Plants Classification Chapter 2 PDF

PLANTS CLASSIFICATION PREPARED BY: NUR ILLANI BT. ABDUL RAZAK FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA, PERLIS BRANCH, ARAU CAMPUS, ARAU, PERLIS  COURSE OUTLINE CHAPTER 2 :CLASSIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL...

PLANTS CLASSIFICATION PREPARED BY: NUR ILLANI BT. ABDUL RAZAK FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA, PERLIS BRANCH, ARAU CAMPUS, ARAU, PERLIS  COURSE OUTLINE CHAPTER 2 :CLASSIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS 2.2 PLANTS TYPE 2.2.1 Trees 2.2.2 Shrubs 2.2.3 Climbers and creepers 2.2.4 Palm 2.2.5 Cactus 2.2.6 Orchids 2.2.7 Ferns 2.2.8 Aquatic plants 2.2.9 Groundcovers 2.2.10 Bamboos INTRODUCTION  A plant can be divided into 3 parts 27-Feb-17 ILLANI RAZAK  2.1 PLANTS CLASSIFICATION Tree Shrub Groundcover Climber 27-Feb-17 ILLANI RAZAK  Plants Classification based on category & height Category Height Ground cover Below 500 mm (20 inch) Low shrub 500 – 1000 mm (20 in – 40 in) Medium shrub 1000 – 2000 mm (3 ft – 7 ft) Tall shrub 2000 – 6000 mm (7 ft – 20 ft) Small tree 6 m – 10 m (20 ft – 30 ft) Medium tree 10 m – 15 m (30 ft – 50 ft) Tall tree More than 15 m (50 ft)  Plants Layering Background 4m and Taller Midground 1.5m – 4m Foreground 0.5m – 1.5m Ground layer < 0.5m Why do we classify plants?? We classify plants to avoid confusion. One plant can have many different common names There is white lily in Europe that is believed to have at least 245 different common names Knowing only the common name of a plant is not accurate method of understanding or identifying a particular plant For this reason, botanists use a more precise way of naming, known as classification or taxonomy The Binomial System of Classification 1. The scientific, or botanical name given to a plant helps define its place in the biological world. 2. The binomial system of classification was created by 18th century Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus. 3. Linnaeus gave each plant a scientific name with 2 parts: the genus and species. 4. The genus and species are always italicized, written in Latin, and the genus is always CAPITALIZED. The Binomial System of Classification 1. The genus of a plant is a noun that usually names some aspect of a plant. Eg: the coffee plant is classified as Coffea arabica. 2. Coffea is Latin for kahwah, the Arabic word for beverage. 3. The species is usually an adjective that describes the genus. 4. In that case of coffee, the species in arabica indicating that the plant was thought to originate in Arabia. 2.2 PLANTS TYPE 2.2.1 Tree 2.2.2 Shrub 2.2.3 Climber and creeper 2.2.4 Palm 2.2.5 Cactus 2.2.6 Orchid 2.2.7 Fern 2.2.8 Aquatic plant 2.2.9 Groundcover 2.2.10 Bamboo  Tree Any woody plant that has a distinct trunk which bears branches and leaves some distance from the ground and height above 5 meter.  Tree crown > 5 meter trunk roots Tree Structure  Shape of Trees Shape – branching pattern includes the stem or trunk and the crown, consists of branches covered with leaves (natural shape). Shape/form ; a) Round b) Spreading c) Pyramidal e) Columnar f) Weeping g) Irregular  Shape / Form Round Spreading - The most used shape in landscape design - Tall and broad - Usually used in formal garden - Give the feeling of breadth and extent Filicium decipiens Delonix regia (Kiara payung or fern tree) (Flame of the forest/ Semarak api)  Columnar Pyramidal - Emphasize sense of verticality - ‘Cone like’ appearance - Draw eyes upward - Sharp edge Polyalthia longifolia Araucaria excelsa (Temple Pillar or Asoka tree) (Pine tree)  Irregular - Usually matured tree that has adapted over a long period of time to the environmental conditions present at the area Acacia auriculiformis Ficus elastica (Akasia tree) (Indian rubber tree)  Weeping - Downward-arching branches - The leaves produce sound like somebody is weeping when the wind blow Salix babylonica (Weeping willow/ Janda merana)  Fan Shape - Unique features - Can be made as focal point Ravenala madagascariensis (Pisang kipas) Common Trees Used In Landscaping Mimusops elengi Plumeria rubra (Bunga Tanjung) (Kemboja) Common Trees Used In Landscaping Tabebuaia rosea Bucida molinetti (Bullet tree) (Rosy trumpet tree)  Common Trees Used In Landscaping Lagerstroemia floribunda Peltophorum pterocarpum (Kedah bungor / Crepe myrtle) (Yellow Flame / Jemerlang Laut) Common Trees Used In Landscaping Flower of Erytrina glauca Erythrina glauca (Dedap)  Common Trees Used In Landscaping Winged-seeds of H. odorata spiralling in the air. A medium-sized to large evergreen tree with a conical shaped crown; it can grow up to 45 metres tall Hopea odorata (Merawan Siput Jantan/cengal pasir/cengal kampong/cengal pulau/cengal mas)  Common Trees Used In Landscaping Samanea saman (Rain tree / Pokok pukul lima / Pokok hujan-hujan) - This tree has a unique habit of folding its compound leaves at dusk or when it rains, hence the name Rain Tree. What is the main difference between a shrub and a tree?  