CLA1102 Notes PDF

Notes for CLA1102 Week 1 Jan 7 & 9: -​ The wedding of Peleus and Thetis they invite everybody to mount olympus to share in the festivities -​ But they didn't invite Discordia/Eris to the wedding and she gets really upset and creates a golden apple which says “for the mos...

Notes for CLA1102 Week 1 Jan 7 & 9: -​ The wedding of Peleus and Thetis they invite everybody to mount olympus to share in the festivities -​ But they didn't invite Discordia/Eris to the wedding and she gets really upset and creates a golden apple which says “for the most beautiful” and gives it to the wedding party knowing all the gods are vain and will fight over it -​ Juno/hera the wife of zeus/jupiter, Minerva/Athena, Venus/aphrodite, Jupiter has the apple and each of the listed gods believe they are the most beautiful, jupiter cant figure out who to give it to because it would piss everybody off, paris is consulted on mount ida and mercury comes down and says that the gods want paris to choose who gets the apple between Juno, minerva and venus -​ Each one of the selective gods cheat while paris is judging and try to bribe him with offering power, wisdom and helen of sparta, he chooses venus who offered helen of sparta -​ Venus sends people to kidnap helen to bring him back to troy where paris is to be king -​ Agamemnon and menelaus gather all the greeks they can to get helen back resulting in the trojan war and use the trojan horse to get into troy -​ In this troy is completely destroyed Week 2 Jan 14 - 16th: -​ The only ones to survive the sacking of troy were Aeneas, Ascanius/iulus, anchises is carying the palladium, creusa is the mom and dies -​ Aeneas has a bunch of cool adventures and him and his son Ascanius arrive in italy specifically latium -​ King of latium is named Latinus and Aeneas meets him -​ Aeneas gets to marry latinus’ daughter because he defended the city -​ Aeneas builds a city for the daughter called -​ Aeneas doesnt like ascanius’ city so he founds one called Alba Longa -​ 13 generations of Alban kings and in the 14th generation two twins are born named Numitor and Amulius, the former is good and the ladder is bad -​ Numotor is the 13th king and Amulius is the 14th -​ Numitor has a daughter named Rhea SIlva who gets forced to be a vesta virgin by Amulius because he does want her to have kids -​ Rhea has sex with mars and gets pregnant thus pissing off Amulius -​ A set of twins is born from mars and Rhea -​ The children are named Romulus and Remus -​ Amulius orders someone to drown both the twins in the Tiber -​ The guy doesnt kill them but leaves them on the banks of the river and say “fuck it lets see what happens” -​ She wolf pulls up and sees the two crying babies and decides to mother them -​ Rivers are big burly men with bears in mythology -​ A local farmer finds the wolf and the babies his name is Faustius and brings them back home and raises them as their own children -​ When they get older they find out that they are better than everyone and at 18 they realize they must be the twins of Rhea Silva and because they are royal blood they build an army and march on alba longa and find numitor and defeat the army of amulius -​ The brothers take over the city and numitor is back in power -​ The brothers decide they wanna found a city and choose no better place than the spot they were abandoned as babies -​ Romulus likes one hill and Remus likes the other -​ Romulus wants to build his part of the city on the Palatine and Remus wants his on the Aventine -​ They consult the gods on which hill they should build on and also the Augury (birds for some reason) -​ Romus sees six vultures on his hill and Romulus sees 12 vultrues on his side and they cant agree whose hill to build the city -​ So finally they agree to build two separate cities on their chosen hills -​ They both get two white oxen and plow the boundary of your city referred to as a Pomerium they both make one -​ Romulus has more friends and has more people in his city than Remus and people start leaving remus’ city to go to romulus’ -​ Remus decides hes going to jump over the pomerium because he is jealous of romulus -​ In order to get the pomerium back Romulus must kill Remus and he does naming the city after himself Rome it was started by Fratricide -​ Foundation of Rome happens in 783 -​ Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline and Caelian are the names of the hills which rome occupies in the region latium -​ They chose there to build the city because 1.​ Defencable on a hill Good volcanic soil for farming 2.​ The river makes so they have lots of water Tiber offers mode of transportation both to the sea and northern italy Tiber island is the easiest place you can cross the tiber easily because its shallow 3.​ Crossroads of trade routes from the north and from the south 4.