Chapter 15. Psychological Disorders.ppt

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders Overview  Introduction to Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Schizophrenia  Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders Macduff Everton/...

Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Chapter Fifteen: Psychological Disorders Overview  Introduction to Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Schizophrenia  Dissociative, Personality, and Eating Disorders Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Introduction to Psychological Disorders  According to psychologists and psychiatrists, psychological disorders  Are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior (APA, 2013)  Disturbed or dysfunctional thoughts, emotions, or behaviors are maladaptive. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Rates of Psychological Disorders  Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the time and place of the survey.  Poverty is a risk factor. Conditions and experiences associated with poverty contribute to the development of psychological disorders. But some disorders, such as schizophrenia, can drive people into poverty. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Percentage of Americans Reporting Selected Psychological Disorders in the Past Year Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images What Increases Vulnerability To Mental Disorders? Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD  Anxiety disorders are marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.  Generalized anxiety disorder  Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Terms to Learn: Anxiety Disorders  Panic disorder  Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike  Phobias  Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both  Occurs when obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors interfere with everyday life and cause distress  Is more common among teens and young adults than older people Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images COMMON OBSESSIONS AND COMPULSIONS AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)  Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Is disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience  Often involves battle-scarred veterans (7.6 percent of combatants; 1.4 of noncombatants) and survivors of accidents, disasters, and violent and sexual assaults (two-thirds of prostitutes)  Has higher risk for women Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Findings that any theory of depression must explain  Behaviors and thoughts change with depression.  Depression is widespread.  Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s.  Most major depressive episodes end on their own.  Stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression.  With each new generation, depression is striking earlier in life and affecting more people. Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  The depressed brain  Brain activity slows during depression  Left frontal lobe less active  Scarcity of norepinephrine and serotonin Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Psychological and social influences: Social- cognitive perspective  Depressed people view self and world negatively  Learned helplessness may exist with self-defeating beliefs, self-focused rumination, and self-blaming and pessimistic explanatory style Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorder  Social-cognitive perspective  Explores how people’s assumptions and expectations influence their perceptions  Self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory style contribute to cycle of depression  Views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Suicide and Self-Injury  Suicide  Involves 1 million people worldwide; higher risk with diagnosis of depression but may occur with rebound  Is more likely to occur when people feel disconnected from or burden to others  Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)  Includes cutting, burning, hitting oneself, pulling out hair, inserting objects under nails or skin, selfadministered tattooing Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Schizophrenia  Definition  Psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression  Symptoms  Disturbed perceptions  Disorganized thinking and speech  Diminished and inappropriate emotions and actions Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Schizophrenia: Onset and Development  Chronic schizophrenia (also called process schizophrenia)  Form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood  As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.  Acute schizophrenia (also called reactive schizophrenia)  Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Understanding Schizophrenia • Prenatal environment and risk • Low birth weight • Lack of oxygen during delivery • Maternal prenatal nutrition • Midpregnancy viral infection (e.g., flu, dense population, season of birth) Macduff Everton/The Image Bank/Getty Images Personality Disorders  Personality disorder  Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three clusters, characterized by anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behaviors.  Antisocial personality disorder  Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; impulsive, fearless, irresponsible; some genetic tendencies, including low arousal  Genetic predispositions may interact with the environment to produce the altered brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorder.