Chemistry Properties of Matter PDF

Chemistry  Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.  All matter is made of particles. The type and arrangement of the particles determines the properties of the matter.  Most matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases.  Volume: the space an objec...

Chemistry  Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.  All matter is made of particles. The type and arrangement of the particles determines the properties of the matter.  Most matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases.  Volume: the space an object takes up. Measured by: calculating L X W X H, or in mL with a Graduated Cylinder  Mass: the quantity of matter contained in an object. Measured by: Triple-beam Balance or Electronic Balance  Weight: the force produced by gravity acting on the mass of an object. Scientists express force in newtons, but they express mass in kilograms. Because gravity varies from place to place, weight can change but mass won’t.  Physical Property= a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change.  These include: density, color, what state of Whether water is ice or liquid, it is matter it typically exists still water. Changing its state in, hardness, melting doesn’t change its’ identity. The sugar in the tea is still sugar, point or boiling point even if it is dissolved in the water of the tea. Tearing paper  Chemical Properties= into pieces is a property of matter a physical that describes a change—it is substance’s ability to still paper. participate in But, burning chemical reactions. it changes its  Chemical properties chemical can only be composition. determined by trying Burning paper to cause a chemical turns it into a change! If it changes to new something else, that substance. was a chemical change.  The Formation of a Precipitate The Release or Absorption of Energy A Color Change in The Evolution of a the Reaction System Gas: the production of a gas is often observed by bubbling  In an equation, the substances on the left- hand side of the arrow are the reactants. The substances on the right side are the products.  All physical and chemical changes involve a change in energy. Energy is the ability to do work.  Sometimes, energy must be supplied for the change to occur.  Other times, energy is released. Both of these reactions involve Hydrogen and Oxygen—Water!   Ice melting and water boiling are examples of physical changes.  A physical change affects only the physical properties of a substance. When ice melts and turns into liquid water, you still have the same substance represented by the formula H2O. When water boils and turns into vapor, the vapor is still H2O. Only the physical state of the substance is changed. In contrast, the reaction of H and O to form H2O is a chemical change. http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/che mistrynow/chem_ice.jsp  All matter is composed of about 110 different kinds of atoms. Atoms can be physically mixed or chemically combined to form all kinds of matter.   A pure substance is a sample of matter (either a single element or a single compound) that has definite chemical and physical properties. The helium atoms inside these balloons are an example of a pure The copper wire inside these substance. electrical cords is a pure substance.  Elements are pure substances that contain only one kind of atom.  Copper and Helium are elements.  Each element has its own unique set of physical and chemical properties and is represented by a distinct chemical symbol.   Some elements (such as Helium) exist as single atoms.  Other elements exist as molecules: Molecule= the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance; it can consist of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together.  Pure substances that are not elements are called compounds.  Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom.  Compounds are represented by formulas, which show the ratio of the atoms. The molecular formula and structural diagram of Aspirin:  A sample of matter that contains two or more pure substances is a mixture.  Most kinds of food are mixtures (except for sugar and salt).  Water is not a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen—they are bonded as a molecule, not just physically mixed. Also, the ratio of two hydrogen to 1 oxygen is the same in every molecule.  A glass of sweetened lemonade is a mixture. If you have ever had a glass that is just too sweet or not sweet enough, you have experienced a characteristic of mixtures.  A mixture doesn’t always have the same balance of ingredients. Therefore, their properties can change.  Homogenous  Heterogeneous Mixtures—describes a Mixtures—is composed mixture that has a of components that are uniform distribution of dissimilar (not alike, materials throughout. nor in equal quantities)  Ex: sweetened tea or  Ex: Sand and water or a 14 karat gold salad  Anything that has mass and takes up space All of the particles Molecule: Contains two or more (atoms or molecules) in different types of particles A particle made of two or the sample are (atoms or molecules) not more atoms bonded identical to each other bonded to each other together Pure substances made of only one type of atom Pure substance made of Mixture made of different Mixture that is made more than one type of types of particles that is of different types of atom bonded together uniformly distributed particles that do not throughout. have equal quantities  Your friend mentions that she eats only natural foods because she wants her food to be free of chemicals. What is wrong with this reasoning?  Is toasting bread an example of a physical or chemical change? Why?  Classify each of the following as a physical change or a chemical change and provide evidence:  a. cracking an egg  b. using bleach to remove a stain from a shirt  c. burning a candle  d. melting butter in the sun