​ They have lots of natural resources or salt i guess -​ To the north is the Etruscans who live in the land of Etruria non indo european and came from asia minor -​ To the south are the greek colonies -​ Naples is founded by the greeks and called neo polis -​ You can't bury any bodies within the pomeranian -​ 12000 BC we have evidence of settlement in rome -​ 750 BC they date the wall of the palatine -​ Seven (eight) kings for seven hills fuck titus -​ Rape of the Sabine Women Week 3: -​ Romulus declares immunity for those fleeing persecution from other cities but ends up with a city full of men -​ Romulus throws a massive party and invite all the sabine women and romans pop up steal the women and kick the men out -​ Sabine men get pissed rightfully so and march on rome to take back their wives but the women like living in rome so they interfere and prevent the war -​ Romulus (latin) + Titus Tatius (sabine) 2 kings working together -​ Numa Pompilius is chosen king of roman and is a Sabine responsible for roman religion and the calendar -​ Tullus Hostilius was the latin king after Pompilius and responsible for the conquest and expansion of rome -​ Ancus Marcius is the next one and dies replaced by the Etruscan Lucius Tarquinius Priscus who tricks his way into becoming king -​ Story of Tarquinius’ rise to power L(ucius) TARQUINIUS PRISCUS is married to Tanaquil. SERVIUS TULLIUS, born a slave in PRISCUS’ household, later married TARQUINIA, daughter of Tarquinius and Tanaquil. TULLIUS becomes Tanaquil’s favourite and she ensures that TULLIUS succeeds PRISCUS after the latter’s murder against the sons/grandsons of ANCUS MARCIUS, who had killed PRISCUS. SERVIUS and TARQUINIA have two daughters Tullia the Elder and TULLIA the Younger. PRISCUS had two sons/grandsons, L(ucius) TARQUINIUS (later called SUPERBUS) and Arruns Tarquinius. Tullia the Elder marries Lucius and TULLIA the Younger married Arruns. TULLIA the Younger plots with Lucius and he kills Arruns and Tullia the Elder, then TULLIA and Lucius TARQUINIUS marry. They then plot and kill her father SERVIUS TULLIUS, and Lucius becomes king. -​ After Priscus is Servius Tullius who is killed and followed by Lucius tarquinius superbus -​ Next is Sextus Tarquinius both him and his dad are evil -​ Sextus falls in love with a women named lucretta whom he rapes and she dies -​ Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus and Junius brutus work together to get Sextus kicked out of rome for raping Lucretta -​ As a solution they get rid of the monarchy and replace it with a consul which are elected every year and their are two of them, each has a veto and they cannot to do anything unless both consuls agree -​ 509-510 Tarquin expelled and the first year of the republic -​ Res Publica is where the word republic comes from but it just refers to the state -​ It was much like an oligarchy -​ Tarquinius superbus started the construction of the Capitoline Temple which finished in 13th september of 507 it honoured the Capitoline triad of Jupiter, juno and minerva -​ Iuppiter Optimus Maximus -​ The gods and goddesses which support the state part of the private religion -​ This temple is the largest temple in the entire mediterranean -​ Veii, Tarquinii and clusium decide theyre going to help tarquinius get back into power -​ Lars porsenna is in charge of attacking rome to put him back in power -​ Rome is beaten when they try to meet them before rome they get defeated and run back to rome crossing the only bridge to rome horatius cocles is the soldier who decides to hold the line against the etruscans while the rest of the soldiers cross the bridge they then destroy the bridge preventing the etruscans from entering rome -​ Horatius Cocles calls upon father tiber to save him from being killed because he's alone now and jumps into the river and he gets carried to the other side by father tiber -​ Etruscans set up camp on the other side of the Tiber because no one can cross the bridge cause it doesn't exist anymore no one knows what to do except for Mucius Scaevola who says that they should kill lars porsenna to prevent them from attacking because the army will just fall apart and thats what he tries to do -​ He crosses the river and makes it to lars’ tent and sees two men working but he cant tell which is which and he kills the wrong one and is now captured and is getting tortured for more information and they burn his hand off because he wont speak and they admire his bravery so much that they just leave -​ Mucius gets his nickname after of Scaevola which just means Mucius the lefty which is funny cause they burned his right hand off  -​ Succession of the plebs is the general strike of the plebs where they just leave for the sacred mound and wait til they get rights and it works and they get rights and all debts are forgiven -​ Marks the creation of a plebian electoral system in which they get their own police who protect the plebs from the patricians -​ Eventually the plebs and patricians have the same rights -​ The battle of lake regillus takes place between all the other latin cities and the romans which ends in a stalemate where both armies are wiped out and other cities decide to capitalize on this (Volsci and the Aequi) -​ The Latins all agree to fight together to fight off the other groups want to take them over known as the latin league -​ Latin League makes them sign a treaty which says they must have: (rome provides half the army and all the other cities provide the other half) 1.