Chapter 2: Early Peoples and Civilizations PDF

Chapter 2 EARLY PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS Presented by: Balestramon Callanga Gonao Nuñal Roa Sayson  INTRODUCTION The first people lived more than two million years ago, in prehisto...

Chapter 2 EARLY PEOPLES AND CIVILIZATIONS Presented by: Balestramon Callanga Gonao Nuñal Roa Sayson  INTRODUCTION The first people lived more than two million years ago, in prehistoric times. Prehistory is the time before people invented writing. The earliest people were nomadic hunters and gatherers. most other civilization reached the end of When they learned how to grow food, they prehistory during the iron age. Bronze age, and settled in villages. These changes led to the iron age remains in use for much of Eurasia and growth of civilization. north Africa, but is not generally used in those part of the world where the working of hard Early civilizations grew up in river valleys. metals arrived abruptly with Eurasian cultures. Civilizations developed governments, economic systems, and social structures. Early civilizations Pre Columbian civilizations in the Americans , also had complex systems of belief and made did not develop complex writing systems advances in technology, architecture, and legal before the arrival of Eurasians, and their system. prehistory reaches into relatively periods. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Learn about Human Prehistory Discuss about the Early peoples and River Civilizationselation  HUMAN PREHISTORY Human prehistory is between fist stone tools or 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing system. Earliest writing system appeared 5,300 years ago, but it took thousand years to be adopt and use by some human culture during 19th century until presents. Historians rely on documents, or written records to create their picture at the past. However, there is no prehistory of human kind existing. Pre-history means time before writing was develop. Prehistoric human depends on archeological and biological evidence Archeologist and Anthropologist use information to create theories about early past.  Archaeology and Anthropology Archaeology- a Artifacts- tools, Culture- it includes Fossils- rocklike study of past weapon, arts and what people wear, remains of societies through even buildings how they biological analysis of what made by early organized the organism- a leaf people left behind human. society, what they imprint or skeleton. value. Archaeologist- the Anthropologist- Skeleton- the body one who dig up Anthropology- study of human life they used part that forms the and examine artifacts, human supporting artifacts- objects and culture. fossils to create structure of an made by human. pictures of peoples organism everyday lives  What is Archaeology? Archaeology is the discipline of excavating old artifacts and building to learn more about human history. A type of science, though it based more on interpretation and cross- comparison than hypothesis –making and experimentation. Modern human been around for at least 200,000 years but archaeology has unearthed fact even on our older ancestors; the members of the species Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus. These species colonized at the Eurasia over two million years ago leaving behind simple stone age. Modern archaeology dates only to the 19th century. Some of the most interesting archaeological finds a discovery of Ancient Egyptian , Mayan, and Chinese Royal Tombs, complete tons of artifacts, means to company kings into the afterlife. Anthropology- is the scientific study and analysis of human beings and humanity. It also emerged as a distinct academic discipline in England and America in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Anthropology grew primarily out of history initially and has since come to depend upon archeology, paleontology, biology. psychology, the humanities, social sciences, and other areas. Since WWIl, anthropology has increasingly modeled itself after the natural sciences, relying more on empirical evidence and less on subjective analysis. Anthropologists -seek to understand all the world's cultures, customs, artifacts, knowledge. habits, and history, etc. 2.1.2 Three Age-System of classification for Human Prehistory The three-age system of classification for human prehistory is primarily used by archaeologist and paleontologist. It gives a way of classifying human prehistory all the way from the creation of the first stone tools to the beginning of reliable written records and the emergence of modern civilization on Europe with the Roman Empire, around 500 BC. Three famous Ages 1. Stone Age (from 2.6 million BC to roughly 3500 BC) 2. Bronze Age (from 3500 BC to 1200 BC or so) 3. Iron Age (from 1200 BC to 500 BC – 500 AD, depending on area). In each respective age, its namesake was the primary material used for human industry and tool making. In fertile valley of East Africa humanity originated and the evidence of human tools found and this was when the first part of three-stone age started. In the late Stone Age, an explosion of culture and organization occurred among humanity. Agriculture was invented, hunter gathering progressively abandoned, culture in Europe and Asia flourished. About 100,000 years onward, mankind spread across globe, colonizing all major continent. Stone Age was a period human prehistory from the first tool making through the development of metallurgy. Bronze Age, part two began when people in modern-day Turkey figure out how to smelt cooper and tin, alloying them into bronze. Bronze is more durable and resistant to chemical breakdown than cooper or tin alone. Feedback cycle between tool creation and its economic and social consequences drove human progress forward at an unprecedented rate. Human culture and civilization stayed practically the same for upwards of million years. It begin to change in noticeable was on the timescale of centuries for the first time.  