The Wedding of Peleus and Thetis

• Notes for CLA1102

Week 1 (January 7 & 9)

• The wedding of Peleus and Thetis included invites to everyone on Mount Olympus to partake in the festivities.
• Discordia/Eris wasn't invited to the wedding, causing her to create a golden apple inscribed "for the most beautiful," knowing it would cause conflict among the vain gods.
• Juno/Hera, Minerva/Athena, Venus/Aphrodite, and Jupiter all believe they are the most beautiful.
• Jupiter, unable to choose, consults Paris on Mount Ida, guided by Mercury, to select the recipient of the apple from Juno, Minerva, and Venus.
• Each goddess tries to bribe Paris, offering power, wisdom, and Helen of Sparta.
• Paris chooses Venus, who offered him Helen of Sparta.
• Venus facilitates the kidnapping of Helen to bring her to Troy, where Paris is to be king.
• Agamemnon and Menelaus gather the Greeks to retrieve Helen, leading to the Trojan War, which they win by using the Trojan Horse.
• Troy is completely destroyed in this war.

Week 2 (January 14-16)

• The only survivors of the sack of Troy are Aeneas, Ascanius/Iulus, and Anchises, who carries the palladium; Creusa, Aeneas' wife, dies.
• Aeneas and his son Ascanius eventually arrive in Latium, Italy, after a series of adventures.
• The King of Latium, Latinus, meets Aeneas.
• Aeneas marries Latinus' daughter after defending the city.
• Aeneas builds a city for his daughter.
• Aeneas, disliking Ascanius' city, founds Alba Longa.
• 13 generations of Alban kings lead to the birth of twins Numitor (good) and Amulius (bad) in the 14th generation.
• Numitor is the 13th king, succeeded by Amulius, the 14th king.
• Numitor's daughter, Rhea Silva, is forced to become a Vestal Virgin by Amulius to prevent her from having children.
• Rhea has sex with Mars, becomes pregnant, and angers Amulius.
• Rhea gives birth to twins, Romulus and Remus, fathered by Mars.
• Amulius orders the twins to be drowned in the Tiber.
• The person ordered to kill them abandons them on the riverbank instead.
• A she-wolf finds and nurses the crying babies.
• Rivers are depicted as strong men with beards in mythology.
• A local farmer named Faustulus discovers the wolf and the babies, taking them home and raising them as his own.
• As they grow, they realize they are superior and, at 18, discover their royal lineage as Rhea Silva's twins so they build an army, march on Alba Longa, find Numitor, and defeat Amulius' army.
• The brothers take control of the city, restoring Numitor to power.
• The brothers decide to found a city where they were abandoned.
• Romulus prefers one hill, while Remus prefers another.
• Romulus wants to build on the Palatine Hill; Remus prefers the Aventine Hill.
• They consult the gods through augury (observing birds) to decide which hill to build on.
• Romulus sees 12 vultures, while Remus sees only six.
• They cannot agree on which hill to build the city.
• They agree to build two separate cities on their chosen hills.
• They each get two white oxen and plow the boundary of their city, referred to as a Pomerium
• Romulus attracts more people to his city than Remus.
• Remus jumps over the pomerium because he is jealous of romulus
• Romulus kills Remus to reclaim the pomerium leading to the foundation of Rome through fratricide.
• The foundation of Rome is said to have occurred in 783.
• Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, and Caelian are the hills Rome occupies in the Latium region.
• The city's location was chosen for its defensible hill, fertile volcanic soil, access to water from the Tiber, transportation via the river to the sea and northern Italy, crossroads of trade routes, and natural resources like salt.
• The Etruscans lived to the north in Etruria.
• Greek colonies lie to the south.
• Naples, founded by the Greeks, was called Neopolis.
• Burial within the pomeranian is prohibited.
• Evidence suggests settlement in Rome as early as 12000 BC.
• The wall of the Palatine is dated to 750 BC.
• Rome had seven or eight kings for seven hills.
• The Rape of the Sabine Women also occured.

