APUSH Period 5 - Manifest Destiny PDF

Period 5 the US that had excluded Texas. 1844-1877 In February 1821, Americans led by Stephen F. Austin had begun to 5.2 - MANIFEST...

Period 5 the US that had excluded Texas. 1844-1877 In February 1821, Americans led by Stephen F. Austin had begun to 5.2 - MANIFEST settle in the area. At the DESTINY same time, Mexico 18 NOV 24 secured its independence from Spain. - To grow the sparsely populated region, in WESTWARD EXPANSION which cotton could be A) CONTEXT grown, Mexican - In the 1840s, American authorities offered pioneers increasingly free land to American migrated to and settled in the West. Causes of settlers. westward migration - This caused included: increasing tension. In - Desire for access late February 1825, to natural and Mexican President mineral resources Antonio Lopez de - Hope of economic Santa Anna marched opportunities north with 6,000 - Religious refuge Mexican soldiers to B) TEXAS subdue the Americans The 1819 Transcontinental in San Antonio. Treaty with Spain had - A force of 187 men established a boundary for under Colonel William  B. Travis held the would result. city, taking refuge It would come down to behind the walls of a President James K. Polk former mission and the Mexican-American compound called the War before Texas would Alamo. For 10 days, become the nation’s 28th they beat off state and thus a symbol of assaults. America's expansion. But finally, on March 6th, the Mexicans breached and C)OREGON: scaled the walls, killing - Farther west & all 187 men, including the north, settlers also legendary Dave Crockett & began to migrate to Jim Bowie. the Oregon Territory. In April 1836, forced This was a territory under Sam Houston scored jointly claimed by the a victory over Santa US and the Brits. Anna’s army, forcing him - In the 1830s, to recognize Texan Methodist, independence. Presbyterian and In 1837, the newly Catholic missionaries independent Republic of made the 6th month Texas called for the Us to journey to the annex the territory, Both Willamette Valley, a presidents Jackson and Van green land of rich Buren shelved the issue, soil, mild climate, however fearing the and tall forests. By political disputes that 1840, there were  about 500 Americans farmer from Vermont in the region. founded the Mormon - In early 1840s, the religion. He saw country suddenly visions and founded burned with Oregon The Book of Mormon Fever → established a → everyone wanted community in Ohio @ 1831 to go to oregon!!! - They adopted - With a rising polygamy = got population in this bullied to the point region, far surpassing they go to another that of the British, state. Prez Polk was able to - In 1847, his persuade the Brits to successor Brigham relinquish claims of Young led more than the territory below 2,000 people to the 49th parallel. Utah. The treaty - While this area was a establishing the part of Mexico, it Oregon Territory for would be annexed by the Us was approved the U.S. in 1848, and by the Senate in June by 1852. 1846. E)CALIFORNIA: D) UTAH: - By the late 1840s, a - In the 1820s, in the new destination was midst of the 2nd sparking interest Great Awakening, - In January 1848, gold Joseph Smith, a was discovered in the  foothills of Sierra single men. Nevada Mountains in - Most did not strike it CA, at a sawmill rich, but they settled owned by Swiss the area after immigrant Johann discovering it was Stutter. hospitable to - This set off the Gold agriculture. Access to Rush when news of the Pacific allowed the discovery spread major cities San throughout the nation Francisco to develop and world, attracting into major trading nearly 50,000 people centers. to the Golden State - With such in the year 1849, overwhelming earning the name diversity, there was a Forty-Niners. spark of a breeding - By 1852, the ground for nativism non-Indian population among them. The had reached 360,00 legislature in Cali Cali’s gold rush pop. imposed a tax of $20 was incredibly per month for foreign diverse, with miners miners. flooding in not just - Cali’s Indian from Oregon and the population of 150,000 East Coast of the US, was reduced to about also Mexico, South 30,000 by 1860 American, Europe, resulting from and China. Many were widespread attacks at  the hands of white to overspread the settlers. continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our multiplying MANIFEST DESTINY millions.” - The concept of - Americans thus manifest destiny held believed it was their