CMSD 5050 Articulation Slides - Glen Nowell - PDF

ARTICULATION Composed by M. Kiefte Presented by Glen Nowell, MSc., SLP-Reg CMSD 5050 November 22, 2024  DEFINITIONS Glottal/laryngeal tone: short-duration vibrations generated within supraglottal air column Complex quasi-periodic sound consisting of har...

ARTICULATION Composed by M. Kiefte Presented by Glen Nowell, MSc., SLP-Reg CMSD 5050 November 22, 2024  DEFINITIONS Glottal/laryngeal tone: short-duration vibrations generated within supraglottal air column Complex quasi-periodic sound consisting of harmonics Formants: prominent vocal tract resonances Shapes glottal tone (or other source) Determined by shape and length of vocal tract which changes dynamically with movement of the articulators lips, tongue, velum  FUNCTIONS OF THE MOUTH Biological: digestion Non-biological: speech, facial expression Tongue tip is the most rapid articulator Lips can produce bilabial stops /p,b,m/, semivowels /w/, labiodentals /f, v/ and rounded vowels  ORAL CAVITY Oral cavity bounded by: Lips and cheeks (front and sides) Hard and soft palates (top) Pharyngeal cavity (back) Muscular floor including tongue (bottom)  ORAL CAVITY Hard palate: bone Velum: also called soft palate Alveolar ridge (raised ridge at front of hard palate) Important for alveolar speech sounds like /t, d, s, z, l, n/ and alveopalatal sounds like MAXILLAE Form entire upper jaw Roof of mouth Floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity Floor of orbital cavity Pyramid shape  MAXILLAE Form entire upper jaw Roof of mouth Floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity Floor of orbital cavity Pyramid shape  MUSCLES OF FACE AND MOUTH Superior labial frenulum Small flap of tissue that connects lips to midline of alveolar region Inferior labial frenulum Connects to midline of mandible Orbicularis oris: primary muscle of the lips that closes mouth & puckers lips Buccinator: transverse muscles retract corner of mouth **buccinator helps make judgy face  MUSCLES OF FACE AND MOUTH lips are primarily used in producing (bi-)labial speech sounds such as /p,b,m,w/ as well as vowels such as /u,o/ LATERAL FACIAL MUSCLES  NEXT SLIDE IS ANATOMICAL DISSECTION Trigger warning LATERAL FACIAL MUSCLES  MANDIBLE only tongue is faster than mandible (e.g., “tatata” versus “papapa”) never completely closed in speech improper temporomandibular articulation → malocclusion... malocclusion: bite is off malocclusion → temporomandibular disturbances  ARTICULATORY FUNCTION OF MANDIBLE Unpaired Houses lower teeth Points of attachment for tongue and suprahyoid muscles Movement of mandible and tongue changes size and acoustic properties of oral cavity However, don’t need to move mandible much for speech  TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) Gliding and rotation Vertical, anterior-posterior, lateral Two joints considered single articulation Temporomandibular ligament restricts movement of mandible  TMJ SYNDROME (TMD) Facial pain (or ear pain) & muscle spasm Reduced mandibular movement Clicking, popping, grating during movement Causes: Arthritis (inflammation), arthrosis (degeneration), ankylosis (fusion) Acute dislocation (trauma), chronic dislocation (muscular imbalance) TEETH OCCLUSION Occlusion: relationship between upper and lower dental arches Class 1 (neutroclusion): first mandibular molars is ½ tooth ahead of first maxillar molar OCCLUSION malocclusion: problem in upper and lower dental arch position Class II (distocclusion): mandibular molars are behind maxillar Micrognathia: mandible is unusually small OCCLUSION Class III (mesiocclusion): mandibular molars are full tooth ahead SOFT PALATE (VELUM) modifies degree of coupling between nasopharynx & rest of vocal tract via velopharyngeal port attached to palatine bones hangs into oropharynx when open lowered for & normal breathing closed for all other speech sounds point of contact for velar speech sounds SOFT PALATE (VELUM) modifies degree of coupling between nasopharynx & rest of vocal tract via velopharyngeal port attached to palatine bones hangs into oropharynx when open lowered for & normal breathing closed for all other speech sounds point of contact for velar speech sounds PALATAL TENSORS Tensor veli palatini: tenses velum (1) Opens Eustachian tube Levator veli palatini: bulk of velum (2) Forms muscular sling for velum Primarily responsible for velopharyngeal closure Palatoglossus: forms anterior faucial pillar (3) Palatopharyngeus: forms posterior faucial pillar (4)  PALATAL RELAXORS Palatoglossus: forms anterior faucial pillar Palatopharyngeus: forms posterior faucial pillar PALATAL MUSCLES Palatopharyngeus: forms posterior faucial pillar (4) (depressor) Musculus uvulae: inserts into uvula (5) Shortens and lifts velum PALATAL MUSCLES Palatopharyngeus: forms posterior faucial pillar (4) Musculus uvulae: inserts into uvula (5) Shortens and lifts velum  VELOPHARYNGEAL MECHANISM Modifies coupling between oral and nasal cavities Velum is higher with high tongue position Lower for vowels preceding nasal consonants  RESONANCE Hyponasality: inadequate coupling of nasal passages to oral and pharyngeal cavities Associated with enlarged adenoids, nasal congestion, nasal polyps Hypernasality: excessive coupling of nasal passages to oral and pharyngeal cavities Inadequate velopharyngeal closure Associated with cleft palate  TONGUE Most active and most important articulator Biological functions: Taste Mastication (chewing) Deglutition (swallowing) Non-biological