Week 3

• Romulus grants immunity to those fleeing persecution, leading to a city primarily of men.
• Romulus throws a large party, where Romans steal the Sabine women.
• The Sabine men retaliate, but the Sabine women, now enjoying life in Rome, intervene and prevent the war.
• Romulus (Latin) and Titus Tatius (Sabine) become co-rulers.
• Numa Pompilius, a Sabine, is chosen as the king of Roman, responsible for Roman religion and the calendar.
• Tullus Hostilius, the Latin king after Pompilius, is responsible for rome's conquest and expansion.
• Ancus Marcius is succeeded by Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, an Etruscan who uses trickery to become king.
• Lucius Tarquinius Priscus marries Tanaquil.
• Servius Tullius, born a slave in Priscus' household, marries Tarquinia (daughter of Tarquinius and Tanaquil).
• Tullius becomes Tanaquil's favorite and succeeds Priscus after Priscus is killed by the sons/grandsons of Ancus Marcius.
• Servius and Tarquinia have two daughters: Tullia the Elder and Tullia the Younger.
• Priscus has two sons/grandsons: Lucius Tarquinius (later called Superbus) and Arruns Tarquinius.
• Tullia the Elder marries Lucius; Tullia the Younger marries Arruns.
• Tullia the Younger plots with Lucius, and he kills Arruns and Tullia the Elder.
• Tullia and Lucius Tarquinius marry.
• Then, they plot and kill her father, Servius Tullius, and Lucius becomes king.
• After Priscus, Servius Tullius is killed and followed by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.
• Sextus Tarquinius and his father are both evil.
• Sextus rapes Lucretia, who then dies.
• Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus and Junius Brutus work together to expel Sextus and his family from Rome for raping Lucretia.
• As a result, the monarchy is abolished and replaced with two consuls, elected annually, each with veto power.
• In 509-510, Tarquin is expelled, marking the first year of the Republic.
• Res Publica is the origin of the word "republic."
• It was similar to an oligarchy.
• Tarquinius Superbus initiated the Capitoline Temple's construction, completed on September 13th, 507, honoring the Capitoline Triad: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.
• Iuppiter Optimus Maximus is another name for Jupiter.
• Gods and goddesses support the state as part of private religion.
• This temple is the largest in the Mediterranean.
• Veii, Tarquinii, and Clusium decide to help Tarquinius regain power.
• Lars Porsenna is assigned with attacking Rome to reinstate Tarquinius.
• Rome is initially defeated and retreats.
• Horatius Cocles defends the bridge to Rome while others destroy it, preventing the Etruscans from entering.
• Horatius Cocles calls upon Father Tiber for aid and jumps into the river, reaching the other side with Father Tiber's help.
• Etruscans establish camp on the Tiber's opposite bank, and Mucius Scaevola decides to kill Lars Porsenna.
• He mistakenly kills the wrong person and is captured, tortured to reveal information but, he burns his hand off. Impressed by his bravery, they let him leave.
• Mucius earns the nickname Scaevola, meaning "lefty" - because they burnt off his right hand

Week 4

• The succession of the Plebs occurs, involving a general strike where plebs leave for the Sacred Mound until their rights are recognized, leading to debt forgiveness.
• This marks the creation of a plebeian electoral system, granting them their own police to protect plebs.
• Eventually, plebs and patricians have equal rights.
• During the Battle of Lake Regillus, both sides suffer wiping out their armies and other cities capitalize on this (Volsci and the Aequi)
• The Latins form the Latin League to defend against external threats.
• The Latin League requires members to contribute: Rome provides half the army, while other cities provide the other half.
  • This treaty ensures:
• Eternal peace.
• Military cooperation against third-party aggressors
• Shared gains from military endeavors (proportional to troop contribution).
• Common rights between cities:
• Legal marriage
• Free trade without import taxes
• Freedom of immigration
• People begin to fear Rome due to its wealth and power.
• Laws were unwritten until 451 BC, when a board was created to write them down.
• The Decemviri, a board of ten men, were responsible for governing and creating laws.
• In 450 BC, Appius Claudius becomes the head of the Decemviri, acting as a dictator.
• Appius Claudius lusts after Virginia, Virginius' daughter.
• Appius has one of his clients kidnap Virginia, falsely claiming she is a runaway slave.
• Virginius then kills his own daughter to save her from Appius, leading to Appius' death and the flight of other deceitful politicians.
• The laws were completed and are called the 12 Tables.
• The city of Veii is defeated in 396 BC, and Rome annexes its territory.
• This victory establishes Rome as the undisputed champion of Latium.
• Gaulish raiders invaded northern Italy through the Alps.
• Cisalpine Gaul refers to the Gauls on the Italian side of Gaul.
• Transalpine Gaul refers to the Gauls on the "French" side of the Alps.
• In July 390 BC, the Senones tribe from Cisalpine Gaul decide to head south and raid Rome.
• The armies clash at the Allia River.
• The Gauls push Rome back to the river and defeat the Roman army.
• The Senones invade Rome, Roman citizens retreat to the Capitoline.
• Marcus Manlius guarding the Capitoline realizes the sacred chickens have alerted him to the Sonones attempting to climb the hill, winning him the name Capitolinus.
• The Senones agree to leave for 1000 lbs of gold.
• King Brennus realizing the romans have more gold, cheats by throwing his sword onto the scale.
• Brennus says “Vae Victis” meaning tough shit loser, I want more
• After the sacking, the servian wall is built around the capitoline temple, so the sonones can't get in again
• Romans attribute the wall to Servius Tullius after it was constructed in 378 BC.
• By 346 BC, Rome reclaims the land lost to the Sonnones and expands into Latium.
• As Rome expanded to the south, they faced the Samnites.
• Rome used colonies with a Capitoline temple and a forum to spread roman culture.
• The result was that everyone in Italy wanted to be Roman.
• The Latin League revolts in 331 BC and is dissolved in 338 BC.
• Rome establishes a new structure for alliances, split into three classes
  • Civitas Optimo Iure (gives full rights of citizenship)
  • grants of land
  • voting rights for magistrates and laws
  • ability to hold office
  • military service obligation
• Civitas Sine Suffragio (full citizenship without the right to vote)
• Still serve in the military
• cant run for office
• can follow their own laws
• can keep rights of free trade and marriage now exclusively with Rome
• Cannot become a Roman citizen just by living in rome
• Civitates Foederatae (those who have a treaty with rome)
• retain independence
• up to them to decide how roman they want to be
• required to serve in the military
• no migratio, only free trade and marriage with rome

