Chapter Fifteen- Psychological disorders- Semester 231.ppt

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders Overview  Introduction to Psychological Disorders...

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders Overview  Introduction to Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Schizophrenia  Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Introduction to Psychological Disorders  According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders  Are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior (APA, 2013)  Disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Rates of Psychological Disorders  Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey.  Poverty is a risk factor. Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders. But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Percentage of Americans Reporting Selected Psychological Disorders in the Past Year Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images What Increases Vulnerability To Mental Disorders? Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.  Generalized anxiety disorder  Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Terms to Learn: Anxiety Disorders  Panic disorder  Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike  Phobias  Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both  Occurs when obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors interfere with everyday life and cause distress  Is more common among teens and young adults than older people Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images COMMON OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)  Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Is disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience  Often involves battle-scarred veterans (7.6 percent of combatants; 1.4 of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (two-thirds of prostitutes)  Has higher risk for women Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Findings that any theory of depression must explain  Behaviors and thoughts change with depression.  Depression is widespread.  Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s.  Most major depressive episodes end on their own.  Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression.  With each new generation, depression is striking earlier in life and affecting more people. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  The depressed brain  Brain activity slows during depression  Left frontal lobe less active  Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Psychological and social influences: Social- cognitive perspective  Depressed people view self and world negatively  Learned helplessness may exist with self-defeating beliefs, self-focused rumination, and self-blaming and pessimistic explanatory style Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Social-cognitive perspective  Explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence their perceptions  Self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style contribute to cycle of depression  Views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Suicide and Self-Injury  Suicide  Involves 1 million people worldwide; higher risk with diagnosis of depression but may occur with rebound  Is more likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or burden to others  Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)  Includes cutting, burning, hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under nails or skin, self- administered tattooing Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Schizophrenia  Definition  Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression  Symptoms  Disturbed perceptions  Disorganized thinking and speech  Diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Schizophrenia: Onset and Development  Chronic schizophrenia (also called process schizophrenia)  Form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood  As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.  Acute schizophrenia (also called reactive schizophrenia)  Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Schizophrenia Prenatal environment and risk Low birth weight Lack of oxygen during delivery Maternal prenatal nutrition Midpregnancy viral infection (e.g., flu, dense population, season of birth) Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Personality Disorders  Personality disorder  Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three clusters, characterized by anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviors.  Antisocial personality disorder  Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; impulsive, fearless, irresponsible; some genetic tendencies, including low arousal  Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.