​ Eternal peace 2.​ Military cooperation against third party aggressors (Nato style) 3.​ Shared booty from military endeavours (how the soldiers are paid(Also proportional to how many soldiers you contribute)) 4.​ Gives common community rights between cities: 1. Right to legal marriage between cities (Conubium) 2. Right to Free trade between cities, without the taxes of import (Commercium) 3. Right to immigration between cities allowed to live anywhere (Migratio) Week 4: -​ People begin fearing rome because they're so cool and rich -​ None of the laws had actually been written down until 451 bc where they draft a board to write down the law -​ Decemviri was the board of ten men responsible for running the state and creating laws -​ In 450 bc Appius claudius becomes the head of the decemviri and becomes kind of like what we would call a dictator -​ Appius claudius falls in lust with virginia the daughter of virginius -​ Appius gets one of his clients to kidnap virginia and claim that she is a runaway slave and everyone knows she's not but cant do anything about it so they call back the father of virginia from war and as a result appius claims that both the father and husband are committing treason and sends them to jail -​ Only logical solution to this problem is killing his own daughter condemning Appius to death and he hangs himself the rest of the crooked politicians run away -​ The laws were eventually completed and are called the 12 tables -​ The city of Veii is defeated in 396 BC and Rome takes all of their territory -​ This defeat makes rome the undisputed champion of latium -​ Raiders from Gaul invaded the north of italy in the alps -​ Cisalpine gaul are the gauls on the italian side of the gaul -​ Transalpine gaul is the gauls on the “French” side of the Alps -​ The specific tribe in july 18th 390 BC is the Senones in the cisalpine they decide to head south and raid rome, Rome obviously doesn't like this and the armies meet at the river Allia -​ Gauls manage to push rome back to the river and defeat the roman army -​ The army is gone and the Sonones invade rome itself all the roman citizens retreat to the top of the capitoline the romans manage to hold them off and sonones need to retreat because their territory in the north is being invaded -​ Marcus Manlius is walking along during the night guard by the capitoline temple where sacred chickens start squawking Manlius realizes holy shit the chickens were pissed because the sonnones were trying to climb the hill and wins the last name capitolinus for saving the hill -​ Sonnones decide they will leave for 1000Ibs of gold and the romans pay them to leave -​ Brennus the king of sonnones puts 1000ibs of stuff on one side of a scale as the romans bring down the gold and brennus realizes the romans have more gold so he cheats the system by throwing his sword onto the scale -​ Romans realize he is cheating and Brennus drops the cold ass line “Vae Victis” basically meaning tough shit loser, I want more -​ All that is left of the city is the capitoline temple this sacking never really affected rome as a solution they build the servian wall and say fuck you sonnones you cant get in again  -​ Romans think the wall was built by servius tullius but it really wasn't and its 10km long 378BC -​ By 346 BC rome conquers all the land it lost from the sonnones and is expanding into lattium -​ As rome expands to the south they begin to encounter Samnium who is really big and scary -​ Rome decides to establish colonies complete with a capitoline temple and a forum they use these colonies to spread the idea of being roman and be like “hey look how cool we are don't you want to be like us” -​ The result is that everyone in italy will think that they're roman and now everyone wants to be roman -​ 331 BC lattin league revolts and it is dissolved 338 BC -​ Rome establishes new arrangement for relationships split into three classes 1.​ Civitas Optimo Iure (full citizens with the best rights) -​ given grants of land -​ Able to vote for magistrates and laws -​ Able to hold office -​ Duty of military service -​ Usually granted to old latin allies 2.​ Civitas Sine Suffragio (Full citizen but no voting) -​ Still serve in military -​ Can't run for office -​ Keep their own laws -​ Keep the rights of free trade and marriage not with everyone only Rome -​ Cannot become a roman citizen just by living in rome 3.​ Civitates Foederatae (Those who have treaty with rome) -​ Retain independence -​ Up to them to decide how roman they want to be -​ Have to serve in the military -​ No migratio only free trade and marriage only with rome Week 5: -​ Rome realizes they need to expand road system so that logistics work better and to move armies -​ First major roadways the via Appia was created by Appius claudius -​ In the same period the Via Valeria is created -​ Aqueduct was built called aqua Appia which was also built by Appius claudius -​ in 310 rome moves north and conquers etruscans -​ Tarentum is a major city and richest of southern greek cities and comes together with other greek cities to fight against rome -​ King Pyrrhus of Epirus who has an army says hes open for business to be hired by Tarentum -​ In 280 Pyrrhus is hired 25,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry and a bunch of elephants because horses are scared of cavalry -​ Heraclea 280 was the first battle between pyrrhus and Rome ends in a roman loss and decide to gather another army in 279 and fight at Ausculum (Pyrrhic victory) which ends in a blood bath but Pyrrus wins but its kinda like an empty win because he lost everything -​ Pyrrhic gets together everything he has to fight Rome at Rome but they can't break through because it is surrounded by all kinds of allies -​ 277 Pyrrhic leaves to go fight in sicily because they have more money but doesn't really accomplish anything so he goes back to italy in 275 BC and is defeated at Beneventum -​ This victory really puts rome on the map and they make a bunch of treaties with foreign kingdoms such as Ptolemy II of alexandria everyone wants to make friends with rome because they've conquered -​ Roman territory with allies now goes all over italy in 241 BC -​ In 264 rome conquers all of italy -​ In sicily Syracuse is the main city of sicily and hires a bunch of mercenaries from mamertines -​ The mercenaries take over messana and do bad stuff and because messana and syracuse are friends syracuse tries to get rid of the mercenaries and fails but the mercenaries contact carthage to get them to fight off syracuse -​ Rome and carthage are allies and so the carthaginians call up rome and say hey can you help with the greeks at syracuse neither rome or carthage really want to be involved but the mercenaries are italian from mamertines which make them not want to help out even more -​ Rome doesn't want carthage to have sicily because then they may try and conquer rome and see that maybe there will be glory from beating carthage  -​ Rome clears out the mamertines and declares war on carthage in the first punic war and lasts 24 years -​ Rome declares war on carthage without knowing what a battle ship looks like or fight in a battle ship so rome asks its southern italy to get a captures carthaginian battle ship which they copycat building 100 ships in 60 days -​ Rome would just attach the two ships with spikes and jump over into their ships and kill em -​ Battle of Drepanum rome lost but it didn't really bother them general of navy was Cladius Pulcher who wants to fight for glory -​ They do the chicken feed method to get approval from the gods but the chickens don't eat he doesn't listen and loses 93 of 123 ships and run into a storm which wipes out everything they have left he gets prosecuted for not listening to the gods -​ Carthaginians bring in general Hamilcar bara as a general and he can’t do shit Week 6: -​ Sicily no. 50 -​ Sardinia (17) -​ Corsica (16) took 12 years to conquer -​ Rome begins to conquer the north of italy in cisalpine gaul -​ Rome conquers illyricum -​ Carthage and rome are battling to conquer spain and in 226 they sign a treaty with carthage to make the Ebro river the line of demarcation for conquering -​ Romans are allowed to stay in saguntum south of the Ebro because they have a treaty with them -​ Saguntum is not behaving themselves and in 219 carthage besieges saguntum and carthage wants to get rome into a war and believes that rome will hit back in spain and they do rallying in massilla -​ Hannibal Barca moves his army to the north to out manoeuvre the romans in the alps to attack rome -​ Hannibal believes that as he sweeps from the north italians will flock to his army to attack rome but this doesn't work because the italians identify as roman -​ 255 - 249 first major defeats of rome -​ 241 sicily is made roman province -​ 231 corsica and sardinia are roman -​ In 218 battle of Ticinium romans are defeated next is battle of Trebia in 218 Romans lose again because they're cornered against a river and cavalry of carthage sweeps in but the allies stay loyal -​ Rome uses its allies to protect themselves from hannibal in the north of italy -​ 217 Hannibal keeps moving south resulting in the battle of lake trasimene romans get ambushed consul is killed in