that the whole destiny handed down continent was meant by God, who intended for white Americans. the American nation It was theirs to to reach all the way exploit to make into to the Pacific Ocean.. one mighty nation, And indeed they and theirs to display would. the virtues of democratic and Christian institutions. GOVERNMENT & - The 1840s witnessed MIGRATION an intensification of this belief. At the time, westward - In 1845, a New York migration was boosted journalist, John L during the after the Civil O’Sullivan captured War by government this mood in one programs and initiatives. sentence with.. - In 1862, the “The fulfillment of Homestead Act gave our manifest destiny 160 acres to any  settler who would started to be seen as farm the land for five jumping off points for years. This was an trades with Asia. effort to populate - In the 1850s, the Us sparsely populated began to look to territories in the Japan as a potential Midwest. trading partner, - In the same year, the ignoring the fact that Pacific Railway Act it had closed itself authorized subsidies off to nearly all in land and money for foreign contact for the construction of more than 2 the Transcontinental centuries. Railroad which would - In 1853 and 1854, reach completion in American warships 1869. under the command of → As additional railroads Commodore Matthew were constructed, a true Perry sailed into transport. Network came Tokyo Harbor. Perry, to connect the two coasts who had been sent by of the US. President Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade treaty, demanded that the TIES with ASIA Japanese deal with - As the harbors of San him. Diego and San - Japanese leaders, Francisco grew, they impressed by Perry's  weaponry, agreed to that Manifest Destiny the Kanagawa Treaty, and the superiority of which opened two American institutions ports to American compelled the United shipping. This soon States to expand its led to a commercial borders westward to agreement on trade the Pacific Ocean and thus, the United - Westward migration States became more was boosted during closely tied with Asia and after the Civil than ever before. War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and KEY TAKEAWAYS economic - The desire for access development. to natural and - U.S. interest in mineral resources and expanding trade led the hope of many to economic, settlers for economic diplomatic, and opportunities or cultural initiatives to religious refuge led create more ties with to an increased Asia. migration to and settlement in the West. - Advocates of annexing western lands argued  (Democrats) 5.3 - THE ❖ Polk won the MEXICAN-AMERICAN presidency with an electoral vote of WAR 170-105. He 21 NOV 24 interpreted even such a narrow victory (a margin of Election of 1844: 38,000 votes) as a By the Election of mandate for 1844, Texas had been expansion of the independent for nearly a spirit of manifest decade. destiny. ❖ Many Southern By Dec. Democrats 1845, Texas increasingly became the supported annexation country’s 28th and the party passed state. over Van Buren to CAUSES of the WAR: nominate James K ❖ A boundary Polk, an ardent dispute over the expansionist, who Texas border soon shared their developed between enthusiasm. the US & MExico HENRY CLAY (WHIGS) Texans claimed the Rio vs. JAMES K. POLK Grande River as their western and southern and on May border 13tth, 1846, Mexico, on the other Congress hand, argued the border declared war by was the Nueces River to votes of 40 to the north. 2 in the Senate ❖ Polk, as an and 174 to 14 expansionist, sided in the House. with the Texans, Polk’s speech and thus sent a was like this.. small army under He victimized Zachary Taylor to himself and Texas to protect the claimed Mexico new state against a to be at fault. possible Mexican invasion. THE WAR ❖ AS the war wore ❖ In April 1846, on, domestic Taylor’s troops opposition grew. crossed into Mexican Many Northerners territory and a unit Feared that the war was attacked by would lead to the some Mexican expansion of troops. slavery. Polk asked ❖ Others felt that Congress to Polk had misled declare war, Congress about the  original outbreak of was completed by the war and felt its terms: that the United Mexico States was the accepted the aggressor. Rio Grande as Then it the Texas became.. “Mr. boundary Polk’s War.” Mexico ceded ❖ Fighting was New Mexico and swift, and by upper Cali to February 1847, the the US for $15 US had won control million of nearly all of