Chapter 2: Communication & Globalization PDF

CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION GLOBALIZATION & TOPICS a. Globalization and the Global Village b. Definition of Culture c. Characteristics of Cultures d. Adaptation to New Cultures e. The Nature of Common Cultural Differences f. Communicating Within and Across Cultures g. Guidel...

CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION GLOBALIZATION & TOPICS a. Globalization and the Global Village b. Definition of Culture c. Characteristics of Cultures d. Adaptation to New Cultures e. The Nature of Common Cultural Differences f. Communicating Within and Across Cultures g. Guidelines on Developing Intercultural Competence h. Barriers to Effective International Communication i. Impact of Technology on Communication  COMMUNICATION LATIN LATIN OLD FRENCH LATIN communicare communicatio comunicacion communicate to share communication The word COMMUNICATION is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. One sender, a Sent by the sender Verbal, Non-Verbal, message and through a channel Written, and a recipient to the receiver/s Visualizations  GLOBALIZATION SECOND HALF OF EARLY 20TH CENTURY 20TH CENTURY 1990s supplanting an developed its globalization earlier French term current meaning came into mondialization globalization popular use The word GLOBALIZATION is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across national borders and cultures. Interdependence Increases interactions One of the most of nations through between different powerful sources of free trade regions and populations change in the world GLOBALIZATION AND THE GLOBAL VILLAGE  GLOBAL VILLAGE The late Herbert Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian media and communication theorist, coined the term “Global Village” in the year 1964 to describe the phenomenon of the world's culture shrinking and expanding at the same time due to persuasive technological advances that allow instantaneous sharing of culture. The word GLOBAL VILLAGE is about the world considered as a single community linked by telecommunications. Easy travel, mass Idea that people Interconnection due media and electronic become a single to propagation of communications community media technologies DEFINITION OF C U LT U R E  CULTURE The word CULTURE is the patterns of learned and shared behavior and beliefs of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. Complex whole of Language, customs, values, norms, mores, rules, collective human tools, technologies, products, organizations, beliefs and institutions CULTURE IS… ✓ Learned through active teaching, and passive habitus. ✓ Shared meaning that it defines a group and meets common needs. ✓ Patterned meaning that there is a recourse of similar ideas. Related cultural beliefs and practices show up repeatedly in different areas of social life. ✓ Adaptive which helps individuals meet needs across variable environments. ✓ Symbolic which means that there are simple and arbitrary signs that represent something else, something more.  FIVE COMPONENTS OF CULTURE ✓Symbols Simple Portfolio ✓Language Designed ✓Values ✓Beliefs ✓Norms  1 SYMBOLS ✓ A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract. Either Simple Portfolio physical or non-physical. Designed Example: A flag is a symbol of a physical symbols. Bows and curtsies are examples of non-physical symbols.  2 LANGUAGE ✓ Used for communication ✓ Written or spoken ✓ When a culture uses the Simple Portfolio same basic language as Designed another culture, differences in terminology and inflection create new meanings.  3 VALUES ✓ Acceptable behavior within the society ✓ Different for each group to which a person belongs Simple Portfolio Example: Designed Acceptable in the family group to eat certain foods that are not accepted within the religious group a person chooses.  4 BELIEFS ✓ Fulfill the spiritual needs of a culture ✓ A whole culture can be Simple Portfolio based on one set of Designed beliefs, yet a larger cultural group may have many different sets of beliefs.  5 NORMS ✓ Rules, mores and traditions within a culture ✓ As a group develops laws and regulations, norms change. Simple Portfolio ✓ Traditions are norms that a culture Designed holds onto once the norms are no longer common. Ex. Wearing certain clothing for a holiday is an example of a norm that has become a tradition. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE  FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE ✓Learned Simple Portfolio ✓Shared Designed ✓Based on Symbols ✓Integrated ✓Dynamic 1 CULTURE IS LEARNED ✓ It is not biological; we do not inherit it. ✓ We learn culture from families, peers, institutions, and media. ✓ The process of learning culture is known as Enculturation. 