combat allies stay loyal -​ Battle of Cannae 216 carthage lets the romans take the middle of their line and carthage encircles on the wings and defeats rome again (Romes greatest allies) -​ Some of romes southern allies betray rome specifically Capua 215BC -​ King philip V aides carthage and so does Hiero II of Syracuse 212BC -​ Romans change their tactics to stop fighting major battles against hannibal and switch to guerilla warfare -​ Rome harrasses carthage and all their allies Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator was the one who came up with this bitch ass strategy of delaying conquering. -​ Cunteater wants to bottleneck carthage and burns all the crops in the area where carthage is hanging out -​ Hanibal is isolated and cant get supplies or food and now rome goes to get all its old allies back -​ In 207 BC Hasdrubal the brother of hannibal tries a hail mary with all the army and supplies, hannibal has no idea that this supply run is coming and neither does rome but a general Claudius Nero sees the army Hasdrubal is sending coming over the alps and Nero wins the battle at Metaurus sending hasdrubaal head to capua to give to hannibal. -​ All the while rome is still fighting in spain roman army is being commanded by P. cornelius scipio and CN. Cornelius scipio calvus both are brothers -​ Brothers battle carthage at Baetis and rome loses they both die and are killed by hasdrubal (211 BC)  -​ Rome puts together another army to take spain lead by the son of P. cornelius scipio also named P. cornelius scipio -​ In 206BC the son drives the carthaginians out of spain -​ 212 BC Rome conquers syracuse, syracuse was lead by Archimedes who made all the dope military innovations -​ Rome wants archimedes alive and he gets killed by accident anyway by a roman soldier -​ All of sicily is roman in 210 BC -​ Rome gets another army to conquer the macedonians through illyricum in the 1st macedonian war -​ Cornelius Scipio comes back to fight hannibal in italy and get rid of him raising a massive army to sail to carthage, carthage asks hannibal for help and he doesn't answer 204 BC they attempt to make peace but hannibal suddenly shows up in 203 BC and carthage says nevermind ripping up peace treaty -​ In 202BC Cornelius Scipio meets Hanibal at the battle of Zama and hannibal is defeated for the first time in honour of that defeat cornelius scipio wins the title Africanus -​ Rome wants a lot of war reparations, carthage loses its fleet all its territories become roman territories and rome makes them pay money much like Versailles -​ Hannibal manages to escape romans pursue him and in 184 rome finds him and he kills himself by drinking bulls blood -​ This marks the end of the early republic and the beginning of the middle republic -​ Rome just starts conquering cause fuck it why not -​ Rome begins conquering the west of spain and turns it into 2 provinces Hispania Citerior - Northern Hispania Ulterior - South -​ Rome names based on its general location to rome -​ Took 200 years to conquer all of spain -​ Rome goes to war again in macedonia to save the greeks and win the battle of Cynoscephalae  -​ Rome declares the freedom of the greeks and they don't conquer them Week 6: -​ Rome conquers Gallia Narbonensis south eastern france -​ Creates both Hispania Citerior and Hispania -​ Cynoscephalae the battle that ends the 2nd macedonian war and the last battle using the macedonian phalanx -​ Titus Quintilius Flamininus declares the freedom of the Greeks -​ Antiochus III is a seleucid king of syria -​ Magnesia is the battle in 197 -​ Rome uses military to solve any problem, if the only solution you have is a hammer every problem looks like a nail -​ Guals and spaniards end up becoming the most enthusiastic romans -​ Roman army comprised of 130,000 men -​ 3rd macedonian war caused defeat at pydna in 168 and macedonians are defeated -​ 4th macedonian war 149-148 -​ Carthage is becoming more wealthy again and bouncing back with economics -​ Marcus Procius Cato = Cato the elder, very important guy in the senate and finished all his statements with Carthago Delenda Est (carthage must be destroyed) -​ 3rd Punic war, rome attacks first and goes from 149-146, rome just evacuated carthage and destroyed the entire city and buried it -​ Rome didn't actually salt the fields of carthage this was a myth that was made up -​ Achaean league capital is corinth and they are worried that rome will try to conquer them so they rebel and it doesn't work and it gets destroyed by the roman similarly to carthage -​ Macedonia and Achea are joined together as one province called macedonia -​ Captive greece took captive its captors, rome became interested in the hellenic ways with what they did -​ Because there has been almost constant warfare, what are the results? 1.​ The desecration of italy - Scorched earth tactics destroyed the land 2.