The Southern Mexico north of the portion of New capital city. Mexico and ❖ By September Ariszona would 1847, Americans had be bought for fought their way $10 million in into Mexico City, 1853 the pushing the Gadsden Mexicans to the Purchase. negotiating table for a treaty. IMPACTS OF THE WAR ❖ Nationalism: ❖ In February 1848, Feelings of the Treaty of nationalism and Guadalupe Hidalgo manifest destiny  were strengthened slavery, American ❖ Slavery Debate: Indians, and Debates of slavery Mexicans in the in the territories newly acquired was intensified lands. ❖ Native American Conflict: Conflict - US Gov interaction with Native and conflict with Americans continued Mexican Americans and intensified as and American white Americans Indians increased moved West. in regions newly KEY TAKEAWAYS taken from - The United States American Indians added large Mexico, altering territories in the these groups’ West through economic victory in the self-sufficiency Mexican–American and cultures. War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of  5.4 - THE Southerners held the COMPROMISE OF balance. 1850 POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY: 18 NOV 24 - As the sectional debate intensified, Prez Polk supported a proposal to extend the THE QUESTION OF Missouri Compromise SLAVERY line through the new territories to the THE WILMOT PROVISO: Pacific Coat, banning Before the Mexican slavery north of the American War had even line and permitting it ended, as Congress was south. appropriating money for - Others supported a the war, Representative different plan that David Wilmot of would allow the Pennsylvania, an people of each anti-slavery Democrat, territory to decide introduced an amendment the status of slavery prohibiting “slavery nor in that territory. involuntary servitude” in - Known initially as “any part of said “squatter territory” sovereignty”and later The so-called Wilmot by the more dignified Proviso passed in the phrase “popular House but was defeated in sovereignty” this the Senate, where  concept had the the Free-Soil Party superficial merit of - While he lost, he appearing to be received an democratic. impressive 10% of - In reality, however, the votes and 10 it simply allowed Free-Soilers were Congress to escape elected to Congress, the responsibility of signaling the growing deciding the question issue of slavery and of slavery in newly the coming collapse acquired territories of the second party themselves system in the 1850s. ELECTION of 1848 & FREE SOIL: Debates over slavery in CALIFORNIA & the territories dragged on COMPROMISE of 1850: for months and carried into the Election of 1848. CONTEXT - These Whigs were - The pouring of victorious in the settlers into election with their California in the candidate Zachary midst of the Gold Taylor. Rush precipitated the - Former prez Van need for a territorial Buren ran on the government. newly-formed - The federal gov. third-party ticket, However was at this  point responsible for discovery of gold. deciding the question → This raised fear in of slavery in the eyes of territories. Southerners, as the - To uncomplicate this numbers of free and question, however, slave states were Prez Taylor suggested equal in 1849: 15 an uncomplicated each. answer: admit The admission of California directly as California would upset this a state, thus letting balance. Californians - Additionally, New themselves make Mexico, Oregon and decisions on slavery. Utah– all candidates → This way, the for statehood– might nation could avoid the upset the balance divisive effects of even further. sectional debate. - Southern radicals - By October 1849, the were already saying Californians drew up that the SOuth would a state constitution have to choose that outlawed slavery. between secession and This was not for surrender. humanitarian reasons, COMPROMISE but instead for fear - Henry Clay, now 70+ of slave-owning made a final attempt capitalists to solve the growing monopolizing the  sectional crisis in the 1850, all components winter of 1849-1850. were passed, and On January 29th, California became the 1850, he presented 31st state. his final bill to the - For a few years after Senate. This bill, its passage, the ultimately called the Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 seemed to work. included: Sectional conflict - The admission of appeared to fade California as a free amid booming state prosperity and - The abolition of the growth. slave trade– but not slavery