Week 5

• Rome expanded road transport system.
• The Via Appia was created by Appius Claudius.
• The Via Valeria was created.
• The Aqua Appia aqueduct, also built by Appius Claudius.
• In 310 Rome advances north and conquers the Etruscans.
• Tarentum joins with other Greek cities to fight against Rome.
• King Pyrrhus of Epirus is hired by Tarentum.
• In 280, Pyrrhus arrived with 25,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and war elephants.
• Heraclea 280 was the first battle between Pyrrhus and Rome.
• Rome decides to gather another army to fight Ausculum (Pyrrhic victory)
• Pyrrhic unites his forces but can't fight Rome because it is completely surrounded by allies.
• In 277, Pyrrhic leaves to fight in Sicily, then returns to Italy in 275 BC and is defeated at Beneventum.
• Rome forms treaties with foreign kingdoms, such as Ptolemy II of Alexandria, increasing their influence
• Roman allies now span across Italy by 241 BC.
• Rome conquers all of Italy in 264.
• Syracuse hires mercenaries from Mamertines.
• Syracuse tries to get rid of the mercenaries and fails.
• Rome and Carthage are allies and both are asked to help with the greeks at Syracuse.
• Rome and Carthage dont want sicily to be ruled by only one.

Week 6

• Rome removes the Mamertines, declares war on Carthage, begins the First Punic War, which lasts 24 years.

• Rome asks Italy to get a captured carthaginian battle ship which they copy cat, building 100 ships in 60 days.

• Rome use a ship with spikes and jump over into their ships and kill em

• General Cladius Pulcher wants to fight for glory.

• They do the chicken feed method to get approval from the gods but the chickens don't eat and loses 93 of 123 ships and runs into a storm being prosecuted for not listening to the gods

• The carthaginians hire Hamilcar Barca who cant do shit

• Sicily nr. 50

• Sardinia (17)

• Corsica (16) took 12 years to conquer

• Rome begins to conquer northern Italy in Cisalpine Gaul.

• Rome conquers Illyricum.

• The battle over Spain in 226 carthage and rome agree to make the Ebro River separation line for conquering

• The Romans are allowed to stay in Saguntum south of the Ebro due to a treaty.

• Carthage wants to get rome into war, lay siege on Saguntum and rally.

• Hannibal Barca moves his army to the north to out manoeuvre the romans in the alps to attack rome

• Hannibal believes italians will attack rome as he sweeps to the north, however italians identify as roman

• 255 - 249 First major defeats of rome

• 241 Sicily is made Roman province.

• 231 Corsica and Sardinia are roman.

• At the battle of Ticinium in 218, the Romans are defeated. At the battle of Trebia in 218, the Romans lose again but the allies stay loyal.

• Rome uses its allies to protect themselves from Hannibal in northern Italy.

• In 217, Hannibal keeps moving south, leading to the Battle of Lake Trasimene (roman) and consul is killed.

• in combat the allies stay loyal

• Carthaginians let the romans take the middle of their line, encircle on the wings and defeat again at the Battle of Cannae 216.

• Some allies betray rome, specifically Capua 215BC

• King Phillip V, allies carthage

• Romans change their tactics to stop fighting and switch to guerilla warfare

• Rome harasses carthage and allies and Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator avoids conquering

• Cunteater wants to bottleneck carthage and burns all the crops where carthage out hanging out

• Hanibal is isolated.

• In 207 BC Hasdrubal tries.

• All the while rome is still fighting in spain.

• brothers battle carthage loses dies and is killed (211 BC)

• Rome raises to take Spain.

• In 206BC , carthaginians out of spain.

• in 212 BC Rome conquers syracuse

• Rome wants archimedes alive but gets killed - All of sicily is roman in 210 BC

• Through illyricum in Macedonian war

• Cornelius comes back to get ride of him sails to carthage, asks for help

• In BC Cornelius Scipio meets Hanibal and Scipio wins wins the title Africanus

• loses becomes roman territories and much like

• Hanninal manages to escape

Week 7

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