​ Soldiers given to the romans are only peasant farmers that don't have any other way to travel than on foot long distances made them away from rome for up to 7 years, aristocrats buy farm off widows creating Latifundia (the giant factory farms) filled with slaves 3.​ Influx of money from latifundia and foreign conquest 4.​ Rome confiscated land that used to belong to the people whom they conquered and rents out the land to farmers called Ager Publius, taken over by rich in some cases 5.​ Needs massive slave labour with slave revolts 137-133 sicilian slave revolt, 6.​ All your farmers are being replaced by slaves, all the farmers who used to serve no longer do because there is only slaves smaller army -​ Titus Sempronius Gracchus referred to as the Gracchi both brothers, brother of Sempronius becomes the tribune of the plebs in 133, sets out to solve problems all at once, wants to give the land back to the poor but aristocrats don't want to give it back -​ Mother of the Gracchi was Cornelia and had 3 children, 2 sons and 1 daughter, Cornelia is the daughter of Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, gets a marriage request from Ptolemy Viii -​ King Attalus of pergamum dies and bequeaths his entire country to the “roman people” this causes trouble because aristocrats think its him, the tribune of the plebs son of Cornelia starts sending poor people there to farm and populate as a means of solving problem -​ Senators don't like his idea and send a whole riot to go and get tiberius tribune of plebs and they kill him violating his Sacrosanctity -​ 128 Asia becomes a roman province -​ Brother of Tiberius decides he's going to do what his brother tried to do and runs for tribune of plebs and wins doing land reform and building roads -​ Consul of 121 gathers another lynch mob to kill Guius the brother of tiberius -​ Senate is getting continuously more corrupt, against the concordia (everyone who didn't work owed the state a debt paid off by public service) old values thrown out the window -​ Roman army starts losing battles as a result of corruption, gets involved with war against Numidia and the king Jugurtha used to be friendly with rome but rome just attacks them anyway -​ Guius Marius ends the war against Numidia in 105 and becomes consul for the next 6 years and uses his position to bring in a bunch of new reforms -​ Guius marius comes up with all kinds of freaky ideas specifically to do with the army -​ The two germanic tribes in the north are Cimbri and teutones but the romans always lose to them -​ His first freaky idea is to allow volunteers and now not everyone in the army has to have land or provide their own gear, anyone can join new roman army -​ Changes how the armies are organized and uses gladiator trainers to train them -​ Soldiers are now paid another freaky idea -​ Aquae Sextiae battle that tutones beat the romans -​ Vercellae is where cimbri defeat rome in cis alpine gaul -​ Q. lutatius catulus, cimbri go tobogganing to prove toughness, heat beats them in the summer tho -​ Political violence becomes part of roman system in 100 and marius is run out of town in 98-97 -​ Cilicia becomes province in 101 to prevent pirates -​ Cyrenaica becomes province because king of place leaves it to rome in his will -​ Socii is the war of the allies in italy over demands of allies, rome grants full citizenship to all adult males south of the po valley -​ Mithridates of pontus decides hes going to attack pergamum and assassinates 80,000 romans and then marches to pontus and invade italy -​ Marius is back in rome for 89 and wants to be the commander to go after Mithridates but it is given to L. Cornelius sulla instead and Cornelius Cinna ends up killing all of Sullas supporters and ends up becoming consul in 87 -​ Marius wins consul in 83 -​ On way back Sulla’s troops plunder all of greece -​ Sulla goes back to Italy in 83 and is met by M. Licinius Crassus (who is rich), Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius (military commander) and CN. Pompeius Magnus (has his own army) -​ Magnus combines his army with Sullas and they go and siege rome as you do, rome fell and sulla proscribes all of their enemies which means putting up posters that say someone is wanted dead or dead with rewards -​ Random people start using the posters to get their own enemies killed all the people proscribed try to go into exile, sulla is elected consul in 80 and has himself elected dictator, retires once he finishes his reforms and goes back to his plow -​ Ambitious men using the system to enhance their wealth and influence -​ Cisalpine gaul becomes a province -​ In 77 all of spain is in the control of Quintus Sertorius -​ Rome gets rid of all the warships in eastern empire to prevent piracy this doesn't work -​ In italy there is a rebellion lead by Spartacus in 73 and it starts out at a gladiator school in Capua -​ Sparticus gathers all the slaves