itself @ Washington, DC KEY TAKEAWAYS - The formation of - The Mexican Cession territorial led to heated governments in the controversies over rest of the lands whether to allow acquired from Mexico slavery in the newly w/o restrictions on acquired territories. slavery - The courts and national - A new & more leaders made a variety effective and strictly of attempts to resolve enforced fugitive the issue of slavery in slave law. the territories, - By mid-September including the  Compromise of 1850 GERMANS: ❖Mostly arrived with some money, so settled 5.5 - SECTIONAL in the Midwest as CONFLICT farmers or small business professionals 18 NOV 24 Both immigrant groups were mostly Catholic, particularly the Irish. This contrasted sharply with the majority of IMMIGRATION Americans prior to the 18th ❖CONTEXT century, who were By the eve of the overwhelmingly Protestant. Civil War, the US ❖As a result, a strongly was home to anti-Catholic nativist nearly 5 million movement arose that immigrants, was aimed at limiting making up close new immigrants’ to 15% of the US political power and pop. cultural influence. Many came from ❖Nativist political Ireland and parties such as the Germany “American Party”, or IRISH: Know-Nothing Party, ❖Most settled in the emerged in the 1840s East Coast cities as a to prevent immigrants part of the unskilled from becoming citizens labor force in growing of voting. factories. ❖The rise of this party  was rooted in the a more radical approach, anxiety many like William Llyod Protestant Americans Garrison, who by 1843 felt about the changing was calling for northern demographics. disunion from the South. ❖ Irish were shut out of ❖A few even began to jobs and nativists won advocate violence elections in several A group of states in the 1850s prominent before their decline by the Civil War. abolitionists in New England, for example, funneled money and arms to John EVOLVING ABOLITIONIST Brown, a radical MOVEMENT abolitionist in A)DIVISION & Kansas and RADICALISM: Virginia. -By the mid-1830s, the B) PROPAGANDA & unity of the abolitionist UNCLE TOM’S crusade began to crack. CABIN: Some, frightened by the ❖Others attempted to violence of the arouse public anger anti-abolitionist in both through propaganda. the North and South, The most advised a more moderate powerful of approach. which was Others began to argue for Harriet Beecher  Stowe’s Uncle than that Tom’s Cabin, reached by published as a abolitionists and book in 1852, revealed the Store was nature of slavery neither a to many professional Northerners who writer nor an had never abolitionist, and witnessed the she had almost institution no firsthand firsthand. knowledge of C)UNDERGROUND slavery, but she RAILROAD was angered by ❖Historians estimated the 1850 that nearly 100,000 Fugitive Slave enslaved Black Act. Americans escaped to Within a year, it freedom before the had sold more Civil War, many with than 300,000 the help of white and copies and was free black reissued again abolitionists. and again. ❖Groups organized Her tale of the secret escape routes, pious, patient known as the slave Uncle Tom “underground appealed to an railroad” to assist audience wider those escaping.  Harriet Tubman expanding was the most manufacturing famous of these economy relied on underground free labor.. in railroad contrast to the “conductors”, Southern’s helping free over economy’s 70 people, thus dependence on slave earning the name labor. “Moses of Her While the People.” abolitionist ❖Odds against the movement was success of escape evolving in the were very high, North some especially after the Northerners did 1850 Fugitive Slave not object to Act more robustly slavery on empowered “slave principle by patrols” both in the instead claiming North and in the that slavery South. would undermine the free labor market. ❖As a result, a THE FREE-SOIL free-soil movement MOVEMENT arose that portrayed ❖The North’s the expansion of slavery as  incompatible with essence of the free labor. argument when he ❖The Free-Soil Party, said that slavery was formed before the “a good– a positive 1848 election, was good” rooted in the desire He and other to stop the expansion Southerners of slavery to argued that territories. slavery was “a ❖Its goal was to ban positive good”for slavery in the the slaves territories so white because they farmers would not enjoyed better need to compete with conditions than large slave-based industrial plantations. workers in the North. ❖Southerners went further