2 CULTURE IS SHARED ✓ Because we share culture with other members of our group, we are able to act in socially appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act. ✓ Despite the shared nature of culture, that doesn’t mean that culture is homogenous (the same). 3 CULTURE IS BASED ON SYMBOLS ✓ A symbol is something that stands for something else. ✓ Symbols vary cross-culturally and are arbitrary. ✓ Language, money and art are all symbols. Language is the most important symbolic component of culture. 4 CULTURE IS INTEGRATED ✓ This is known as Holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. ✓ All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few. 5 CULTURE IS DYNAMIC ✓ Cultures interact and change because most cultures are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols. ✓ All cultures change, otherwise, they would have problems adapting to changing environments.  ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES It is an ongoing process where you experience new cultures, where you can learn new development to yourself and find new ability that can make develop your confidence. In the beginning, it will feel uncomfortable because of the new environment because they wear different clothes, speak the different language, read their different language and do their different lifestyle. In the first place you will experience culture shock and ignorance. A certain person C U S experience ignorance and L H feel unfamiliar T O way of life due U C to immigration R K because of the new culture. E  FOUR STAGES OF CULTURE SHOCK ✓Honeymoon Phase ✓Negotiation Phase Simple Portfolio Designed ✓Adjustment Phase ✓Reverse Culture Shock 1 Newly arrived H and excited O about the new N P surroundings. E H Y A They are very M S positive about O E their relocation O and the newness N of the place. 2 You can experience N homesickness, were E you do the things G that you are not O P familiar with. T H I A Example: A S Taking transportation, T E language barrier I where people will O judge you, and day to N day task NEGOTIATION PHASE S It may help T the ego of E R someone E suffering O from severe T culture Y P shock. E NEGOTIATION PHASE People who have good attitude can ATTITUDE: be successful in A adapting the new FACTOR culture and those people who don’t FOR have just leave SUCCES the place earlier than expected.  THREE MAIN TYPES OF REACTION ✓Rejecters Simple Portfolio Designed ✓Adopters ✓Cosmopolitans NEGOTIATION PHASE People try to R separate themselves E from others so the J result is for them to E return to their old homes because C that’s the only way T they will feel the E same harmony of R the environment S again. NEGOTIATION PHASE Some people tend A to embrace the D new culture O during that time they are losing P their original T identity and E decided to stay R and live there S forever. NEGOTIATION PHASE C O People manage to S adapt the new M culture positively O P while keeping O their original L identity were, I T they create their A own way of living. N S 3 6 to 12 months, A people usually D J begin to grow P U because they know H what to expect S A from their T S surroundings. M E Doing the same E thing everyday N become a routine. T 4 People will adjust also to their old R C ways, were you E U S already adopt the V L H new culture and E T O when you return R U C to your old ways S R K it will be E E challenging.  FIVE TIPS TO COUNTER CULTURE SHOCK ✓Learn the language ✓Prepare for cultural Simple Portfolio differences Designed ✓Be open-minded ✓Be patient ✓Take time -off 1 Learning the L national language(s) L A spoken in your N adopted country E T will help you A H G communicate, and R E U reduce the effects A N of culture shock G and E misunderstanding. 2 The more you D know about the I P C F culture of your host U country, the more R F L E F T E prepared you will P O U R be for a different A R R E way of life, and the R N easier it will be for A E L C you to cope with E new ideas and S experiences. 3 Be open to accepting M cultural O I differences B P N and E E D alternative N E ways of doing D things. 4 Be patient with P yourself and A allow yourself T to make B I mistakes and E E learn from N them as you go T along. 