in the south working on latifundia and defeat roman legions -​ 71 Pompeius is chosen as a commander to defeat Sertorius in spain while crassus is fighting spartacus, Pompeius wins and comes to help Crassus and claims “victory” slaves are crucified -​ Pompeius and Crassus are consuls in 70, roman power is always given to a singular person in a single place for a single year -​ Pompeius wants a new type of Imperium (power concept) which gives him unlimited power anywhere in 67 -​ By 64 Pomeius uses his power to create two new provinces of Syria and Pontus, Pompeius makes Judaea a client kingdom, all these success make senate believe that new imperium is better than old imperium -​ Pompeius wants to give land and money to former soldiers and senate says no “those are your soldiers not ours”, he gets pissed and goes to see Crassus who knows a guy who is nephew of Marius named Guius Julius Caesar this alliance is called the first Triumvirate -​ They make Caesar the consul in 57 and whisper in his ear what to do, Caesar owes a lotta people money, caesar becomes proconsul of CIsalpine Gaul and Illyricum in 58  -​ He wants to be the proconsul of there because he wants to use the excuse of the tribes attacking him which they are not to invade gaul to increase wealth, power and prestige Week 8 -​ Exam is on 312 - 58 BC -​ Calendar was out of wack by 90 days so Caeser changed it and added 2 months and added leap years 45BC was the first year of julian calendar but they forgot to put leap years so they added them in 8 AD -​ Constantine invents the weeknd Week 9: -​ Caesar is the Pro consul of cisalpine gaul and Illricum -​ Caesar making his name in gaul -​ Caesar would always write in the third person so people didn't think it was him writing -​ Everyone is thinking caesar is great because he's fighting far north -​ Crassus wants to defeat the parthians to balance out caesars accomplishments -​ Crassus is killed in Carrhae and pompey is left in rome -​ Pompey and caesar are getting farther and farther apart, so Pompey married Caesar's daughter -​ Caesar keeps conquering, Caesar invades britain in 45 and 44 -​ The rebellion is led by Vercingetorix in Transalpine gaul against caesar in 52 -​ Caesar is trapped in the walls of Alesia during the siege in 52, caesar keeps Vercingetorix locked up just to have this man killed -​ Caesar puts Vercingetorix on his coins -​ Gaul is now a new province in 51 because caesar conquers it -​ Question is will caesar bring his army back into italy or leave it in gaul -​ Pompey convinces the senate to give him absolute power 7th of january to prevent caesar from coming back to italy -​ Caesar has spies everywhere and by the 11th of january knows that they don’t want him back in rome, so caesar crosses the rubicon (boundary between cisalpine gaul and Rome) if he crosses it he is made a criminal -​ Iacta Alea Est (the dice has been cast) caesar now declared public enemy -​ Pompey runs away taking his army with him to Dyrrhachium -​ Caesar consolidates everything and goes after pompey besieging him in Dyrrhachium, pompey escapes to pharsalus 48 and gets defeated at this battle -​ Pompey flees to Ptolemy XIII in alexandria and caesar follows him to alexandria -​ Ptolemy brings caesar a gift and it turns out to be pompey's head in a wicker basket -​ Caesar meets Cleopatra VII and she is rolled in a carpet, sister of ptolemy but also his wife PAUSE, oh shit Cleopatra VII wants to be with Caesar because the sister and wife thing is not working, there ends up being a war in alexandria 47, Caesar and Cleopatra win and Cleopatra has a child who is Caesar’s -​ More problems in Pontus Mithridates son is causing them so caesar pulls up and kills them all -​ Veni Vidi Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered) -​ Not all of Pompeys followers have given up so they start hanging out in kinda where cartago was and they battle in thapsus 46 and caesar creates a new province in africa -​ Pompey's sons still causing trouble and regather forces in Munda (southern spain) and Caesar kills them all for now -​ Caesar decides the best way to get everything he wants done is to be made dictator every six months and has himself declared Dictator Perpetuus -​ Caesar decides to finish up his war against the parthians that crassus started -​ Senate house was burned down so now they meet in the Curia Pompeiana which has a giant statue of pompey outside, people are seeing signs that the parthian campaign might be a bad idea, Caesar goes for his last meeting, caesar received many notes warning of the plot against his life but didn't read them, brutus convinced him to go, as caesar took his seat the senators gathered around him to pay their respects  -​ Tillius Cimber says this is assault and then one of the Casca stabbed him and caesar was stabbed 23 times, when brutus came to stab him caesar said “you too, young man” -​ Only