Speech Science: 11
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main categories of functions of the mouth?

Biological and Non-biological

Which of the following are articulators?

  • Lips
  • Tongue
  • Velum
  • All of the above (correct)

    • The hard palate is made of cartilage.

    False

    The _ is the most rapid articulator in the mouth.

    <p>tongue tip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle helps create a 'judgy' facial expression?

    <p>Buccinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of speech sounds are primarily produced using the lips?

    <p>Bilabial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mandible is always completely closed during speech.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of TMJ syndrome?

    <p>Sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of teeth, based on their presence throughout life?

    <p>Deciduous and Permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teeth are only involved in the production of dental sounds such as /f/, /v/, /θ/, and /ð/.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches?

    <p>Occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that separates the nasal cavity in two?

    <p>Nasal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure that connects the soft palate to the palatine bones?

    <p>Velum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a velar sound?

    <p>l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The velum is lowered during the production of nasal sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the muscle that forms the bulk of the velum?

    <p>Levator veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The palatoglossus muscle is a velar tensor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the opening between the nasal and oral cavities?

    <p>Velopharyngeal port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the velum during the articulation of vowels preceding nasal consonants?

    <p>The velum lowers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with hypernasality?

    <p>Cleft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the most active and most important articulator in the mouth?

    <p>Tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tongue is considered a muscular hydrostat.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a region of the tongue?

    <p>Tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the root of the tongue located?

    <p>Base; anterior wall of pharyngeal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tongue attaches to the inner surface of the mandibular symphysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tongue muscle is the most important for protrusion and retraction?

    <p>Genioglossus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Styloglossus and genioglossus are antagonistic muscles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the posterior wall of the pharynx?

    <p>Pharyngeal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasopharynx is located below the soft palate?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structures located in the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasal conchae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nasal cavity serves only as a resonator.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that explains the production of vowels?

    <p>Source-filter theory of vowel production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the source-filter theory, what serves as the source of sound in vowel production?

    <p>Vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the acoustic model that represents the schwa sound /ə/?

    <p>Uniform tube closed at one end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The source and resonator are independent of each other in speech production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract?

    <p>Length and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formant frequencies are directly proportional to tongue height.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first formant (F1) in vowel production is primarily influenced by:

    <p>Tongue height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    F3 is lowered by a constriction at the lips.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary methods used to investigate the vocal tract during speech production?

    <p>X-ray and acoustic measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the local constriction that affects the vocal tract during speech?

    <p>Perturbation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Articulation

    • Articulation refers to the shaping of the vocal tract, through the movement of articulators like lips, tongue, and velum, to create different speech sounds
    • The glottal/laryngeal tone is a short-duration vibration generated within the supraglottal air column. It's a complex quasi-periodic sound consisting of harmonics
    • Formants are prominent vocal tract resonances that shape the glottal tone. They're determined by the vocal tract's shape and length, which changes dynamically with articulator movement.

    Functions of the Mouth

    • The mouth has biological functions, such as digestion. It also has non-biological functions including speech and facial expression
    • Tongue is the most rapid articulator
    • Lips can produce bilabial stops (/p, b, m/), semivowels (/w/), labiodentals (/f, v/), and rounded vowels.

    Oral Cavity

    • The oral cavity is bordered by lips and cheeks (front and sides), hard and soft palates (top), and pharyngeal cavity (back), and a muscular floor encompassing the tongue.
    • Hard palate is bony, while the velum (soft palate) is a raised ridge located at the front of the hard palate. The alveolar ridge is an important area for alveolar speech sounds (/t, d, s, z, l, n/) and alveopalatal sounds (/ʃ/).

    Maxillae

    • Maxillae form the entire upper jaw, the roof of the mouth, the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and the floor of the orbital cavity
    • Their shape is pyramidal.

    Muscles of Face and Mouth

    • Superior and inferior labial frenula connect lips to the midline of the alveolar region
    • Orbicularis oris is the primary muscle for closing the mouth and puckering the lips.
    • Buccinator is a transverse muscle that retracts the corner of the mouth; this helps with expressions, like judging faces.

    Muscles of Face and Mouth (Specific Functions)

    • Lips are primarily used in producing bilabial speech sounds such as /p, b, m, w/ and vowels such as /u, o/.

    Lateral Facial Muscles

    • Various muscles like temporalis, frontalis, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, etc., are involved in facial expressions and actions.

    Mandibular

    • The mandible only tongue is faster than the mandible (e.g., "tatata" versus "papapa”)
    • The mandible is never completely closed during speech
    • Improper temporomandibular articulation leads to malocclusion.
    • Malocclusion can cause temporomandibular disturbances.