Dating Artifacts and Fossils Dating human fossils and artifacts helps scientists understand when and where the first humans lived. One method is radiocarbon dating, which measures the amount of radioactive carbon left in living things after they die. Another measures the light given off by electrons trapped in soil surrounding fossils and artifacts. Microscopic and Biological Anaylsis DNA is providing new information on human evolution. Analysis of plant remains on stone tools yields evidence on the history of farming. Microscopic and biological analyses of organic remains such as blood, hairs and plant tissues left on tools and weapons - give us more information about early peoples.  EARLY DEVELOPMENT In recent decades, modern science has produced a clearer picture of how early humans developed. Pieces of the puzzle are still missing, however. When a new skull or skeleton is unearthed, scientists may find that they have to revise their ideas about prehistoric human life. HOMINIDS TO HOMO SAPIENS A hominid was a humanlike creature that walked upright. The earliest hominids lived in Africa four million years ago. They existed for millions of years, slowly changing over time For decades, scientists assumed these earliest of upright creatures must also have used tools. In 1974, Donald Johanson challenged this theory when his team found a new skeleton in Ethiopia. Johanson nicknamed the female skeleton "Lucy" and suggested that she was the common ancestor for several types of early human life. Scientists called this type of hominid Australopithecus, or "southern ape." It flourished in eastern and southern Africa. In a 1991 interview, Johanson explained why "Lucy" changed the ideas of many scientists about hominids that walked upright. From 2.5 to 1.6 million years ago, a more advanced hominid developed with a somewhat larger brain. This hominid named Homo habilis, meaning "handy human". The earliest remains of this hominid were discovered near Olduvai Gorge. Another hominid, Homo Erectus, "upright human," existed from 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago. Although other hominids walked on two legs, Homo Erectus had arms and legs in modern human proportion Remains in Asia show that Homo erectus was probably the first hominid to leave Africa. Around 200,000 years ago, Homo sapiens emerged. Homo sapiens, "wise human," showed rapid brain growth and mastered fire. Two kinds of early humans descended from Homo sapiens: Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens. In the Neanderthal, a valley in Germany, the earliest remains of Neanderthals, or Neandertals, were found. They probably lived between 100,000 B.C. and 30,000 B.C. Other Neanderthal remains have been found in Europe and Turkey. Besides using many kinds of stone tools, European Neanderthals made their clothes from animal skins. Neanderthals seem to be the first early people to bury their dead. According to some scholars burying the dead indicates a belief in an afterlife  Over many thousands of years, they spread over the globe as they searched for food and new hunting grounds. Today, all humans belong to the same subgroup of human beings - Homo sapien sapiens - which includes Europeans, Aborigines and Africans. THE PALEOLITHIC AGE HUNTING AND GATHERING The term Paleolithic Age is used to Paleolithic peoples hunted and ate designate the early period of human various animals, including buffalo, history (approximately 2,500,000 to horses, bison, and reindeer. They 10,000 b.c.) in which humans used simple gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild stone tools. The term Paleolithic is Greek grains, and green plants. In coastal for "old stone," and the Paleolithic Age is areas, fish and shellfish provided a rich sometimes called the Old Stone Age. source of food.  THE PALEOLITHIC WAY OF THE ROLES OF MEN AND LIFE WOMEN Paleolithic parents passed on their practices, skills, and tools to their children to ensure the Early humans were able to sustain themselves survival of later generations. Both men and through the use of stone tools. They used one women were responsible for finding the food stone to chip away parts of another, creating needed for survival. Men had to travel far an edge. Hand axes were the most common. from camp to hunt herds of large animals By attaching wooden poles to spear points while women caught and gathered what they and hardening the tips in fire, humans created needed to sustain life. spears. Men and women were responsible for many aspects of life, including hunting and gathering food.  