one of the stabs actual was fatal, conspirators wanted to drag Caesar to the tiber and throw him in -​ 2 main conspirators were brutus and longinus, he never actually said Even you brutus -​ Brutus ends up on coins and the other side has daggers and says the eids of mar -​ Antony and Lepidus -​ Caesar adopts his sisters grandson who is 18 and training to be a military commander in apollonia which changes all of history because rome would have fallen apart if he hadn't -​ Grand nephews name is Giaus Octavius, assassins receive amnesty on 17th of march and octavius arrives in rome on the 6th of may and becomes Giaus Julius Caesar Octavian on 8th of may and starts building support so that he can't just get bumped off somewhere -​ By nov of 44 he wins over two of Antony’s legions and takes the side of the senate shockingly -​ Second triumvirate, Octavian, Antony and Lepidus for five years Week 11: -​ Caesar ws Deified 1st of January 42BC -​ Comet made him devine Octavious gets referred to as Divus or Divi F -​ Octavious has all of brutus’ supporters proscribed and brutus and his followers run off to greece including cassius -​ Brutus and cassius kill themselves -​ Divius Julius -​ Peace of Brundisium divides empire into 2, octavious gets the west and antony gets the east -​ Octavia is octavious’ sister -​ Antony and Cleopatra fall in love but its really just one sided -​ Caesarion = Ptolemy XV Caesar the son of JVILIVS Ceaser and cleopatra  -​ Cleopatra has twins a son named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra selene II 40BC -​ Ptolemy Philadelphus another son of antony and cleopatra 36BC -​ Aemilius Lepidus is the Pontifex Maximus and launches a revolt against octavian -​ Sextus Pompey wants to get involved and it causes a war in sicily eventually Octavius catches him and puts him under house arrest -​ Antony gave roman territory to cleopatra -​ Marcus Agrippa is a friend of Antony -​ Antony fails in 36 against the parthians -​ Octavian realizes this is the time to attack Antony by posting propaganda about antony and cleopatra -​ All of italy swears allegiance to Octavian in the Coniuratio Italiae -​ 2nd of September 31 BC massive naval battle between Octavian and Antony at Actium -​ 30 BC Octavian gets to alexandria to fight antony and Cleopatra and both of them kill themselves -​ Caesarion gets put to death -​ Egypt gets made into octavian's personal land and uses its wealth to consolidate power -​ All wealth of egypt goes to octavian -​ Octavian now has undisputed control of entire roman empire -​ 33 BC third triumvirate ends What caused the end of the Roman republic? 1.​ Acceptance of violence as a political tool 2.​ Over ambitious men created by the unchecked ruthless competition for wealth power and prestige as a result of the breakdown of concordium 3.​ Client armies  4.​ Weak, self serving and morally bankrupt senate which lead to inability of senate to control its commanders 5.​ Granting of extraordinary and technically illegal powers to those commanders over long periods 6.​ Unswerving opposition of the senate to these commanders and magistrates when their own interests were directly threatened even when commanders or magistrates were acting for the greater goods 7.​ Acceptance of these commanders by the senate when their interests coincide despite the illegality and brutality of those commanders Closing of the temple of Janus, gates have always been opened because they are always open in times of war: 1.​ Numa closed gates cause he was a peaceful king 2.​ A. Manlius Torquatus 241 BC after first punic war 3.​ Octavian 11 jan 29 BC The First settlement Jan 13th 27BC -​ Octavian starts giving up his powers and gets elected consul and then decides to pass it up and retires -​ Restitutio Rei Repulicae = Restoration of the state -​ Senate gives octavian very specific powers with very specific timelines -​ Senate grants him the Corona Civica (the civic crown) granted for saving roman citizens lives -​ \granted imperium Consulare over gaul, spain and syria renewed every ten and five years 16th of January -​ Two laurel trees -​ Clipeus Virtutis big bronze shield -​ Changes his name to Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus -​ Consul 13 times all together  -​ COS II-XI every year between 33 and 23 BC Second Settlement of 23BC: -​ Gives up being consul every year only two more times 5BC and 2 BC for his grandsons taking the toga virilis -​ Tribunicia Potestas the powers of a tribune renewed every year from the 26th of June -​ Imperiun Proconsulare Maius - Power of proconsul outside of italy, overrides all other holders of imperium Other powers: -​ Rejects dictatorship and censorship in 22 BC but takes the powers of the censor by expanding Trib Po 5th of february 2 BC -​ Granted the title of Pater Patriae -​ Auctoritas = Authority people just follow cause of his aura -​ Patron of the roman people