Chapter 4: The Global North & South & Asian Regionalism PDF

# Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South ## Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Define the term "global south" from the Third World. - Analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America. - Analyze...

# Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South ## Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Define the term "global south" from the Third World. - Analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America. - Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization. ## Latin America This refers to countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the American continent. ## West and East in 1494 This is when the newly discovered lands outside Europe were divided into two - the West belonging to the Crown of Castile (now part of Spain) and the east belonging to the Portuguese Empire. ### Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 (The World splited between Spain and Portugal) ## Cold War An image of a globe with a caricature of Uncle Sam and a bear representing the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. respectively. ## World Division during the Cold War The Cold War between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. created the division between the Capitalist/Democratic states and the Communist states. ## First World and Second World The capitalist economists were considered First World and communist economists were referred to as Second World. ## Global North & Global South The First World encompassed all industrialized, democratic countries, which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its struggle against the Soviet Union. Finland and Switzerland maintained strict neutrality. The Second World was anchored on the industrialized, communist realm of the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located elsewhere. ## Third World This refers to countries that did not belong to either types of formal economies. ## North and South Divide An image of a globe with a line separating the "Rich North" and "Poor South". ## Global North & Global South ### The Global North Refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which are characterized by established wealth, technological advancement, political stability, zero population growth and dominance of world trade and politics. ### The Global South Refers to the developing countries which represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, Latin America and others that are not as economically sound and politically stable. Tend to be characterized by war, conflict, poverty and tyranny. ## Global North vs. Global South Global North are considered as the high-income countries such as Norway, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, U.S., Belgium, Iceland, Japan, Sweden, Netherlands and most of Western Europe. Global South are countries that are less developed and characterized by low level of economic development, large inequalities in living standards and low life expectancy such as Africa, Latin America and developing Asia including the Middle East. ## Global North vs. Global South Differences ### Global North - Low Poverty - Low Child Mortality - High Economic and Educational Development - Advance Technological Advancement - Stable Governments - Low Fertility Rates - Low Gender Related Illiteracy ### Global South - High Poverty - High Child Mortality - Low Economic and Educational Development - Low self-consumption of natural resources - Vulnerable to exploitation by large corporations and industrial nations - Less technological advancement - Economy are dependant on developed countries - Unstable Governments - High Fertility Rates - High Gender Related Illiteracy ## Asian Regionalism ## What is Regionalism? - A political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area. - It usually results due to political separations, religion, geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic regions and managerial divisions. ## Regionalization vs. Globalization ### Regionalization - A process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. ### Globalization - A process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. ## Regionalism vs. Regionalization ### Regionalism - The theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration of economic, cultural or political affiliation. ### Regionalization - The division of a nation into states or provinces. ## Why Countries Form Regional Organization? - They form regional organization as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. ## Asian Regionalism - A product of economic interaction between Asian countries. - Asian economies have grown not only richer, but also closer together. - New technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of the China and India and the region's growing weight in the global economy. - The 1997/1998 financial crisis dealt a severe setback too much of the region, highlighting Asia's shared interests and common vulnerabilities and providing an impetus for regional cooperation. - In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly. East Asian economies focused on exporting to developed country markets. - The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of development to flying geese. In this model, economies moved in formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but because they followed similar paths. - Now, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. - Interdependence is deepening because Asia's economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become important to each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide-ranging exchanges of parts and components among them. ## Regionalization vs. Globalization ### Regionalization - As to nature, globalization promotes the integration of economics across state borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments. ### Globalization - As to market, globalization allows many companies to trade on international level so it allows free market but in regionalized system, monopolies are likely to develop. - As to cultural and societal relations, globalization accelerates multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but, regionalization does not support this. - As to aid, globalized international community is also more willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but, a regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other areas. - As to technological advances, globalization has driven great advances in technology but advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region. ## Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions - Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. - The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative. - Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both. - Regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration. - Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone. - In recent years, countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity.