Classification System Objectives_Clary.docx

This document contains information in preparation for the Module 8 -- Classifications written exam. The document contains three objectives followed by guided questions and their responses. **Objective \#1:** Recall the developers and basic elements of the classification systems listed in this modul...

This document contains information in preparation for the Module 8 -- Classifications written exam. The document contains three objectives followed by guided questions and their responses. **Objective \#1:** Recall the developers and basic elements of the classification systems listed in this module. - What are the basic elements of Johannes Purkinje\'s nine pattern classification system? - The basic elements of Johannes Purkinje's nine pattern classification system are the transverse curve, central longitudinal stria, oblique stripe/loop, almond/spiral/double whorl, ellipse, and circle. - What is the Syllabic System and who developed it? - The syllabic system is a two-letter syllable system based on whorl and loop patterns and it was developed by Henry Faulds. - Who created the Bertillon System of Anthropometry and what are the basic elements of this system? - Alphonse Bertillon created the Bertillon System of Anthropometry, and the basic elements involve body measurements, body marks, and descriptive data. - What is the Tripartite Fingerprint Classification System and who developed it? - The Tripartite Fingerprint Classification System is a simple system based on loop, whorl, and arch patterns developed by Francis Galton. - Who developed the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System and where was it used besides Argentina? - Juan Vucetich developed the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System, and it was used throughout South America, Egypt, Belgium, Norway, and other countries throughout Europe. - Who is responsible for the creation of the Henry Classification System and where was it used? - Sir Edward Henry is responsible for the creation of the Henry Classification System, and it was used throughout British ruled India until adopted in Europe and spread across the globe, to include the US. - Who created the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Classification System and what are its basic elements? - The FBI created the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Classification System, and the basic elements include a 20-character code (two letters for each finger or two numbers for loops). **Objective \#2:** Discuss and evaluate the significance and relationships of the classification systems listed in this module (see Objective \#1). - Johannes Purkinje's nine pattern classification - Why is Purkinje's nine pattern classification historically significant? - Purkinje's nine pattern classification is historically significant because it was the first documentation of described fingerprint patterns on science record. - Syllabic System (Henry Faulds) - Define syllabic and how it was used to classify fingerprints? - Syllabic is a two-letter syllable system based on the presence of loops and whorls, using 21 consonants and 6 vowels to classify characteristics within the fingerprints. - How many syllables were used for each hand? How were they separated? - Five syllables were used for each hand, separated by a hyphen. "RA-RA-RA-RA-RA" - What was the significance of adding a single finger index? - Adding a single finger index allowed for comparison of latents to a known single print within categorized prints. - Discuss why Faulds thought learning this system would be natural and quite easy for an identification official? - Henry Faulds thought learning this system would be natural and easy due to his belief that the human brain can associate an object with a sound. - What agency declined Faulds attempt to establish a fingerprint bureau? What method of identification was maintained instead? - Scotland Yard declined Faulds' attempt to establish a fingerprint bureau and maintained Bertillonage. - Bertillon System of Anthropometry (Alphonse Bertillon) - What three types of human characteristics did Alphonse Bertillon record in his criminal records? - The three types of human characteristics recorded were descriptive data (height, weight, and eye color), body marks (scars, tattoos, and deformities), and 11 body measurements. - How many body measurements were required in the system of Anthropometry? - Eleven body measurements were required in Anthropometry. - How was Anthropometry used to identify criminals? - Human characteristics of arrestees were collected using photography and anthropometry for comparison and led to 241 identifications of repeat offenders by 1884. - Examine the historical significance of Bertillon System of Anthropometry. - The Bertillon System was the first scientific system used to identify criminals. - Bertillon's system had a few downsides that eventually lead to its demise. What were these downsides and why were they considered downsides? - Downsides that led to the downfall of Bertillonage were due to exposing errors/inconsistencies/weaknesses within the method. Some of these included: Will/William West Case (1903) where the lack of individuality was demonstrated; the inconsistency in measurements by law enforcement (dramatically similar/different from recorder to recorder; limited capacity to approximately 10,000 records; Influencing factors such as aging; development of fingerprints as superior. - Tripartite Fingerprint Classification System (Francis Galton) - Describe Galton's use of alphabetical enumerations in the classification of fingerprints. - Galton's alphabetical enumeration was based on three fingerprint characteristics where the right index, middle, and ringer fingers were recorded following the left's, followed by the right hand's thumb/pinkie, and lastly the left thumb/pinkie. These 10-character codes could then be carded and sorted alphabetically. - What was unique in the Tripartite Fingerprint Classification System that was not previously used in other classification systems? - The Triparte system was based on the presence of three patterns following understanding of fingerprints uniqueness and permanence. - Galton's elementary fingerprint classification system was added to which files at Scotland Yard? - Galton's fingerprint system was added to Bertillonage following the Troup Committee, 1894. - Discuss why the Galton system was considered rudimentary. - Galton's system was considered rudimentary due to its inability to function on its own and limits against large case files. - Examine the impact that Galton's research and publications had on future classification systems. - Galton's research and publications enhanced the favorability towards fingerprint classification and introduced the use of three general patterns: loops, arches, and whorls rather than Henry Faulds' two: loops and whorls. - Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System (Juan Vucetich) - What four pattern types were integrated into the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System? - Internal (left slant) loops, external (right slant) loops, arches, and whorls were integrated into the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System. - Explain how Juan Vucetich combined letters and numbers to classify fingerprints? - Juan Vucetich combined letters and numbers by using a four-letter code to describe the thumbs and a four-number code to describe the fingers. - Define primary and secondary classifications of the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System. - Primary classification involved the numerator (series) and denominator (section) where the right thumb (fundamental) was prior to the remaining right fingers (division) and placed in the numerator while the left thumb (subclass) was prior to the remaining left fingers (subdivision). - Secondary classification involved the use of five numbers to subdivide the prints into categories or the ridge count of normal loops, each as a parenthesized superscript. - How did Juan Vucetich incorporate ridge counts into his classification system? - In secondary classification, Juan Vucetich incorporated normal loop ridge counts into his classification system. - In 1891, Juan Vucetich campaigned and successfully replaced which system in Argentina? Why was this historically significant? - Juan Vucetich successfully replaced Bertillonage in Argentina, making his system the first fingerprint individualizing system to be favored over Bertillonage. - Compare and contrast the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System and the Tripartite Fingerprint Classification System. - While both Argentinian Classification and Tripartite both involve the use of general fingerprint patterns, Argentinian Classification includes the directionality of loops (external and internal) along with the addition of arches. Additionally, the Argentinian Classification system incorporates numbers and is shown as a ratio instead of a 10-letter code (Triparte). Though Argentinian Classification followed Tripartite's influence, Argentinian Classification was able to prove favorable over Bertillonage and functioned independently. - Henry Classification System (Azizul Haque, Chandra Bose, and Edward Richard Henry) - What role did Haque and Bose play in the development of this classification system? - Assigned by Edward Henry, these Indian officers in Bengal, India developed the mathematical model used for Henry Classification. - How is the primary assigned in Henry Classification System? - The primary is assigned in Henry Classification according to the presence of whorls and is expressed as a ratio where the numerator contains the value of the even numbers plus one while the denominator contains the value of the odd numbers plus one. - How is the secondary assigned in the Henry Classification System? - The secondary is assigned to the right of the primary using capital letters (A, T, R, U, W) based on the general pattern of the index fingers. - How are the key, major, and finals assigned in the Henry Classification System? - Before the primary, the key is assigned according to the ridge count of the first loop-containing finger that is not a little finger. There is no key if there are no non-little finger loops. Th major is assigned after the key and represents the ridge counts or tracings of the thumbs. The final is assigned after the sub-secondary/small letters and represents the ridge count right little finger. If there are no loops in the right little finger, the left is used. If neither contain loops, there is no final. - What is used for the rarity of pattern types in non-index fingers? - Small letters (a, t, r) are used to demonstrate the rarity of arches, tented arches, and radial loops. - Illustrate how a fingerprint classification would appear under this system. - Be prepared to write an example on the test. - Discuss the relationship between Henry and Galton. - When Edward Henry returned to England in 1894, he made a friendship with Francis Galton who shared all his research along with what he had on Henry Faulds and William Herschel so Edward Henry could continue research. - Compare and contrast the Henry Classification system with the Argentinian Fingerprint Classification System and the Tripartite Fingerprint Classification System. - Be prepared to explain the transition from simplicity of 10-letter coding classification using three letters (Tripartite) to the introduction of ratio presentation and letters mixed with numbers using four letter and four numbers along with ridge counts (Argentinian) to the use of a mathematical model and the combination of fingers (Henry). - Identify the identification system that was fully abandoned due to the success of the Henry Classification System. What did this eventually lead to at Scotland Yard? - Due to the success of Henry Classification, Bertillonage was officially abandoned in 1900 during the Belper Committee which led to Scotland Yard developing their first fingerprint bureau in 1901. - National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Classification System (Federal Bureau of Investigation) - Describe the NCIC classification system. - The National Crime Information Center is a centralized electronic criminal database for all 50 states, using a 20-character alphanumeric classification system that is pattern-specific to each finger to locate records where two letters are used for each finger from right thumb to left little finger and ridge counts represent ulnar loops while ridge counts plus 50 represent radial loops. - How many characters are used? - There are 20 characters, two for each finger from right thumb to left little. - What did the NCIC set up for the first time in the United States? - The NCIC set up the US's first centralized electronic criminal database in the 1960s. - What was the significance of this system? - The NCIC allowed unification of records across states. - Compare and contrast the NCIC Classification System with the Henry Classification System. - While both systems are alphanumeric and can assist in eliminations and narrowing searches, NCIC does not combine fingers in calculations and is not subclassified. **Objective \#3:** Consider the challenges with developing and implementing classification systems. - Summarize the challenges when developing classification systems. - Challenges that may occur when developing classification systems could include limits on capacity if the system is too simple, understandability of the method for officers/analysts, time to collect/file information, storage resources, and error rates in collection of information or production of duplicates. - Demonstrate the challenges the pioneers encountered when trying to implement new classifications systems. - Be prepared to elaborate on the test.