    Articulatory Function of Mandibular

    • The mandible is unpaired and houses the lower teeth. It has points of attachment for tongue and suprahyoid muscles. Its movement affects the oral cavity's shape and acoustical properties.

    Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

    • The TMJ, which allows for gliding and rotation, is a single articulation of two joints. The temporomandibular ligament controls mandibular movement.

    TMJ Syndrome (TMD)

    • TMJ syndrome, or TMD, can cause facial pain (or ear pain), muscle spasms, reduced mandibular movement, and clicking, popping, or grating during movement. This can be due to various factors, such as arthritis, arthrosis, ankylosis, acute dislocation, or chronic dislocation (muscular imbalance).

    Teeth

    • Children have 20 deciduous teeth and adults have 32 permanent teeth and play a role in speech.
    • Specific teeth are used for different sounds such as /f, v, θ, ð/ and alveolar fricatives /s, z/.

    Occlusion

    • Occlusion describes the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches.
    • Class I (neutroclusion) has the first mandibular molars positioned about ½ tooth ahead of the first maxillary molar
    • Malocclusion is a problem with the upper and lower dental arches' position; Class II (distocclusion) occurs when the mandibular molars are behind the maxillary molars and micrognathia implies a small mandible
    • Class III (mesiocclusion) shows the mandibular molars positioned a whole tooth ahead of the maxillary molars.

    Soft Palate (Velum)

    • The soft palate (velum) modifies the vocal tract coupling between the nasopharynx and the rest of the vocal tract (velopharyngeal port).
    • It is attached to palatine bones and hangs into the oropharynx when relaxed.
    • During speech, it lowers for nasal sounds and closes for other sounds.
    • Velar speech sounds involve contact of the soft palate with the posterior pharyngeal wall

    Palatal Tensor

    • Tensor veli palatini tenses the velum and opens the Eustachian tube.
    • Levator veli palatini forms the bulk of the velum, primarily responsible for velopharyngeal closure (closing the nasopharyngeal opening).
    • Palatoglossus forms the anterior faucial pillar, and palatopharyngeus forms the posterior faucial pillar.

    Palatal Relaxors

    • Palatoglossus forms the The anterior faucial pillar, also known as the anterior tonsillar pillar, is a prominent fold of tissue located at the back of the oral cavity. It extends from the soft palate to the sides of the tongue and plays a crucial role in delineating the boundaries of the oropharynx. These pillars contain muscle fibers and are important for swallowing and speech production. Additionally, they house the palatine tonsils, which are lymphatic tissues that contribute to the immune response.

    • Palatopharyngeus forms the

      • The posterior faucial pillar, also known as the palatopharyngeal arch, is a key anatomical structure located at the back of the oral cavity.
      • It plays an important role in the swallowing process by helping to form the oropharyngeal isthmus, which separates the oral and pharyngeal cavities.
      • Composed of muscle and covered by mucous membrane, the posterior faucial pillar acts as a landmark during examination and provides a boundary for the oropharynx.
      • This structure also contributes to the resonance of sounds during speech by influencing the position of the soft palate.

      .

    Palatal Muscles

    • Palatopharyngeus (4) depresses the velum and forms part of the posterior faucial pillar
    • Musculus uvulae (5) shortens and lifts the velum.

    Velopharyngeal Mechanism

    • Velopharyngeal mechanism modifies coupling between oral and nasal cavities, and changes according to tongue position and vowels preceding nasal consonants.

    Resonance

    • Hyponasality happens when nasal passages don’t properly couple with the oral and pharyngeal cavities due to factors like enlarged adenoids, congestion, or nasal polyps
    • Hypernasality results from excessive coupling of the nasal passages with the oral and pharyngeal cavities, often associated with cleft palate and inadequate velopharyngeal closure.

    Tongue

    • The tongue acts as a primary articulator with both biological and non-biological functions. It's involved in taste, chewing, swallowing, and speech production
    • It modifies the shape of the oral cavity and the characteristics of vocal tract resonance
    • The tongue is a highly innervated, muscular hydrostat capable of rapid changes in position and form, divided by a median sulcus, with a lingual frenulum connecting it to the mandible.

    Tongue Description

    • The tongue is composed of a dorsum, blade, tip, and root/base, and has an almost perpendicular relationship between its root and dorsum .

    Tongue Muscular Attachments

    • The tongue has attachments to the palate, skull base, hyoid bone, and pharynx.