Shrub The main difference between of the two is that a shrub has several main stems growing from ground level, rather than one trunk & shorter height  What is a shrub?  Shrub is a small, low growing woody plants with multiple stems and grow less than 5 meter.  Shrubs have a variety of uses depending on their sizes  Small shrubs are perfect to establish design lines in formal gardens and for edging walks and plant beds.  Shrub in medium size range are most useful for hedges, screening and background for large scale foundation plantings. Flowering shrub Crinum asiaticum (Spider lily) Ixora javanica (Jejarum / Siantan) Flowering shrub Lantana camara Canna indica (Bunga tahi ayam) (Canna) Flowering shrub Jasminum sambac (Melur) Portulaca grandiflora (Japanese rose / ten o’clock) Flowering shrub Cananga odorata Gardenia jasminoides (Kenanga/ Ylang-ylang) (Bunga Cina) Flowering shrub Bougainvillea spp (Pokok bunga kertas) Flowering shrub Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Pokok bunga raya) Non-Flowering Shrub (foliage) Cordyline terminallis (Jenjuang/Puding) Shrub (foliage) Furcraea gigantea ‘Striata’  Shrub (foliage) Tradescantia spathacea Calathea lutea (Rhoeo discolour/ (Cuban Cigar) Moses-in-the-cradle) Shrub (foliage) Alocasia microrrhiza (Keladi Gajah)  Climber Climbers are plants which climb up trees and other tall objects. Many of them are vines whose stems twine round trees and branches. Climber Climber plants have weak and soft stem They need support to stand and grow straight. Tendrils - Special twinning structures  Ipomoea mauritiana (Morning Glory, Railway Creeper, Keledek Hutan, Akar Kankong Laut)  Vallaris glabra (Kesidang/ Kerak nasi/ Tikar seladang) Mansoa hymenaea (Garlic vine) Thunbergia laurifolia (Blue trumpet vine) Bauhinia kockiana Quisqualis indica (Chinese honeysuckle) Hedera helix (English ivy)  Creeper Any plant that grows by creeping, typically along the ground or up a building, by slowly spreading out Arachis pintoi (Pintoi peanut) Wedelia trilobata (Creeping daisy) Ficus pumila (Creeping fig) Climbing dollar plant  Vernonia elliptica (Curtain creeper / Lee Kuan Yew creeper)  Lysimachia nummularia (Creeping jenny / moneywort) What Is The Difference Between A Climber And A Creeper? What Is The Difference Between A Climber And A Creeper? Creepers:  Spread horizontally along the soil at the nodal regions where leaves grow.  They produce fibre-like roots arising from the base of the stem, which get fixed and grow further. Climbers:  Take the support of an object for climbing. Groundcover  Plants that used for the purpose of growing over an area of ground to hide it or to protect from erosion or drought.  In an ecosystem, the groundcover is the layer of vegetation below the shrub layer.  The most widespread groundcover are grasses of various types.  Runner / stolon Axonopus compressus (Cow grass)  Zoysia japonica (Korean grass) Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. (Manila grass) Different texture and color of groundcovers  Palm Any plant of the family Arecaceae having an unbranched trunk crowned by large pinnate or palmate leaves What Makes a Palm Tree, a Palm Tree? Palm trees are angiosperms and monocots. This makes palms closely related to grasses and bamboos. Palm trees belong to the botanical family known as Arecaceae (previously known as Palmae).  Palms can grow very fast. One reason that palms grow fast is that they invest less energy in defending themselves against insect damage than deciduous trees. PALMS 1. There are over 2,500 species of palm trees. 2. Lots of staples come from palm trees.  Coconuts are an obvious product of palm trees, including dates, betel nuts and acai fruit as well as palm oil. 3. The tallest palm tree can grow up to 197 feet tall!  