ADAPTING TO SURVIVE USE OF FIRE Archaeologists have discovered evidence that early humans used fire to keep warm and to cook food. Early hominids moved from the tropics to Groups of Paleolithic people, especially those colder regions, so they needed to adapt to a new groups who lived in cold climates, found shelter climate. Archaeologists believe that the discovery in natural caves. Over a period of time, people of a means for starting fires occurred created new types of shelter as well. independently throughout the world. Perhaps most common was a simple structure made of wood poles or sticks covered with Eventually, some Paleolithic peoples developed animal hides. sturdy, drill-like wooden devices to start fires. Other early humans discovered that a certain stone, iron pyrites, gave off a spark when struck against a rock and that spark could ignite dry grass or leaves. THE ICE AGES The Ice Age began about 100,000 B.C and ended about 800 BC. During this time, sheets of thick ice covered large parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. As sea levels went down, people migrated across land bridges that had not existed before. Ice Age conditions posed a serious threat to human life, and the ability to adapt a crucial to human survival. The use of fire, for example, reminds us that early human sometimes adapted not by Changing themselves to better fit their environment but by, changing the environment  CREATING ART Many of these paintings had deteriorated, but scientists used special tools to determine what is being depicted. Art existed even in prehistory among the hunters and gatherers of the Paleolithic Age. In 1994, Jean-Marie Chauvet and his friends discovered ancient cave paintings in southern France. Carbon dating showed works at Chauvet Cave were nearly twice as old as those at Lascaux and Altamira. The cave shows evidence that the earliest art may have been created over a span of time, not all at once. The caves were lit by lamps filled with animal fat and mineral ores mixed with animal fur for red, yellow, and black paint.  EARLY PEOPLES AND RIVER CIVILIZATIONS First humans were nomadic hunters and gatherers, making simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, and wood. With the development of farming, ancient peoples gave up their nomadic lifestyles and established permanent settlements. Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas move from one culture to another.  EARLY PEOPLE A couple of millions of years ago, primitive humans were nothing like the modern humans of today. They were simplistic creatures that shared characteristics with both humans and apes. For such of this time, the earth was extremely cold. It endured a very long ice age. During the ice age, much of the earths surface was covered by huge sheets if ice called glaciers. Archaeologist have created a three-age system to describe prehistoric cultures. They are the stone age, the bronze age and the iron age. The stone age is often divided into old stone age and the new age. The old stone age was the first part of the stone age and began around 2,000,000 B.C. The new stone age was last part of the Stone age and began around 10,000 B.C. Hunters and Gathers The earliest people lived during the old stone age called the paleolithic age which began more than two million years ago. Paleolithic people were nomads, or people which move form place to place, hunting and gathering their food. Adapting to their Environment Stone age people adapted to their environment. They made simple tools and weapons such as digging sticks and spears, from stone or wood. Spiritual Belief The end of the old stone age, people began burying their dead with care, a practice suggesting that they believed in an afterlife. They buried tools and weapons with their dead. Migration During the old stone age, people migrated north and east into Europe and Asia. After many years, some migrated over a land bridge into north America. Others migrated by boat to island in the pacific. Migration led to cultural diffusion or exchange of ideas, customs, and goods among cultures. The Neolithic Revolution The Neolithic Revolution was the critical transition that resulted in the birth of agriculture, taking Homo sapiens from scattered groups of hunter-gatherers to farming villages and from there to technologically sophisticated societies with great temples and towers and kings and priests who directed the labor of their subjects and recorded their feats in written form. The Growing of Crops Between 800 and 500 BC systematic agriculture developed in various parts of the world. In southwest Asia, people began growing wheat and barley and domesticating pigs, cows, goats, and sheep by 8000 BC. From there, farming spread inti southwestern Europe. By 400 BC, farming was well established in central Europe and the coastal of the Mediterranean Sea. Neolithic Farming Villages The growing of crops on a regular basis gave rise to more permanent settlements. Historians refer to these settlements as Neolithic farming villages. Neolithic villages appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. Neolithic villages appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. The