functions: modify oral cavity shape and vocal tract resonance characteristics Valves airflow Can assume many different positions and move very rapidly Muscular hydrostat Highly innervated Complex arrangement of muscle fibres (complex anastomosis of muscles) Divided into left and right halves by median sulcus Lingual frenulum: band of connective tissue from median sulcus to mandibular floor TONGUE DESCRIPTION 4 regions Tip (nearest front teeth) Blade (below alveolar ridge) Dorsum (below hard palate) Root (base; anterior wall of pharyngeal cavity Root and dorsum almost 90 degrees TONGUE MUSCULAR ATTACHMENTS Inner surface Palate Skull base of mandibular symphysis Epiglottis via Hyoid bone Pharynx ligaments  INTRINSIC MUSCLES Superior longitudinals Dorsum of tongue from root to apex Shortens tongue Turns tip upward Helps elevate lateral margins to create trough  INTRINSIC MUSCLES Inferior longitudinals Undersurface from root to apex Shortens tongue Turns tip down Transverse: lateral Narrows and elongates Vertical: flattens tongue  EXTRINSIC MUSCLES Genioglossus: attaches to mental symphysis & hyoid Bulk of tongue Protrudes & retracts tongue Depresses tongue median & forms groove  EXTRINSIC MUSCLES Styloglossus: originates from styloid process of temporal bone Draws tongue up and back Antagonist for genioglossus May raise tongue sides & form groove  EXTRINSIC MUSCLES Palatoglossus: from soft palate to tongue Lowers soft palate OR raises lateral margins of dorsum to form groove  EXTRINSIC MUSCLES Hyoglossus: from greater cornu of hyoid Retract & depress tongue OR raise hyoid EXTRINSIC MUSCLES EXTRINSIC MUSCLES PHARYNX Pharyngeal cavity: behind posterior faucial pillars Continuous with esophagus Divided into: Nasopharynx (above soft palate) Oropharynx (between hyoid bone and soft palate Hypopharynx: (below hyoid) NASAL CAVITIES Nasal septum: divides nasal cavity in two along midline Nasal cavities: 2 narrow chambers separated by nasal septum Beginning of respiratory tract Maxillae & palatine bones form floor Nasal Conchae aka Turbinates form lateral walls Increases surface area Important in nasal sounds  FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE Respiration (biological) controls: Temperature Humidity Particle filter Speech (non-biological) SOURCE-FILTER THEORY OF VOWEL PRODUCTION assumptions: vocal tract resonates like tube closed at one end vocal tract shapes input signal from vibrating vocal folds explains relationship between articulation and acoustics aids acoustic analysis of speech foundation of speech synthesis  TUBE RESONANCE Closed at one end, open at other Vibrating membrane is acoustic source Resonances at odd-quarter wavelengths VOCAL TRACT EXTENDING TUBE RESONANCE MODEL f1: inverse relationship with tongue height f2: directly proportionate to tongue frontness inverse relationship: high tongue position, low formant, vice versa  REVIEW 1. uniform tube closed at one end and open at the other has resonances determined by tube length 2. resonances for non-uniform tubes vary around averages for uniform tube 3. uniform tube closed at one end is acoustic model for schwa 4. cross-sectional area must be varied to represent other vowels SOURCE AND RESONATOR  SOURCE-FILTER THEORY Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production Output energy is product of source energy and resonance characteristics  GLOTTAL AREA FUNCTION Complex periodic Repeats at Fundamental Frequency (Fo) Period typically 5 ms (cis female) to 8 ms (cis male)  VOCAL TRACT FILTERING Speech signal is product of input and filter characteristics LARYNGEAL SOURCE SPECTRUM Line spectrum Harmonics at integers of Fo Can increase Fo at will Can increase intensity Energy declines as frequency increases, approx. -12 dB/8ve Most energy in lower frequencies TRANSFER FUNCTION Only first 3 formants are important for speech! Identified by number from lowest to highest (F1, F2, F3…) Vary in frequency and bandwidth Associated with peak in output spectrum TRANSFER FUNCTION Transfer Function Input-output relation of filter Sum-total effect of all formants Describes effect of filtering Determined by shape and length of vocal tract Only evident when activated by an acoustic source Different for different vowels SOURCE-FILTER THEORY OF VOWEL PRODUCTION RADIATION CHARACTERISTIC opposite of glottal which drops by 12 db SOURCE-FILTER THEORY OF VOWEL PRODUCTION  X-RAY Estimate vocal tract cross-section area as function of distance from lips (or larynx) Estimate 3-D shape of vocal tract from x-ray  CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA estimate vocal-tract cross-section area as function of distance from lips (or larynx) estimate 3-d shape of vocal tract from X-ray  VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS each vowel has constrictions at different locations possible to determine formants from cross- sectional areas good agreement with acoustic measurements VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS  VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS Children with reduced speech intelligibility have a smaller vowel quadrilateral area  PERTURBATION THEORY Perturbation: local constriction Formant frequency changes can be predicted based on position of perturbations Can predict vowel formants from tongue position VOCAL TRACT NODES AND ANTINODES VOCAL TRACT NODES AND ANTINODES  LOWERING ALL FORMANTS 1. protrude lips 2. lower larynx Lengthen vocal tract 3. constrict lips Antinode for all formants