Relative Clauses & Adjective Phrases PDF

Relative clauses & Adjective phrases CHAPTER 6 This chapter will cover: 1. Form, meaning, and use 1: 2. Form, meaning, and use 2: 1.1 Relative clauses 2.1 Adjective phrases 1.2 Subject & Object relative Clauses 2.2 Adjective phrases from clauses with...

Relative clauses & Adjective phrases CHAPTER 6 This chapter will cover: 1. Form, meaning, and use 1: 2. Form, meaning, and use 2: 1.1 Relative clauses 2.1 Adjective phrases 1.2 Subject & Object relative Clauses 2.2 Adjective phrases from clauses with Be 1.3 Relative pronouns 2.3 Adjective phrases from clauses with 1.4 Omitting the relative pronouns other verbs 1.5 Restrictive Vs. Nonrestrictive relative clauses 1.6 Other relative pronouns 1. Form, meaning, and use 1: 1.1 Relative clauses 1. a. Point to the one which is on the list. b. Point to the one who is on the list. __ b__This sentence is about a person. __ a__This sentence is about a book. 2. a. These are the students you need to call. b. These are the students who need to call you. __ a__You have to make some calls. __ b__Some students have to make some calls. 1.2 Subject & Object relative Clauses Subject Relative Clauses J. K. Rowling is the author. She wrote the Harry Potter books. J. K. Rowling is the author who wrote the Harry Potter books. 1.2 Subject & Object relative Clauses Object Relative Clauses She is the author. I have interviewed her. She is the author that I have interviewed. 1.2 Subject & Object relative Clauses Object Relative Clauses with prepositions She is the author. The committee gave an award to her. She is the author that the committee gave an award to. She is the author to whom the committee gave an award. (more formal)  Relative clauses are also called adjective clauses. Like adjectives, relative clauses modify nouns. These clauses identify, define, or comment on the noun that they follow. Relative clauses are dependent clauses, they cannot stand alone as independent sentences. Relative clauses usually begin with a relative pronoun (e.g., who, that). The relative pronoun and the modified noun refer to the same thing (e.g., who, that = the author). Sentences with relative clauses can be thought of as a combination of two sentences, i.e., as a shorter way of saying the same thing  Subject relative clauses: The relative pronoun takes the place of the subject of the clause (e.g.. she).It is followed by a verb. The verb agrees with the noun that the clause modifies. Object relative clauses: The relative pronoun takes the place of the object of the clause (e.g., her). It is followed by a subject + a verb. The verb agrees with the subject. Object relative clauses with prepositions: The relative pronoun takes the place of the object of a preposition (e.g., her). It is followed by a subject + a verb. The verb agrees with the subject. The preposition usually appears at the end of the clause, but can also be put before the relative pronouns which or whom 1.3 Relative pronouns Subject The students who / that live next door make too much noise. There are numerous viruses that / which cause the common cold. 1.3 Relative pronouns Object Last year, someone that / who I know had a book published. The beach that / which we visited last week has been closed for the summer. 1.3 Relative pronouns Object with Preposition The man that / who I spoke to had a thick accent. This is a problem that / which we know nothing about.  The relative pronoun who can be used to refer to people and the relative pronoun which can be used to refer to things. That can refer to either people or things. In subject relative clauses, who is more commonly used to refer to people than that. In all other subject or object relative clauses, that is more common. Which and who usually sound more formal, but are often used in writing.  In object relative clauses, whom can be used instead of who to convey a more formal tone. Ex, Ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to introduce a woman whom I greatly admire. Object relative clauses with prepositions follow the same rules as object relative clauses. However, when the preposition is placed before the relative pronoun to create a more formal tone, whom or which must be used. Ex, The woman to whom the award was given is a great humanitarian. 1.4 Omitting the relative pronouns Object relative clauses These are the documents (that) you need to enter the country. You can ask anyone (that) I spoke to. Kate is the woman (who) I told you about that I met on vacation. (2 relative clauses)  In object relative clauses, the relative pronoun can be omitted with no change in meaning. This is also true in object relative clauses ending with prepositions. This is common in everyday speech. When there are two object relative clauses in a row, the first relative pronoun is usually omitted but the second one cannot be omitted. You cannot drop the relative pronoun in subject relative clauses. The lecture was given by a professor lived in Tibet (INCORRECT)  for 20 years.  