oldest and biggest ones were located in Southwest Asia. The roots of farming began in the areas of present-day Turkey and the Middle East about 10,000 years ago. Two of the earliest settlements are known as Çatal Hüyük and Jericho. Neolithic Revolution Effects Once people began settling in villages or towns, they saw the need to build walls for protection and storehouse for goods. The change to systematic agriculture also had consequence for how men and women related to one another. Men became more active in farming and herding animals, jobs that took them away from settlement. Women cared for children, wove cloth for clothes, and did another task that kept them in on place. As men took on more and more responsibility for obtaining food and protecting the settlement, women began to play a more dominant role in society. The End of the Neolithic Age The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts of the world. This "Neolithic package" included the introduction of farming, domestication of animals, and change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of settlement. The impact of Agriculture Environmental changes bought new climates patterns that contributed to the end of the old stone age. Warmer weather allowed plants to grow where, previously, sheets of ice had dominated landscape. After the Neolithic Revolution, more abundant food helped the population increase. Humans lives in many ways. Permanent Settlement- people settle together villages. New social classes- when sources were scare, groups went to war. Chief or headmen emerge. New technology- people began to develop technology, or tools and skills they could use to meet their basics needs, such as calendars and plows. The rise of civilization The rich, fertile farmlands of river valleys helped this civilization to thrive. Most early civilization were characterized by several basic features: Cities and Central Governments Cities emerge as farmers cultivated land along river valleys and produce surplus food. Government developed to make sure that enough food was produced and that the city was protected. Traditional Economy Traditional economies, based primarily on farming, grew up in early civilization skilled craft workers made pottery, cloth, and other goods. Organized religion Ancient people were polytheistic, believing in many gods. Priests and worshipers tried to gain the favor of these gods thoughts, complex rituals, they hoped that the gods would ensure plentiful crops and protect their cities. Job specification and social classes People began to specialize in certain job because no one person could muster all the necessary skills to provide for himself or herself. Art and architecture Much early art and architecture consisted of temples and places, symbols of power of rulers. System of writing Writing may have first developed in temples, where many types of records were kept. Early writing was picture writing, consisting of simple drawings. Over time the writing become more symbolic.  Egypt One of the earliest civilizations arose in Egypt about 5,000 years ago. Geographic Setting Since most of Egypt is a desert, people settled along the Nile River. The Nile provided water for drinking and for the irrigation of crops. Religion Egyptians were polytheistic. The sun god Amon- re was the chief God. Osiris was the god of Nile, Osiris controlled the annual flood that made the land fertile. - Egyptians also believed that there is life after death. Egyptians prepared their dead for the afterlife through a preservation process called mummification.  Government – The Egyptian ruler was called Pharaod. They believed pharao was both a god and a king Social Structure Egyptian society was divided into classes. The pharaoh held the highest position in society. Next were the priests, who serve the god and goddesses. Third were the nobles, who fought the pharaoh’s wars, followed by the craftspeople and merchants. Women had a higher status in Egyptian society than in any other ancient civilization. A woman could own property, enter business deals, and obtain a divorce. Contributions -The Egyptians made many advances in science and art. The process of mummification helped them learn much about the human body, allowing them to diagnose many illnesses and perform surgery. -They also developed calendar similar to the one we use today -Created system of picture writing called hieroglyphics What Is Mesopotamia? Mesopotamia was an ancient region that existed primarily in what is now Iraq, and it is recognized for its role in the development of the first literate societies. Though its borders were loosely defined, its central area lay between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, with outward borders extending into regions now known as Syria and Turkey. This region thrived from the late 4th millennium B.C. to 323 B.C., when Alexander the Great conquered the region for the Greeks. During Mesopotamia’s long existence, it bore witness too many changes in civilization and gave birth to great cities such as Ur and Babylon. Ancient peoples of the region included the Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Armenians. It is little wonder that the geography of this area also known