The Quindio wax palm Colombia's national tree, is the tallest-growing species of palm. The Ceroxylon quindiuense, or Quindio wax palm, towers over the Cocora Valley in Colombia.  The Dypsis minuta is probably the smallest palm species in the world and will probably not surpass 30 centimeters (12 inches) in height. This species is endemic to Madagascar. 4. Though many species of palms are sturdy and plentiful, as many as 100 species are endangered due to deforestation and unsustainable cultivation practices 5. The rarest palm tree is the Hyophorbe amaricaulis; the only one left currently lives at the Botanic Gardens of Curepipe in Mauritius (pictured right). Hyophorbe amaricaulis MORPHOLOGY OF PALM  Palm Tree Leaves Palmate leaves, like Pinnate leaves are like hands, grow in a bunch at the feathers, growing all along end of a stem. either side of a stem. Stems/Trunks  Palms grow like grasses, with sheathes that wrap around the stems or trunks then give rise to a leaf.  The successive leaf sheaths are very noticeable, as you can see in the picture.  When a leaf dies, it leaves a distinctive band (called an excision band) behind. Palm Flowers and Fruits Reproduction in palm trees is complicated. There are small male and female flowers, sometimes on the same individual (hermaphrodite) plant, more often on separate male and female plants. The flowers are often tiny but the structures (rachillae) that bear the flowers are usually big and obvious. Most palms are pollinated by insects. The majority of palm fruits are inedible Large yellow flowers, young green fruit and mature fruit on a female palm plant but some palms bear important food crops like dates and coconuts. Roystonea regia (Royal palm) Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (Bottle palm) Cyrtostachys renda Dypsis lutescens (Lipstick palm) (Butterfly palm) Bismarckia nobilis (Silver bismark palm)  Cactus Cactus, (family Cactaceae), is a kind of a plant that have succulent stems and branches with scales or spines instead of leaves, and are found especially in dry areas (such as deserts). Cactus (Family: Cactaceae)  Cactus exhibit strange shapes, spines, and showy flowers.  There are about 2,000 different species of cactuses.  Every cactus of a given species does not look exactly alike. For example, spines may vary in length and color. Characteristics: Most cactus are stem succulents. They have fleshy stems. Most have very little woody tissue. They never have leaves. Cactus spines probably evolved from leaves. Most cactus cannot remove water from cold soils, so they are dormant in winter and grow in summer. Size: Cactuses vary widely in size and shape. The giant saguaro looks like a bare tree with thick, upturned branches. They can grow as tall as 60 feet (18 meters). Other cactuses are less than 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) high. Carnegiea gigantea (Giant Saguaro) Where Do Cactus Grow?  Most cactus species grow in hot, dry regions.  They are common in Mexico and the Southwestern United States.  They can also be found on mountains, in rain forests, and the polar regions. Arizona Barrel Cactus Barrel Cactus Fruit California Barrel Cactus Types of Cactus Cactus vary in size, color, shape and growing habits. They may grow in upright columns, spreading clumps or spiny balls. They might even be found cascading over large rocks or in hanging baskets. Cactus are available in numerous varieties too, many of which produce stunning flowers. While many types of cactus are native to desert climates, most will tolerate a number of growing conditions. This versatility makes cactus landscaping possible nearly anywhere. Parts of a Cactus: The structure of cactuses help them to survive in hot, dry climates. Most have thick, fleshy stems with waxy skin. The stem stores water. The tough skin keeps the water from evaporating. Cactus spines keep the plant from being eaten by most animals.  Cactus spines can be short, long, soft or sharp.  Spines can be straight or hooked.  Spines grow on the stem in clusters called areoles (growth center).  The areoles sometimes form patterns along the cactus. Engelmann's Prickly Pear  All cactuses produce flowers. They can usually be seen on the areoles.  Flowers can be white or a bright color such as yellow, orange, red, or lavender.  