1.5 Restrictive Vs. Nonrestrictive relative clauses Restrictive Relative Clauses Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses My sister who lives in New York My sister, who lives in New York, works for Donald Trump. works for Donald Trump. (Which sister? The one in New York.) (Implies that I have only one sister and she lives in New York) The car that I think changed the The Model T, which Ford world was the Model T. produced from 1908 to 1927, (Sentence is meaningless without was the first affordable car. relative clause) (Sentence is still meaningful even if clause is omitted)  The preceding charts have addressed the most common kind of relative clause, called a restrictive (or defining) relative clause. This kind of clause answers the question: Which one? It is used to identify one noun and distinguish it from other similar nouns. The information in the restrictive relative clause is necessary to make the meaning of the sentence clear.  There is another kind of relative clause called a nonrestrictive (or nondefining) relative clause. This kind of clause adds extra information to the noun you are talking about. The information in the clause is not necessary-it can be omitted and the meaning of the sentence is still understandable. These kinds of clauses are less frequently used and occur mainly in writing. Nonrestrictive relative clauses are used after proper nouns and other specific or unique nouns. E.x. My mother, who lives in Texas, … The Model T, which Ford produced from 1908 to 1927,… Nonrestrictive relative clauses are always offset by commas. They can only be used with the pronouns who, whom, or which. You cannot use that or omit the relative pronoun. My mother, that lives in Texas, sells real estate. (INCORRECT) The Model T, Ford produced from 1908 to 1927, was (INCORRECT) the first affordable car.   1.6 Other Relative Pronouns Restrictive Relative Clauses She is the author whose books have won many awards. It was a time when I didn't have any money. (= a time during which...) I often pass by the street where you used to (= a street on which...) live. I know the reason why the workers went on (= the reason that...) strike. 1.6 Other Relative Pronouns Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses J. K. Rowling, whose books are all bestsellers, donates a lot of money to charity. I can't pay rent until next week, when I get my paycheck in the mail. When I visit Taipei, where I used to live, I make sure to buy some of my favorite tea.  Some object relative clauses can begin with other relative pronouns, (e.g., whose, when, where, why). Restrictive relative clauses: Whose shows a possessive relationship between the nouns before and after it. When can be used as a relative pronoun when it follows words like time, month, or year. Where follows words like place, street, city, and situation. You can use why after the noun reason. Nonrestrictive relative clauses: Whose, when, and where can also be used in these clauses. Unlike their use in restrictive relative clauses, when and where can follow specific times (e.g., last summer) or place names (e.g., Taipei). Exercises Choose the correct word(s) to complete each sentence. 1. There are certain rules of conduct which (are / you are) expected to follow. 2. You have to take this money back to the person that (got / you got) it from. 3. I waste a lot of time doing tasks that (aren't / they aren't) important. 4. Have you read the article that (were / we were) talking about yet? 5. Most people prefer bosses who (are / they are) formal rather than friendly 6. Do you remember the strike that (happened / it happened) last year? 7. It was a show that (was /I am) not likely to forget. 1. Immigration is an issue _e__ a) I would like to have a (Immigration is an issue conversation with him. that b) I always get excited about I'm very concerned it. about.) c) I'm well suited for them. 2. Einstein is a famous person d) I would like to live in it from history._a___ someday. 3. Physics is an academic e) I'm very concerned about subject__ f__ it. 4. Rio de Janeiro is a city _ d___ f) I excel in it. 5. Acting and writing are two jobs _ c__ 6. My birthday is an event __ Read the sentences about inventors and their inventions. Can you omit the relative pronouns in any of the sentences? Cross out the relative pronouns where possible. 1. Television is an invention that we cannot credit to a single inventor. 2. The ideas that many inventors come up with can appear strange to people that aren't inventors. 3. The person who invented the ballpoint pen was a Hungarian journalist. 4. There's a new book about Thomas Edison which I've read that I highly recommend  Choose all the correct relative pronouns in each sentence. (More than one pronoun is often possible.) 1. The girl (that / who / which) I sat next to in math class always knew the answers. 2. I was surprised to see the log house (where / in which / Ø) my father grew up. 3. My grandmother, (who / which / whose) maiden name was Faust, grew up in Germany. 4. It's a situation (that / which / to which) I'd rather not think about. 5. I saw a former professor of mine (that / whose / whom) name I can never remember. 6. I was not expecting the present, (that / which / Ø) was much too expensive to accept. 2. Form, meaning, and use 2: 2.1 Adjective Phrase Read each sentence and the statements that follow it. Check (✔) the correct statement. 1. The guy talking to the receptionist was rude. _ ✓ _The guy was rude. ____ The receptionist was rude. 2. Go speak to Tom Gray, chairman of the committee. _ ✓ _You should speak to one person. ____ You should speak to two people. 