as The Cradle of Civilization. Mesopotamians believed in a pantheon of gods and constructed large pyramid, like structures called ziggurats as worship sites. They enjoyed music and dancing and are often depicted playing a stringed wooden instrument called an Oud. Wrestling and boxing were popular sports among the ancients, commonly depicted in their art. The first evidence of writing comes from Mesopotamia, where stylus-inscribed clay tablets were used to record cruciform pictographs. Clay tablets from the region shed extraordinary light on every-day events, philosophies, and religious inclinations of these complex societies. They reveal debts, land agreements, marriages, poetry and epics, such as the oldest known work of literature, the epic of Gilgamesh. May themes present in the epic of Gilgamesh, including the story of the Great Flood strike a familiar chord from various holy books written in the wake of these ancient civilizations Fortunately for modern scientists, a man named Ashurbanipal, who ruled Assyria in 6th century B.C. decided to build a library of cuneiform tablets, housing them in the city of Nineveh. At that time, libraries were located in temples, so Ashurbanipal sent scribes to the Babylonian temples to collect the tablets, instructing them to copy these they could not procure. Though much of the library was lost, many remnants survive. Geographic Setting To the north and east of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, a crescent shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, stretches from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. The lack of natural barriers in the Fertile Crescent allowed frequent migrations and invasions, while the diversity of the people made it difficult to unite them into a single nation. In this area great civilizations arose, giving the Fertile Crescent the name "the cradle of civilization." In the eastern end of the Fertile Crescent lies Mesopotamia. There early civilizations developed, along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. This river valley region was called Mesopotamia, from a Greek word meaning "land between the rivers." With few natural barriers, this area became a crossroads where people mingled and shared customs and ideas. Sumerian Civilization The first civilization in Mesopotamia was Sumer. By about 5,000 years ago, villages along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers had grown into busy cities. These city-states, political units made up of a city and the surrounding land, made up the civilization of Sumer. Various city-states fought each other for land and water. Religion The polytheistic Sumerians believed in many powerful -gold and goddesses, who had human qualities. Each city-state had its own special god or goddess. Most gods and goddesses were closely tied to the forces of nature. The largest buildings in the city-states were pyramid like temples called ziggurats. A ziggurat had steps that people could climb to reach the shrine of that particular city-state's chief god or goddess. Keeping these divine beings happy was considered important to the well-being of the city-state. Gastronomy and the Dining Experience Government Each Sumerian city-state had a hereditary ruler who was seen as the chief servant of the gods. Besides enforcing the laws and collecting taxes, the ruler maintained the city walls and irrigation systems. Social Structure Every city-state had distinct social classes. The Ruling family, officials, and high pries of a city-state formed the highest social class. There was a small middle class that included merchants and artisans and a large lower class of peasant farmers. Economy Sumer grew rich from trade. Traders traveled along rivers and over the desert. Historians know that Sumerian trade was extensive because evidence of goods from as far away as Egypt and India has been found there. Contributions The Sumerians made important contributions to the world. They built the first wheeled vehicles. They also had irrigation systems, dikes, and canals to provide protection from floods as well as water for crops. By 3200 S.C., the Sumerians had invented an early form of writing. Cuneiform was wedge-shaped writing formed by pressing a pen like instrument into clay. The Sumerians also developed algebra and geometry. Invaders conquered the Sumerians, but they often adopted many Sumerian ideas and passed them down to later civilizations. Other Civilizations of the Fertile Crescent Many outside groups invaded the Fertile Crescent. Some invaders destroyed city-states Others stayed to rule. Some of these rulers created large, well-organized empires, or groups of states or territories governed by one ruler. Strong Rulers and Empires The Assyrians lived in the upper Tigris region. By the 600s B.C., they had conquered the entire Fertile Crescent. However, after Assyria's enemies united and destroyed the Assyrian capital in 612 B.c, the empire collapsed. Then, around 500 BC, the people of the Middle East were united in a single empire by the Persians under Darius Darias divided his empire into provinces, and he built roads to aid travel and communication. Hammurabi: Great Lawgiver Another early empire was Babylon. Babylon's powerful