Chapter 13 & 14 Study Guide PDF - Manifest Destiny, Texas Revolt

Chapter 13: A House Divided Manifest Destiny & Western Expansion ​ 1840-1860: 300,000+ Americans moved to Oregon & California ​ Land acquired from Mexico raised slavery debates ​ Texas, New Mexico, & California economically tied to the U.S. by 1840 -​ The concept of Manifest De...

Chapter 13: A House Divided Manifest Destiny & Western Expansion ​ 1840-1860: 300,000+ Americans moved to Oregon & California ​ Land acquired from Mexico raised slavery debates ​ Texas, New Mexico, & California economically tied to the U.S. by 1840 -​ The concept of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America, significantly shaped the mid-19th century. Between 1840 and 1860, over 300,000 Americans migrated to Oregon and California, driven by economic opportunities and the promise of land. However, the acquisition of vast territories from Mexico raised the pressing issue of whether slavery would be allowed in these new regions. Texas, New Mexico, and California, once sparsely settled outposts, became economically tied to the United States by 1840, further fueling sectional tensions. The Texas Revolt ​ 1821: Only 2,000 Tejanos in Texas ​ Moses Austin & son Stephen sold land to American settlers ​ Mexico annulled land contracts; settlers demanded autonomy ​ 1836: Battle of the Alamo & San Jacinto → Texas Independence -​ In the early 1800s, Texas was a province of Mexico with a small population of about 2,000 Tejanos (Mexican residents of Texas). In 1821, Moses Austin received permission to settle American colonists in Texas, a plan carried out by his son, Stephen Austin. As American settlers, many of whom brought enslaved people with them, increased in number, tensions with the Mexican government escalated. Mexico, fearing it was losing control over Texas, annulled land contracts and attempted to exert authority. This led to the Texas Revolt in 1835, culminating in the famous Battle of the Alamo and the decisive Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 under Sam Houston. Texas declared independence, though it faced difficulties in gaining recognition and eventual annexation into the U.S. Election of 1844 & Annexation of Texas ​ John Tyler pushed for Texas annexation ​ James K. Polk (Democrat) elected, focused on California ​ Congress annexed Texas in 1845 -​ The issue of Texas’ annexation became a divisive political topic. President John Tyler revived the debate in 1844, but concerns about war with Mexico caused  hesitation among key politicians like Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren. However, James K. Polk, an ardent expansionist, was elected president and swiftly moved to annex Texas in 1845. His administration also sought to acquire California, which further intensified tensions with Mexico. The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) ​ U.S. wanted Texas & California ​ War supported by expansionists; opposed by some Northerners ​ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) → U.S. gained California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah -​ When the U.S. moved to claim Texas, Mexico disputed the border, leading to war in 1846. The war, seen by many as an extension of Manifest Destiny, was supported by expansionist Americans but opposed by some Northerners who feared it was an attempt to spread slavery. The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, in which Mexico ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the United States. Effects of the War ​ Conflicts between Anglos & Tejanos ​ Racial tensions tied to Manifest Destiny ​ Failed proposal to annex all of Mexico -​ The war’s aftermath led to significant racial and political tensions. Anglo settlers clashed with Tejanos, leading to increased marginalization of non-White residents. Furthermore, debates over the extension of slavery into new territories reignited sectional divisions that would ultimately lead to the Civil War. The Gold Rush & Sectional Crisis ​ 1848: Gold discovered in California → massive migration ​ Free Soil Party opposed expansion of slavery ​ Compromise of 1850: California free state, Fugitive Slave Act -​ The discovery of gold in California in 1848 led to a massive influx of migrants, increasing the state’s population from 15,000 to 360,000 in just two decades. California’s bid for statehood further intensified the national debate over slavery. The Compromise of 1850, which admitted California as a free state while strengthening the Fugitive Slave Act, sought to maintain balance but ultimately deepened sectional animosity. The Rise of the Republican Party ​ Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) → Popular sovereignty over slavery  ​ “Bleeding Kansas” → Pro/anti-slavery violence ​ Republican Party formed to halt slavery expansion -​ The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed territories to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty, led to violent conflicts known as “Bleeding Kansas.” This period saw fraudulent elections and violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers. The political landscape shifted as the Republican Party emerged, uniting former Whigs, Free Soilers, and anti-slavery Democrats. Dred Scott Decision (1857) ​ Supreme Court ruled Black people weren’t citizens ​ Missouri Compromise ruled unconstitutional -​ In one of the most infamous Supreme Court decisions, Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Black Americans were not citizens and had no rights under the Constitution. The ruling also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, further polarizing the nation. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) ​ Lincoln: Slavery opposed, but not an abolitionist ​ Douglas: Popular sovereignty should decide slavery John Brown’s Raid (1859) ​ Abolitionist John Brown raided Harper’s Ferry arsenal ​ Became a martyr for the North, angered the South -​ Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debated the future of slavery in the U.S. Senate race in 1858, with Lincoln arguing that the nation could not endure permanently half slave and half free. Meanwhile, radical abolitionist John Brown attempted to start a slave rebellion by raiding a federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry in 1859, an event that alarmed Southerners and heightened fears of Northern aggression. The Election of 1860 & Secession ​ Lincoln (Republican) won → no Southern electoral votes ​ Southern states, starting with SC, seceded ​ Confederate States of America formed ​ Civil War began with attack on Fort Sumter (April 1861)  -​ Lincoln’s election without a single Southern electoral vote convinced many Southern states that they had lost their voice in national affairs. South Carolina became the first state to secede in December 1860, followed by others, leading to the formation of the Confederate States of America and the onset of the Civil War. Chapter 14: A New Birth of Freedom (The Civil War, 1861-1865) The First Modern War ​ Industrial Revolution technologies: Railroads, telegraphs, ironclads, rifles ​ Union advantages: Higher population, industry, resources ​ Confederate advantage: Defensive war, motivation, experienced generals -​ The Civil War was the first modern war due to its reliance on industrial technology, including railroads, telegraphs, ironclads, and more accurate rifles. The Union held significant advantages in population, industry, and infrastructure, while the Confederacy had skilled military leaders and the advantage of fighting a defensive war. Slavery & Emancipation ​ Lincoln initially cautious about abolition ​ 1861-62: Enslaved people treated as contraband, escaped to Union lines ​ Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Freed enslaved people in Confederate states ​ 180,000+ Black soldiers joined Union Army -​ Lincoln initially prioritized preserving the Union over ending slavery. However, enslaved people fled to Union lines, and radical Republicans pressured him to act. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation freed enslaved people in Confederate-held territories, leading to the enlistment of over 180,000 Black soldiers in the Union army. The Second American Revolution ​ Federal government grew stronger ​ Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant College Act, Transcontinental Railroad ​ National Banking Acts, income tax, “greenbacks” ​ Gettysburg Address (1863): Redefining American democracy -​ The war transformed the U.S., leading to increased federal power and economic changes. The Homestead Act and the transcontinental railroad expansion reflected government-led development. The Gettysburg Address redefined the nation’s purpose, emphasizing democracy and unity. The West & The War  ​ Native Americans fought on both sides ​ Dakota War (1862), Sand Creek Massacre (1864), Navajo Long Walk -​ Conflicts extended beyond the battlefield, affecting Native American tribes. The Dakota War (1862) and the Sand Creek Massacre (1864) highlighted tensions between Native Americans and settlers. Women’s Role in the War ​ Took on factory jobs, organized relief efforts ​ Clara Barton: Founded American Red Cross -​ Women took on new roles, including factory jobs and organizing relief efforts. Figures like Clara Barton emerged as key contributors, with Barton later founding the American Red Cross. The Confederate Nation & Its Challenges ​ “King Cotton Diplomacy” failed to gain British support ​ Confederate draft → exemptions for slaveholders ​ Economic hardship & food shortages -​ Despite its hopes for British support, the Confederacy struggled economically and socially. The war’s demands led to class divisions, economic hardship, and desertion from the Confederate army. Turning Points & Reconstruction ​ Union victories: Gettysburg & Vicksburg (1863) ​ Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864) ​ Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan (1863) → Reconstruction leniency ​ 13th Amendment (1865): Officially abolished slavery ​ Lincoln assassinated (April 1865) -​ Key Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863 marked turning points. General Sherman’s March to the Sea devastated the South’s infrastructure. Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 left the question of Reconstruction unresolved.