3. I’m wearing a necklace made in Brazil. ___ I am from Brazil. _✓ _My necklace is from Brazil.  2.2 Adjective Phrases from clauses with Be Only people who are on the guest list will be prepositional allowed to enter. phrase The therapist treated my muscles, which were stiff adjective from lack of use. phrase This computer is perfect for someone that is working continuous verb at home. The thief used a credit card that was found on the passive verb street. Alan Tam, who is the CEO of Dynamix, is a (noun [phrase) billionaire. = appositive  Subject relative clauses with who, which, or that can sometimes be reduced to adjective phrases in order to make the language less wordy and more concise. You cannot reduce object relative clauses to adjective phrases That's the guy telling you about. (INCORRECT)  Adjective phrases are most commonly reduced from clauses with a form of the verb be + a prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, continuous verb, passive verb, or a noun (phrase). To reduce these clauses, omit the relative pronoun and be. You cannot reduce a clause with be followed by a single adjective: The therapist treated my muscles, (INCORRECT) stiff.  When be is followed by a noun phrase, it can only be reduced in nonrestrictive clauses. The reduced form is called an appositive. Nonrestricti John, a relative of a staff member, can ve: use the facilities for free. Restrictive: Anyone a relative of a staff member can (INCORRECT use the facilities for free. )  2.3 Adjective Phrases from clauses with other verbs Anyone who arrives arriving late will be denied entrance. There was a sign that warned warning us to leave the area. My grandparents, who knew knowing the Nazis would soon find them, fled to America. A meteor that weighs weighing over 440 tons could hit the Earth in 2120.  Some relative clauses not containing forms of be can be reduced to adjective phrases. To reduce these clauses, omit the relative pronoun and change the verb to the present participle: verb + -ing.  You cannot reduce a relative clause if it would change the meaning of the sentence. This often happens when the meaning of the adjective phrase is different from the meaning of the relative clause in the original sentence. The man who jogs by your house is (habitual activity) my uncle. The man jogging by your house is (happening now - different my uncle. meaning) Exercises  Add an appositive phrase from the box to modify each underlined noun or NP. a machine for transmitting written information by wire - the naturalist who proposed the theory of natural selection - an international organization founded in 1945 - an event featuring action sports - the period from the mid- 1300s to about 1600 - the scientific study of human language 1. The Renaissance followed the Middle Ages. The Renaissance, the period from the mid-1300s to about 1600, followed the Middle Ages. 2. The telegraph sends messages using a coded series of dots and dashes. The telegraph, a machine for transmitting written information by wire, sends information using a coded series of dots and dashes. 3. One of the foundations of modern biology is the work of Charles Darwin. One of the foundations of modern biology is the work of Charles Darwin, the naturalist who proposed the theory of natural selection.  Add an appositive phrase from the box to modify each underlined noun or NP. a machine for transmitting written information by wire - the naturalist who proposed the theory of natural selection - an international organization founded in 1945 - an event featuring action sports - the period from the mid- 1300s to about 1600 - the scientific study of human language 2. Linguistics was first recognized as an academic discipline in the early 1800s. Linguistics, the scientific study of human language, was first recognized as an academic discipline in the early 1800s. 3. Unlike the Olympics, the X Games are held every year. Unlike the Olympics, the X Games, an event featuring action sports, are held every year. 4. The United Nations aims to facilitate cooperation between countries. The United Nations, an international organization founded in 1945, aims to facilitate cooperation between countries. Choose the best sentence to explain the meaning 1. My brother who lives in Philadelphia is an attorney. a. I have one brother. b. I have more than one brother. 2. Stan is the kind of guy people like to have at a party. a. People like to invite Stan to their parties. b. Stan likes to invite a lot of people to his parties. Choose the best sentence to explain the meaning 3. Last week I finally met my friend's mother, whose book has won an award for literature. a. My friend is an author. b. My friend's mother is an author. 4. The man my friend Ted works with is from Boston. a. The man is from Boston. b. Ted is from Boston Choose the best sentence to explain the meaning 5. The woman near the door talking to the tall man teaches in the chemistry department. a. The man teaches in the chemistry department. b. The woman teaches in the chemistry department. 6. I didn't receive a call from my sister, which was very upsetting. a. I feel upset. b. My sister feels upset.