be accepted by the payment system. 2. Deliver the wrong item: to bring a different product from what the customer ordered. 3. (Equipment or appliance) not working: broken or malfunctioning. 4. Did not arrive: a product that fails to arrive at a particular location and time. 5. Did not turn up: a person that fails to arrive or show up at a particular location and time as planned. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  9D: Problems with Products and Services 6. Book up: to be fully reserved or occupied. 7. Bill was much higher than expected: to be more expensive than it should be. 8. Got lost in the post: a product that gets sent by the postal service but does not arrive to the customer due to mishandling. 9. Out of stock: an item that is not available in the shop or warehouse due to lack of inventory. 10. Down: to not provide the normal electronic service. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  10B: Fame 1. High-profile: to attract attention and publicity, receiving a lot of media attention. 2. Taken by a storm: to became very popular or successful very quickly and unexpectedly, causing the public reaction to be sudden, intense and unexpected. 3. Legacy: refers to the lasting effect, impact or reputation of a person or organization due to the great achievements. 4. Start out: to begin your career. 5. Unknown: not famous at all. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah  10B: Fame 6. Go unnoticed: to be unseen or not detected by most people. 7. Big break: a sudden opportunity of success that brings someone to prominence or fame, such as a movie role, a viral video or winning a competition. 8. An instant hit: describes a product or creation (e.g., a song, movie or book) that becomes extremely popular or successful very quickly and unexpectedly. 9. Shot to fame: describes a person who becomes extremely popular or successful very quickly and unexpectedly. 10. In the public eye: when lots of people are interested in everything you do. By: Ms. Noha H. Salah THE END By: Ms. Noha H. Salah