For most cactuses, flowers only bloom for a few days. Some flowers open only at night. Claret Cup Hedgehog Roots Cactuses have extremely long roots to reach out through the sandy, rocky soil. These roots grow close to the surface collecting water. A large saguaro may have root systems that are 50 feet (15 meters) long. After a heavy rain, these roots soak up and move large amounts of water to the plant stem. Life Cycle: All cactuses reproduce. Their flowers have both male and female parts. A cactus plant may produce about million seeds. Only one or two seeds will live to become a new cactus. Organ Pipe  Some cactuses reproduce without seeds and flowers. Both prickly pear and cholla cactuses have stems with weak joints. When a stem breaks off, it sometimes grows in the soil and becomes a new plant. Cholla cactus Most cactuses grow very slowly. It could take a year to grow 1 inch (2.5 centimeters). Older plants may grow 3 or 4 inches (7.5 to 10 centimeters) each year. They can live 50 to 200 years. Prickly pear cactus Cactus Landscaping Cacti and succulents make outstanding landscaping plants. They require little maintenance, grow in a variety of climates, and are easy to care for and grow. Most will even tolerate neglect. These plants are also well adapted to potted environments, making them excellent candidates for growing indoors as well. Types of Cactus for the Garden 1. Prickly pear cactus Known for its broad, flat prickly stems, of which the tips turn coral colored in bright sun. The plant is comprised of wide, flat, thick pads that are covered in spines and segmented stems. 2. Barrel cactus Resembles spine-covered barrels. Barrel cactus plants are characterized by their ribbed, cylindrical shape. The cactus come in many sizes and may be low and squat or as tall as 10 feet in height. 3. Cholla cactus Has thin round stems and is quite attractive when used as a focal point within the landscape An interesting bit of Cholla cactus information is its diversity of shape. The plant may be a creeper, shrub or tree. Sizes vary from just a few feet tall to 15 feet in height. Flowers are green or orange, depending upon species, and bloom April through June. 4. Pincushion cactus Resembling a small pincushion with its tiny spines sticking out from its round ball-like shape, it makes an interesting addition to the garden. Pincushion cactus are small, squat plants that usually don’t grow more than 6 inches in height.  5. Totem pole cactus Characterized by their large height and spineless column shape. The folds and curves of the skin help the plant preserve moisture in its native region of Baja to Mexico. 6. Organ pipe cactus Grows in clusters that look similar to its name-organ pipes Organ pipe cactus grows well in well-drained, gritty soils. It lives a long time and doesn’t reach maturity until it is 150 years old.  Orchid A plant with complex flowers that are often showy or bizarrely shaped, having a large specialized lip (labellum) and frequently a spur. Size of Orchids  The size of orchids depends on the species.  Grammatophyllum are medium- sized to very large orchids, including the giant orchid (Grammatophyllum Grammatophyllum speciosum or Tiger Orchid speciosum), believed to be the largest orchid species in existence. Its pseudobulbs can grow to a length of 2.5 m.  Plztystele jungermannioides is believed to be the smallest Orchid Plztystele jungermannioides - believed in the world grows a measly 2mm. to be the world's smallest Orchid The size of orchids depends on the species  Orchids do not have usual roots. They have rhizome, tuber or aerial roots. Certain species of orchids are parasitic. They are not able to produce food (sugar) using the sunlight and carbon dioxide (like other plants). Instead, they obtain food from fungi that live inside their roots. Aerial root of orchid Tuber of orchid Orchids & Insects Bond between orchids and certain species of insects is tight and highly specialized. Petals have similar shape and color like female insects to attract males and ensure pollination. Ophrys apifera, better known as the Bee Orchid, lures male bees with its enticing smell and bee like appearance. When a male bee approaches the flower to mate, it becomes covered in pollen and is sent off to pollinate the next orchid it visits. The Bee Orchid  Due to high specialization of pollination, extinction of insect means extinction of orchid (there is NO one else who can pollinate it in the wild).  