Chapter 2 - slides.pptx

Development al Psychopathol ogy Learning Outcomes Explain what developmental psychopathology is Distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive behaviour Discuss factors that affect developmental pathways What is Developmental Psychopathology? Developmental Psychopathology: Multidiscipl...

Development al Psychopathol ogy Learning Outcomes Explain what developmental psychopathology is Distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive behaviour Discuss factors that affect developmental pathways What is Developmental Psychopathology? Developmental Psychopathology: Multidisciplinary approach to understand child development. Three levels or domains of analysis: biological, psychological, and social-cultural Probabilistic epigenesis – factors at each level – impact development Bidirectional process Difficulty in understanding and predicting child development. What is Developmental Psychopathology? Adaptive vs. Maladaptive Behavior Adaptive behavior: develop social, emotional and behavioral competence. Maladaptive behavior: interference to adaptive behavior. Developmental and environmental context. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC- What Affects the Course of Development? Developmental Pathways Course or trajectory of development Developmental tasks Mastery of developmental tasks What Affects the Course of Development? Continuity vs. change Homotypic continuity – stable symptoms Heterotypic continuity – developmental change in symptoms Developmental pathways Short and long-term implications Equilfinality and Multifinality Equifinality: Diverse beginnings  similar outcomes Multifinality: similar beginnings  diverse outcomes What are some examples of multifinality and equifinality that you have observed in your life?  Multifinali ty Equifinali ty What Affects the Course of Development? Risk factors Risk: increased vulnerability 3 categories of risk factors: biological, psychological, social-cultural Risk factors - developing a disorder Protective factors Biological, psychological, social-cultural Resilience Examples of Protective Factors Within the Child Within Other Relationships Strong cognitive abilities Close relationships with Easy temperament in infancy competent and supportive adults Good self-regulation Connections to prosocial and rule-abiding peers Within the Family Close relationships with Within the Community caregiving adults Effective schools Authoritative parenting (high on warmth, Ties to prosocial structure/monitoring, organizations (e.g., schools, expectations) clubs) Positive family climate with Neighborhoods with high low discord between parents “collective efficacy” Summary Development is shaped by biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors Developmental psychopathologists understand behaviour as being as adaptive or maladaptive within developmental and environmental context Developmental pathways are determined by the child’s ability to address developmental tasks and achieve competence Developmental pathways may reflect homotypic or heterotypic continuity, and equifinality or multifinality Risk factors, protective factors, and resilience impact development Multifinality, Equifinality, and Hockey Fighting Watch video on EdPuzzle to help you distinguish between mulitfinality and equifinality. Resilience Watch the 3 videos on resilience Ann Masten: Inside resilient children The science of resilience Resilience What did you learn about resilience? What are the key take- away points? How can we help children to become resilient? Developme ntal Psychopath ology Biological Influences on Development Learning Outcomes Explain how genes impact development Discuss how genes and environment interact Demonstrate understanding of how the brain changes across development Biological Influences on Development Genes and Chromosomes Genes: organized segments of DNA. Histones: switch for genes. Chromosomes: strands of genes. Process of mitosis. Process of meiosis. Alleles: variation in genes. Influence of genes on behavior. Biological Influences on Development Behavioral Genetics Relationship between genes and behavior. Three approaches to identify genetic and environmental influences. 1. Family studies 2. Adoption studies 3. Twin studies Behavioral concordance. Shared environmental factors. Nonshared environmental factors. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND How are you different from your siblings? What shared and nonshared environmental factors explain these differences? Biological Influences on Development Molecular Genetics Linking of alleles with attributes and behaviors. Characteristics of linkage study. Association study as an alternative. Developme ntal Psychopath ology Biological Influences on Development Biological Influences on Development How Do Genetic and Environmental Factors Interact? The Diathesis-Stress model. Epigenetics Gene-Environment correlation model Passive, evocative, active. Principles of Brain Development 1. The brain consists of 100 billion neurons. 2. Neurons communicate using chemical messengers called neurotransmitters Principles of Brain Developmen t 3. The brain is organized from the bottom up. Brain stem Cerebellum Basal ganglia Limbic system Principles of Brain Developmen t 4. Higher-order regions may not mature until adulthood. Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Principles of Brain Developmen t 5. Experience can affect the brain Gene driven Experience expectant Experience dependent Neural plasticity Synaptogenesis Principles of Brain Developmen t 5. Experience can affect the brain Gene driven Experience expectant Experience dependent Neural plasticity Synaptogenesis Summary Alleles (gene variations) that we inherit from our parents influence our physical attributes and our risk for disorders Behavioral geneticists use family, twin, and adoption studies to determine heritability of disorders Molecular geneticists use linkage and association studies to determine which genes are implicated in disorders Summary The diathesis-stress model proposes that children must have a genetic risk and environmental stressor to develop a disorder The gene-environment correlation model assumes that genes and environment are related Epigenetic structures that turn genes on or off are altered by experience Neurons communicate between each other using neurotransmitters Braid development includes rapid grown followed by periods of neuronal pruning. The brain develops from the bottom up Development can be gene driven, experience expectant, or experience dependent Before Next Class Wedne sda y’s C la ss: Before 1.Revisit chapter 2 Developme ntal Psychopath ology Psychological Influences on Development Learning Outcomes Distinguish between components of Leaning Theories Explain how learning theories account for the development of psychological disorders Explain how psychological factors contribute to the development of disorders Psychological Influences on Development Learning Theories Learning theory: explains and predicts children’s overt actions. Classical conditioning Components: Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Exposure therapy Flooding Psychological Influences on Development Learning Theories Operant Conditioning Action  consequences Reinforcement – increase behaviour Positive – presentation of stimulus Negative – withdrawal of a stimulus Punishment – decrease behaviour Positive – presentation of stimulus Negative – removal of a stimulus Social learning This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Psychological Influences on Development Cognitive Development Changes in a child’s capacity. Four stages of development progress. Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operations, Formal operations Social Cognition Capacity to think about social situations. Schemas: central to social cognition. Underlying social disorders.  Psychological Influences on Development Emotional Development Refinement of child’s experience. Emotional expression in infancy. Emotion Regulation Expression of feelings through action. Effortful processes. Reactive processes. Causes of internalizing and externalizing disorders. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Summary Classical conditioning involves an association of two stimulit together Operant conditioning involves an association between behaviour and consequences Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development describe a child’s increased capacity for thinking, problem-solving, and language Some childhood disorders are associated with deficits in a child’s ability to think about social information and resolve social conflict (social cognition) Early emotional development involve development of emotional expression and understanding of emotion. Later emotional development involves recognizing, labelling, and controlling emotional displays Developme ntal Psychopath ology Social-Cultural Influences on Development Learning Outcomes Describe social-cultural influences on development. Explain how parenting and temperament contribute to development of psychological disorders Discuss the role of attachment for development Demonstrate understanding of peer influences on the development of psychological disorders Distinguish between proximal and distal risk Social-Cultural Influences on Development Parental Influences: Temperament and Goodness-of-Fit Temperament: actions and emotions in response to environment stimuli. Three temperament clusters. Goodness-of-fit: relation between temperament and demands. Association of temperament with personality.  Social-Cultural Influences on Development Parental Influences: Attachment Emotional bond between caregiver and child. Functions of parent–child attachment. Internal working models Patterns of attachment Secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure- ambivalent, disorganized/disoriented. Effects on social-emotional competence. Altering the patterns of attachment. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Social-Cultural Influences on Development Peer Influences: Interpersonal Theory Importance of friendship to social-emotional development. Stages of interpersonal development. Peer Acceptance and Rejection Dependence on cognitive development. Interpretation of emotions. Regulation of behavior. Social skills to form intimate relationships. Social-Cultural Influences on Development Other Social –Cultural Factors Proximal and Distal Risk Proximal risk factors. Distal risk factors and its influence. Summary Difficulties with emotional expression and regulation are associated with some disorders, like autism, conduct problems and mood and anxiety disorders Goodness of fit between temperament and caregiving environment, attachment and parenting styles are all important for development Behavioural, cognitive, and social-emotional competence are crucial for peer acceptance. Proximal and distal factors impact child development