5 Taking a break from all that is unfamiliar helps. When T T adapting seems A O I difficult, take part in K F a familiar activity M (read a book, watch E F a movie or listen to E music in your home language). S THE NATURE OF COMMON CULTURAL DIFFERENCES  CULTURAL DIFFERENCES The word CULTURE DIFFERENCES involves the integrated and maintained system of socially acquired values, beliefs, and rules of conduct Contributes to persons’ Causes behavior and personality relationship with their differences like body language, thinking, external environment communication, manners, norms, etc. 1 INDIVIDUALISM vs. COLLECTIVISM In Individualistic societies, people define themselves in terms of ‘I’ and their unique attributes. Autonomy and independent thought are valued and the interests and goals of the individual prevail over group welfare. Personal attitudes and needs are important determinants of behavior. Ties between members are loose. 1 INDIVIDUALISM vs. COLLECTIVISM In Collectivistic societies, people define themselves in terms of ‘we’ and their group memberships. Members are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Social interdependence and collective harmony are valued. Relational ties and obligations are important determinants of behavior; group goals take precedence over individual goals. Shared living is emphasized. Extended families (with uncles, aunts, and grandparents) provide protection in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. 2 ORIENTATION TIME Cultures with a Future Orientation have a strong tendency and willingness to imagine future possibilities. Members set long-term goals, develop plans, and work hard and persevere to achieve their ambitions. They delay gratification and display a strong propensity to save and invest. 3 GENDER EGALITARIANISM Biological constraints in childbearing have long dictated societal norms about the roles of men and women in many societies. But outside childbearing, sex-role distinctions are purely social constructions. Societies differ with respect to the extent to which they define different social and emotional roles for males and females. 4 ASSERTIVENESS Societies with low Gender Egalitarianism typically display high Assertiveness. These societies value assertive, dominant, and ‘tough’ behavior in both genders. Strength is admired. Aggression is viewed positively (for example, aggression is associated with winning). 5 DOING vs. BEING ✓ A Doing Orientation encourages self-assertion to master, direct, and change the natural and social environment to achieve group or individual goals. ✓ A Being Orientation stresses fitting into the world as it is. Members focus on appreciating and understanding the world rather than trying to change, direct, or exploit it. Important values include world peace, unity with nature, and protecting the environment. COMMUNICATING WITHIN AND ACROSS CULTURES  KINDS OF RESPONSES ✓ Avoiding ✓ A ccom m odating ✓ Forcing Simple Portfolio ✓ Educa ting - Persuading Designed ✓ Ne gotia ting - Com prom ising ✓ Col l a bora tion - Proble m S olving 1 We refuse to A comply or do V business in O cultures that I operate D according to I ethical principles N that differ from G ours. 2 A We can C accept the C O different M ethical system O and conform D A to practices T different from I N ours. G 3 We can insist F on doing O business in a R way we C believe is I ethically N proper. G 4 P We can try to E E convince the D R people with U S whom we want C U to do business A - T A why our ethical D I principle is N I more G N appropriate. G 5 C N O We and the E M G P other party O R can each give T O I - M up something A T I to negotiate a S I settlement. N I G N G 6 C We can work O L P S with the other L A R O party to face O L B the problem O - B V directly and R L I reach a mutually A E N T satisfying I M G solution. O N  GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE  INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE Ability to function effectively across cultures, to think and act appropriately, and to communicate and work with people from different cultural backgrounds – at home or abroad. 1 Getting to know people coming WIDEN from your YOUR FIELD targeted group OF whose culture EXPERIENCE differs from yours BY MAKING make you NEW understand the CONTACTS group and their culture better. 2 LEARN Taking a course or ABOUT THE reading books HISTORY AND about people of THE diverse cultures EXPERIENCES makes you AND experience their ASPIRATIONS cultures vicariously, OF PEOPLE allowing you to FROM understand and DIFFERENT appreciate them CULTURES more. 3 Being fair- minded and unprejudiced EXAMINE YOURSELF makes you FOR realize the POSSIBLE possibility that STEREOTYPES some of your judgments are unfair and wrong. 4 LOOK AT THE Be emphatic; try WORLD FROM to understand SOMEONE ELSE’S WAY other’s OF LOOKING perspective-how AT AND they make sense THINKING of their world-and ABOUT try to experience SOMETHING, what and how NOT JUST they feel. YOURS 5 The better we feel about ourselves, the more likely we WORK ON are to feel good BECOMING about others, too, MORE and the more able SELF- we are not only to CONFIDENT understand them but also to learn from them. 6 It allows you to understand the members of APPRECIATE different cultural CULTURAL groups and helps SIMILARITIES you establish AND better DIFFERENCES intercultural relationships and interactions. 7 Never feel ACKNOWLEDGE superior to THE ESSENTIAL people EQUALITY belonging to AND any other VALUE OF cultural group, ALL even a minority CULTURES one. 8 Develop the BE ability to SENSITIVE understand the AND communication INTERPRET symbols of the CULTURAL target culture-its STYLES verbal language, OF signs, gestures, COMMUNI- body language, CATION and customs.  BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION 1 E We implicitly T H believe our N way of doing O C things and E seeing things N T is the right R I and only way. S M 2 S It’s also T common to E R rely on E oversimplified O T clichés about Y people from P I different N cultures. G 3 P To manage cross- S cultural teams Y B successfully, you C A H R need to flex your O own style. It’s not L R easy to go against O I G E your natural R preferences. People I S can feel unauthentic C A and incompetent. L 4 All groups have a L B common A A language, but when some N R people are more G R fluent than U I others, it creates A E social distance G R between E S members. 5 G In global virtual E teams, people O D don’t get the G I chance to R S interact and build A T P A relationships H N with each other I C as in a traditional C E office A environment. L 6 C Culture is like an O iceberg: what you N C see are the F U V L A behaviors, and L T L those are I U U influenced by the C R E invisible values T A S I L under the water N line. G  IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON COMMUNICATION POSITIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE IMPACT ✓No Barriers ✓ Impact on Interpersonal ✓Strengthened Communication Relations ✓ Effect on Non-Verbal Communication ✓Better Solutions ✓ Near Yet Far ✓Online Schools ✓ Reduced Social ✓Impact On Relations Interactions ✓Development ✓ Led to Many Addictions ✓ Malicious Motives 1 Communication is B now easy; in case A of situations R when you want to N R convey something urgently to O I someone, mobiles POSITIVE IMPACT E and emails come R in handy. S 2 S Technology has T R R made it easy to E E keep in touch N L with old G A T contacts, and T I H O has also helped POSITIVE IMPACT E strengthen N N S relationships. E D 3 S Technology has O brought the B L world closer E U and promoted T T exchange of T I thoughts to find POSITIVE IMPACT E O better solutions R N to any problem. S 4 Services like S video- O C conferencing has N made it possible H L to give best O I education to O POSITIVE IMPACT N students via L expert faculty E S on the web. 5 Technology is the R rationale behind E the success of I L long-distance M A relationships.Video P O T chats and social A N I networking sites POSITIVE IMPACT C have played a big T O role in keeping N people in touch. S 6 Technological D E advancements in V the modes of E communication L have promoted O faster decision- P making, and led to POSITIVE IMPACT M the development E and progress of N T the world. 1 I C A major reason N O for this T M E M tendency is I R U increased M P N P O frequency of A N E I C R C communication NEGATIVE IMPACT T S A through texting O T N I and chatting on A O websites. L N 2 C Technological O N means have also O M affected nonverbal E N M communication. F - U F O V N Lack of face-to- I E N E face interaction C R C has reduced the NEGATIVE IMPACT T B A T nonverbal grasping A I power of L O individuals. N 3 Communication is missing, parents are not technology N savvy and not used Y F to the E E A communication A styles of their kids, T R and this has NEGATIVE IMPACT R increased the generation gap. 4 I Consider the N socializing among R T people. Life has E S E D O R changed a lot; C A there are no U I C C A T social meetings NEGATIVE IMPACT E and get-togethers D L I O (the frequency N has reduced). S 5 People have A literally become D addicted to the D Internet and cell L M I phones, and this T A E O N C addiction has led T to many anxiety D Y I NEGATIVE IMPACT disorders. People O addicted to the N Internet feel lonely S and isolated. 6 Many people abuse M the social A M networking sites L O and communicate to unsuspecting I T beings pretending C I someone else. 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