    Intrinsic Muscles

    • Superior longitudinals shorten the tongue & lift the tip

    • Transverses narrow the tongue

      • The inferior muscles, including important components such as the inferior constrictor and other relevant muscles, are essential for the effective execution of the velopharyngeal mechanism. They work by pulling structures downward, which facilitates the movement of the velum during speech and swallowing. This downward action not only assists in closing off the nasal passages during the production of oral sounds but also helps create the necessary pressure dynamics in the oral cavity. Their function is vital for maintaining proper resonance and ensuring clear articulation, impacting both communication and overall oral health.

    Extrinsic Muscles

    • Genioglossus attaches to the mental symphysis and hyoid bone; forms a bulk of the tongue and helps protrude and retract the tongue, form the The median groove, also known as the median sulcus, is a notable anatomical feature of the tongue, running longitudinally down its center. This groove acts as a dividing line that demarcates the symmetrical left and right halves of the tongue, contributing to its overall function and coordination during various oral activities such as speech and swallowing. The presence of this groove indicates the muscular structure of the tongue, as it is essentially a muscular hydrostat, allowing for complex movements. Understanding the anatomy and significance of the median groove is essential in the study of linguistics, speech pathology, and dental health, given its role in articulating sounds and aiding in food manipulation.
    • Styloglossus originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone and retracts and moves the tongue back and upward
    • Palatoglossus connects from the soft palate to the tongue
    • Hyoglossus originates at the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and helps retract and depress the tongue.

    X-ray Tracings and Configurations

    • X-rays help estimate the vocal tract's cross-sectional area and shape across different vowel sounds
    • Different vowel sounds have unique vocal tract shapes/configurations (shown by diagrams).

    Review

    • A uniform tube closed at one end and open at the other has resonances characterized/determined by each tube's length
    • Resonances for non-uniform (varying shape, etc) tubes deviate from uniform tube averages
    • The uniform tube closes at one end to create an acoustic model for the schwa (/) vowel sound
    • Vocal tract shape is necessary for accurately representing other vowel production mechanisms

    Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production

    • Sound pressure (P(f)) is a product of source energy (U(f)), transfer function (T(f)) and radiation characteristic (R(f))
    • The filter is relatively constant during speech, the energy source and the radiation characteristics also remain relatively constant, but the transfer function (T(f))is most important for differences between vowels.

    Radiation Characteristic

    • Determining the filtering effect of sound leaving the oral cavity; it starts with reducing low-frequency energy and continues with factors contributing towards higher frequency energy.
    • There is a change from 6 dB/oct with a resulting - 6 dB/oct as the sound leaves the oral cavity

    Glotal Area Function

    • Glotal area function has a complex periodic/repetitive fundamental frequency
    • The period is approximately 5 ms in a cis-female and 8 ms in a cis-male.

    Vocal Tract Filtering

    • Speech signals are determined by inputs and vocal tract characteristics/filter effects.

    Laryngeal Source Spectrum

    • Line spectrum is determined by harmonics and multiples of its fundamental frequency
    • Intensity of energy of the spectrum increases at frequencies with higher multiples of the fundamental frequency but declines/decreases at higher frequencies.

    Transfer Function

    • Only the first three formants are relevant for speech
    • Formants are identified from lowest to highest number
    • Formants have specific frequency ranges and/or bandwidths with peaks aligned in the output spectrum

    Perturbation Theory

    • Local constriction (perturbation) enables prediction of formant frequency changes in the vocal tract.
    • Formant frequencies can be accurately predicted using the position of perturbations in the vocal tract.
    • This model is used, in part, to determine formant frequencies for vowel productions from tongue position.

    Vocal Tract Nodes and Antinodes

    • This model is used to identify the effect of constrictions on frequency (F1, F2 and F3)
    • Labial constriction lowers all formants
    • A constriction near larynx raises all formants
    • The amount that formants are raised/lowered will depend on the constriction's location (lips, palate, pharynx)

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a portion of the throat that's behind the posterior faucial pillars and connects directly with the esophagus
    • Divided into: nasal, oral, and laryngeal sections based on location in the pharynx.

    Nasal Cavities

    • Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two parts along the midline,
    • Nasal cavities are two, narrow chambers separated by the nasal septum.
    • Beginning of the respiratory tract, the Maxillae and palatine bones delineate the floor, with the nasal concha/turbinates forming the lateral walls and increasing surface area; these features are important for the production of sounds like /m, n, ŋ/.

    Functions of the Nose

    • Biological controls include respiration, temperature regulation, humidification, and particle filtering. Non-biological functions relate to speech production.

    Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production

    • Source filter theory relates to the relationship between the energy sources and their resonant characteristics/formant effects in the vocal tract when making vowel sounds.

    Vocal Tract Configurations

    • Vowel configurations have different constriction/narrowing locations
    • Formant frequencies change depending on constriction locations (like those in the vocal tract)

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