Orchids produce several millions of miniature seeds. Only few seeds will develop into mature plant. Substances from orchids are used in  Orchid seeds do not have an endosperm making perfumes, spices and in traditional Asian medicine which provides nutrients required for the germination. Due to this fact all orchids (including non-parasitic forms) live in symbiosis with fungi during germination.  People use orchids for numerous purposes. Substances isolated from orchids are used in industry of perfumes, spices and in traditional Asian medicine. Vanilla flavor is extracted from Vanilla planifolia, a species of orchid 'Naked Guy' orchid Monkey Orchid Owl orchid  Fern Vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. Ferns Never have flowers and fruits but instead reproduce by spores Ferns reproduce by means of spores, a dust-like substance produced in capsules called sori on the underside of the fern leaf, or frond. Ferns make good, low maintenance garden plants that have surprisingly few pests and diseases. Spores of ferns Size range and habitat Ferns range from minute filmy plants only 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 inch) tall to huge tree ferns 10 to 25 metres (30 to 80 feet) in height. Some are twining vines; others float on the surface of ponds. The majority of ferns inhabit warm, damp areas. Ferns decrease in number with increasingly higher latitudes and decreasing supplies of moisture. Only few are found in dry, cold places.  Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) Spreads quickly by its underground ropelike rhizome , rapidly invading abandoned fields and pastures in both temperate and tropical regions. Asplenium nidus (Bird's Nest Fern) Cyathea cooperi (Australian Tree fern) Platycerium ridleyi (Staghorn Fern) Nephrolepis biserrata (Giant Sword Fern) Aquatic plant Plants that grow in water; fresh water or saltwater  Aquatic plant Aquatic plants have four (4) common class types: 1. Algae 2. Floating Plants / Floaters 3. Submerged Plants 4. Emerged Plants They are grouped based on the positioning of their roots and leaves.  Classification of Aquatic Plants 1. Algae Found primarily in the ocean. No roots, stems or leaves. Algae are extremely small but they are the basis of the ocean food chain. Examples of algae include lyngbya and muskgrass. 2. Floating Plants / Floaters Floating plants are NOT attached to the water's bottom, but they have roots which absorb water. Can be found in fresh or salt water. The leaves are firm and remain flat in order to absorb more sunlight. Examples: Water lettuce, water hyacinth. 3. Submerged Plants Plants that are rooted to the water's floor and most of their vegetation is under water. The leaves of these plants are thin and narrow. Examples of submerged plants include hydrillas and bog moss. 4. Emerged Plants Emerged plants are rooted to the ground of the water but have most of their vegetation above water. These plants need constant exposure to sunlight. Lily pads are attached to the bottom and are considered emergent plants, not floating. Blue Iris Flowers  Nymphaea cultivars (Water lily) All water lily and lotus species are classified as emergent aquatic plants, rather than floating aquatic plants. True floating aquatic plants are completely free-floating, but the floating leaves of a water lily have stems attached centrally (petioles). The petioles connect to roots that are anchored to the pond bottom Water hyacinth and water lily are not the same. Water hyacinth is a free-floating plant, while water lily has roots strike in the mud. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) Eichhornia crasssipes (Water hyacinth) Victoria amazonica (Giant waterlily) Nymphoides indica (Water snowflakes) Pistia stratiotes (Kiambang/ Water lettuce) Typha latifolia (Cat tail)  Cycad Cycads are primitive palmlike plants that inhabit tropical and subtropical regions. They bear large male or female cones.  CYCAD Usually unbranched woody trunk with a green crown of pinnate, stiff leaves. Cycads are dioecious plants - there are separate male and female plants. Male cones produce pollen, which is carried by wind to female cones (borne on separate plants) where fertilization occurs. The popular sago palm (Cycas revoluta) is grown as a houseplant and outdoor ornamental. The leaves are widely used as ceremonial “palms” in floriculture. The pithy stems of this and other species are a source of sago, a food starch. Sago palm that is grown as houseplant.  