Chemistry Test #1 PDF

Chemistry Test #1 Lesson 1: What is Matter? Matter: -​ Anything that has mass and takes up space -​ There have been many ideas about what makes up matter -​ The theory supported by evidence is that all matter is composed of tiny particles -​ Examples: Oxygen, table, etc -​...

Chemistry Test #1 Lesson 1: What is Matter? Matter: -​ Anything that has mass and takes up space -​ There have been many ideas about what makes up matter -​ The theory supported by evidence is that all matter is composed of tiny particles -​ Examples: Oxygen, table, etc -​ Not examples: Sound, outer space, energy, light, etc Mass and Volume: -​ Mass is the quantity of matter contained in an object -​ Measured in grams (g) and kilograms (kg) -​ Volume is the amount of space occupied by matter -​ Measured in liters (L) or cubic meters (m3) Particle Theory of Matter: 1)​ All matter is made of particles with space between them. 2)​ Particles of a substance move faster as temperature increases. 3)​ Particles are attracted to each other. 4)​ Particles are in constant random motion. 5)​ Different substances are made of different particles. Types of Matter: -​ Matter can be described in several ways and has specific properties -​ A property is the qualities and characteristics of a substance -​ There are physical and chemical properties of matter  Physial Properties Chemical Properties Describe the physical traits of a substance Describe how a substance reacts with other using qualitative and quantitative substances. observations. -​ Qualitative - a characteristic of matter that can be observed with 5 senses -​ Quantitative - a characteristic of matter that is measured involving numbers/units Qualitative Properties: Lustre Shineness Clarity Ability to allow light through/see through Brittleness Breakability or flexibility Viscosity Ability to flow or pour Hardness Relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance Malleability Ability to be hammered into a sheet or molded (bend-ability) Ductility Ability to be drawn into a stand Electrical Conductivity Ability to allow electrons to flow through Quantitative Properties: -​ Quantitative properties - mass (g), volume (L), temperature (°C), density (g/cm), etc -​ Length - the measurement or extent of something from end to end -​ Units: mm, cm, m, km -​ Volume of a liquids can be is measured using graduated cylinders using the meniscus -​ When using a meniscus, estimate on digit between the lines -​ Irregular shaped solids are measured by looking at the displacement of water -​ This is called the Archimedes Principle Characterstic Physical Properties Non Characterstic Physical Properties Can be used to identify matter because these Cannot be used to identify matter because characteristics are unique to that particular these characteristics aren’t unique to that  substance and don’t ever change. Examples particular substance and can change are boiling point, freezing point, melting depending on the temperature or size of a point, density (at room temperature) of a substance. Are used to describe matter. substance. Lesson 2: Pure Substances vs Mixtures Solid Liquid Gas Attaction between Strong attraction Medium attraction Weak attraction particles between particles between particles between particles Particle relashionship Paricles are held Particles slide Particles are far from together together and are eachother relatively close Movement Small movement in Movement Lots of movement place Shape/Space Rigid shape Takes containers Fills containers entire shape/fluid shape space Temperature Low temperature Medium temperature High temperature Energy (when Low energy Some energy Lots of energy changing between states, energy is added/released from the system) -​ Solid to Liquid: Melting -​ Liquid to Solid: Freezing -​ Solid to Gas: Sublimation -​ Gas to Solid: Deposition -​ Liquid to Gas: Evaporation -​ Gas to Liquid: Condensation Types of Substances:  Pure substances are made of particles that are all the same - one type of particle. Elements: -​ Particles that can’t be broken down into simpler different substances. -​ The smallest unit of an element is an atom. -​ Examples are gold (Au), silver (Ag), Oxygen (O), etc. (O2 is also an element even though there are 2 atoms because they’re from the same element). Compounds: -​ Pure substances that can be broken down into different elements. -​ Particles are made up of different smaller elements. -​ The smallest unit of a compound is a molecule. -​ Examples are water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), and salt (NaCl). Mixtures are made of particles that are different - two or more types of particles. Solution/Homogeneous Mixture: -​ Made up of different particles that can’t be distinguished by the eye. -​ Examples are alloys which are made of two metals (Brass = Copper + Zinc). Mechanical Mixture/Heterogeneous Mixture: -​ Made up of different particles that can be distinguished by the eye/microscope. -​ Examples are pizza, granola bars, etc. -​ Mixtures that originally look like solutions but take time to settle/need external help to stay looking like a solution are still considered mechanical mixtures. (Milk, blood, etc) Lesson 3: (Non) Characteristic Properties of Matter Density: -​ A measure of how much matter (mass) is in a given amount of space (volume) -​ Units: g/cm3 (solid) or g/mL (liquid) -​ A characteristic property of matter - different substances have different measuresments -​ When heat is added to a system, particles move farther away from each other  -​ As temperature increases, volume increases because particles have energy/expanding -​ As temperature increases density decreases so its always stated at room temperature -​ The ratio of mass to volume The Unusual Behavior of Water: -​ Less dense substances will float above more dense substances -​ A substance warming causes its particles to speed which makes it less dense -​ Solids, being less warm are usually more dense than liquids -​ Water is an exception because ice cubes are less dense than water -​ When ice forms the particles form a special structure called a “crystal lattice” -​ This is less dense than liquid water because of its formation Lesson 4: Physical and Chemical Changes Physical Changes Chemical Changes  Occurs when no new substance is formed. It Describes a change where one or more new is possible for a material to change shape or substances are formed. Ways of identifying a form but no chemical reactions can happen. chemical change are formations of precipitation (solids), formations of bubbles, change in colour, change in odour, change in temperature. Lab Safety: HHPS - Hazardous Household Product Symbols - Safety systems for chemicals at home. Danger Warning Caution Flammable Poison Corrosive Explosive WHMIS - Workplace Hazardous Material Information System - Safety systems for chemicals in the laboratory.