ruler, Hammurabi, conquered much of Mesopotamia. Hammurabi is best known for his set of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi This was the first major collection of laws in history. Although these laws favored higher classes over lower ones, they established standards of justice for all classes. Punishment was harsh, however. Advances in Learning and Technology The many peoples of the Fertile Crescent made advances in learning. In what is now Turkey, the Hittites mined iron ore to produce iron. This allowed the Hittites to make stronger plows and weapons. Over time this knowledge passed throughout the region, bringing the world into the Iron Age. Indus River Valley Like the civilizations that developed in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley, Indian civilization evolved in a fertile river valley. Geographic Setting The Indian subcontinent is a large, wedge-shaped peninsula that extends southward into the Indian Ocean. This peninsula is surrounded on the north and northwest by huge mountains, which often limited India's contacts with other cultures. Winds called monsoons bring rain every summer. India depended on monsoons to grow their crops. When there was not enough rain, people could not grow crops. When there was too much, rivers rose to cause deadly floods. Indus Valley Cities About 2500 BC, at about the time when the pyramids were rising in Egypt, the first Indian civilization arose in the Indus River valley. Archaeologists have found remains of impressive cities, but little is known about the civilization that produced them However, it is clear that the Indus Valley civilization covered a large area and that its cities were well planned. The two main cities of this civilization were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. Roads were laid out in a grid pattern, and each city was dominated by a structure built on a hill, probably a fortress or temple. Enormous granaries stored crops that were grown in outlying villages. Houses, which were made of bricks, had plumbing with baths and chutes that led to sewers. Most Indus Valley people were farmers. They were the first to grow cotton and weave it into cloth. Merchants traveled far, trading even with the cities of Sumer. Aryan Invaders Around 1750 B.C, for unknown reasons, Indus Valley civilization began to decline Then, in about 1500 B.C, nomadic warriors called Aryans conquered the Indus Valley  CHINA  The people of ancient China were free from external influence. They contributed for the growth of a civilization which was indigenous. Geographic Setting  Chinese civilization grew up in the river valleys of the Huang He, or Yellow River, and the Yangzi. Geography-mountains, deserts, jungles, and an ocean-isolated Chinese culture more than it did many other early civilizations.  The early Chinese believed that their culture was the center of the Earth, so they called it the Middle Kingdom.  Despite its isolation, China traded with other cultures. Chinese goods reached the Middle East and even beyond. Government  About 1650 B.C., a Chinese people called the Shang gained control of part of northern China.  Shang China was more similar to the small kingdoms of Aryan India or Sumer's city-states than to the centralized government of Egypt.  Shang set up the first dynasty, or ruling family, in China. Social Structure  Shang society resembled that of other ancient cultures. A class of noble warriors owned the land. Merchants and craftspeople earned a living in cities. Most people, however, were peasants and lived in farming villages. Religion  The Shang Chinese prayed to many gods and nature spirits. The Chinese looked to their dead ancestors to intercede with the gods to help the living, offering them sacrifices of food and other objects.  Ancient Chinese also believed that the universe was held in a delicate balance between two forces, the yin and the yang. Contributions  One of the most important achievements of China was written Chinese, which developed about 4,000 years ago.  Ancient Chinese used a system of writing that included both pictographs (drawings of objects) and ideographs (drawings of thoughts and ideas).  Chinese writing system consisted of tens of thousands of characters, only the upper classes had the time to learn to read and write.  Demographic Patterns and Migration Demography  Is the study of human populations. Demographic patterns, or changes in populations over time, are often influenced by geographic features such as rivers. Ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India all developed in fertile river valleys. Rivers provided water for drinking and irrigation. Rivers also served as highways for the transport of people and goods. BANTU MIGRATIONS  As populations grew, some groups began to migrate in search of new lands to settle  The Bantu peoples originally lived in West Africa.  As the Sahara region began to dry out, these skilled farmers and herders migrated south and spread east in search of fertile land.  Between 500 S.C. and A.D. 1500, Bantu settlers their knowledge of farming and iron working, as well as their language, across the continent.  Today, about a third of all Africans speak a language in the Bantu family. Thank You for listening!