What is so special about cycads? Cycads have very specialized pollinators, usually a specific species of beetle. Both male and female cycads bear cones (strobili), somewhat similar to conifer cones. Cycads have been reported to fix nitrogen in association with various cyanobacteria living in the roots (the "coralloid" roots). Most female cones are wider and rounder than their male counterpart which is narrower and more elongated.  Bamboo Bamboos are a group of woody perennial evergreen plants. There are 91 genera and about 1,000 species of bamboo. CHARACTERS OF BAMBOO Member of the grass family (Graminae). Woody with rhizomes. Culms (stems) are erect to sub erect, clambering to climbing. Flowers, similar in construction in grasses, monoecious.  GROWTH HABITS (Upright & erect & climbing)  RHIZOME SYSTEM Sympodial & Monopodial Sympodial Monopodial Running bamboo Clumping bamboo  Leaf Sheath a – Auricle (ear) b – Sheath Blade li – Ligule (tongue) s – Leaf stalk  Bamboos in Peninsular Malaysia Bambusa (9) Kinabaluchloa (1) Dendrocalamus (9) Maclurochloa (1) Dinochloa (3) Racemobambos (1) Gigantochloa (13) Schizostachyum (10) Holttumochloa (3) Soetjatmia (1) Branching Types A – Holttumochloa B – Schizostachyum C – Bambusa D – Phyllostachys E – Chimonobambusa Branching Types  BAMBUSA Rhizomes sympodial. Culms erect to suberect. Never clambering or climbing. Potential for food:  B. blumeana  B. vulgaris  B. vulgaris var striata  Bambusa bambos Bambu From the Malay name for bamboo Culms to 25m tall Diameter 5-12cm Exotic Thorny bamboo Slightly outarching Clump habit Culm shoot  Bambusa blumeana Buluh Duri, Buluh Sikai Commonly cultivated in villages, river banks and beside rice fields in Perlis, Kedah & Kelantan H:30m, I:13-35cm & D:6-10cm Thorny bamboo Culm shoot – edible Bambusa multiplex Multi – many, plexus - network Buluh Cina, Buluh Pagar H: 4-6m, I: 20-35cm & D: 0.5-1.5cm Native to China & Japan Commonly planted as hedges or individual clumps Bambusa laxa  Bambusa var. riviereorum A horticultural variant with tiny culms (not thicker than 3mm) and smaller leaves on short branches, 30cm high Chinese Goddess Bamboo (A dwarf form) Occasionally cultivated as a pot plant Bambusa tuldoides Oides - resembling Synonym : Bambusa ventricosa Buddha’s Belly Bamboo H: 4m (0.5-1.5m in pot grown specimens), I: 5-15cm (3-6cm in potted specimens) & D: 0.5-3.5cm (in potted specimens 0.5-2cm) Commonly planted as an ornamental plant  Bambusa vulgaris Vulgaris - common Buluh Aur, Minyak, Pau & Aur Beting H: 12-20m, I: 20-40cm & D: 4-10cm (Green culms) Broadly arched outwards (umbrella shape) Commonly found in villages, river banks, beside rice fields & in towns planted as ornamentals  CHIMONOBAMBUSA Cheimonos – winter; winter bambusa A Chinese genus of bamboos Erect habit Exotic Only one species has been recorded Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Quadri - four, angularis –angled Winter bamboo Well spaced, solitary culms arising from slender running rhizomes Culm sheaths pale green, quite glabrous H: 2-3m, D: 1-2cm & I: 10-15cm Native of south China, in P. Malaysia found in the Cameron Highlands around Tanah Rata, as a garden plant The 4-angled culms and thorny lower culm nodes are unusual  DENDROCALAMUS Dendro – tree, kalamos – reed Rhizomes sympodial Culms erect to suberect Never clambering or climbing Potential for food: D. asper D. pendulus  Dendrocalamus asper Asper – rough Buluh Beting, Betong Planted in all states of Peninsular Malaysia H: 20m, I: 40-50cm & D: 8-10cm Culms dark green, the lower ones thickly covered in brown velvety hairs  D. dumosus & D. elegans Dumosus – bushy Elegans - elegant Endemic to limestone in the Langkawi Islands, Baling & Gua Musang H: 6m, I: 15-30cm & D: 2-2.5cm Dendrocalamus giganteus Giganteus - gigantic Culm sheaths dark purplish green with dark brown hairs all over H: 30m, I: 40-50cm & D: 18-30cm Culms dark green, copiously white waxy Cultivated, because of its great size. Dendrocalamus giganteus  Dendrocalamus hirtellus Hirti – hairy Buluh Kapur H: 15m, I: 40-50cm & D: 6-8cm Known only in Peninsular Malaysia: Kedah, Kelantan, Perak, Pahang, N.Sembilan & Johore. Open places and forest fringes. End…