by arguing DEFENDING SLAVERY that slavery was good for the entire country ❖At the same time, because the southern southerners began to economy, rooted in develop their own slavery, was the key intellectual defense to the prosperity of of slavery. the nation. ❖In 1837, John C. ❖The defense of Calhoun stated the slavery rested also on  racist arguments Germany, often about the biological settling in ethnic inferiority of Black communities where Americans who were, they could preserve as southerners elements of their claimed, inherently language and unfit to take care of customs. themselves. ❖ A strongly ❖The defense of anti-Catholic slavery was nativist movement additionally buoyed by the belief that arose that was slavery and states' aimed at limited rights to determine new immigrants’ the status of slavery political power and were protected by the cultural influence Constitution. ❖ African Americans and white abolitionists, KEY TAKEAWAYS although a minority in the North ❖ Substantial numbers mounted a highly of international visible campaign migrants continued against slavery, to arrive in the US presenting moral from Europe and arguments against Asia, mainly from the institution, Ireland and  assisting slaves’ slavery as escape, and incompatible with sometimes free labor. expressing a ❖ Defenders of willingness to use slavery based their violence to achieve arguments n racial their goals. doctrines, the view ❖ The North’s that slavery was a expanding positive social good, manufacturing and the belief that economy relied on slavery and states’ free labor in rights were contrast to the protected by the Southern economy’s Constitution. dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on 5.6 - FAILED principle but COMPROMISE claimed that slavery 21 NOV 24 would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement Kansas-Nebraska Act arose that portrayed (1854) the expansions of ❖ Democratic Sen.  Stephen Douglas the Missouri introduced a bill Compromise aimed to organize a ❖ The resulting huge territory west Kansas-Nebraska Act of Missorui and Iowa of 1854, stated that as the Nebraska the issue of slavery Territory. would be left to the Since settlers decision of settlers were beginning in this region, based to trickle in the on pop. sovereignty. area.. The territory lay above the Missouri BLEEDING KANSAS Compromise (1856) line, which ❖ White settlers meant slavery from both North and would be South began moving excluded from into Kansas almost this territory. immediately after ❖ Douglas agreed the passage of the first to divide the Kansas-Nebraska region into two Act. territories, Kansas Some moved and Nebraska.. Then for economic to repeal the part of opportunity  while others moved in order to have a say THE CANING OF on the status of CHARLES SUMNER slavery in the territory. ❖ Repub. Sen. ❖ Thousands of Charles Sumner pro-slvaery “border from MA delivered a ruffians”, for speech in congress example, moved titled “The Crime from neighboring Against Kansas” in Missouri to Kansas which he demanded Free-Soilers Kansas be admitted from the North to the Union at once picked up their as a free state. lives and He had migrated as insulted Senator well Andrew Butler ❖ In what has of SC. become known as His nephew Bleeding Kansas, caned Sumner violence inevitably on his desk. ensued between the ❖ Sumner was two groups, leading unable to return to to the deaths of congress, but to the over 200 people. North, he was  considered as a hero ❖ Brooks became a hero in the South too 5.7 - ELECTION of 1860 & DRED SCOTT DECISION SECESSION (1857) 02 DEC 24 ❖ Dred Scott v. Sanford case Scott was EMERGENCE OF enslaved in LINCOLN: Missouri, his ❖ The election of owner, an Army 1858 took on surgeon, died. increasing Scott sued his importance. master’s In June 1858, widow for Lincoln was freedom chosen as the ❖ After asking, he Illinois was then considered Republican as “an object” by candidate for US the Supreme court. Senate ❖ That evening, at  the convection, he Northerners to delivered the famous not agree with “House divided” him. The South speech about also doesn't sectionalism and agree with him. slavery front and His stance center. is called Stephen Douglas, a the prominent Democrat “Freeport against.. Abraham Doctrine” Lincoln, a largely Lincoln made unknown Republican at clear arguments that time. against the ❖ Lincoln challenge expansion of Douglas to a series slavery into the of seven debates in territories. July of 1858, which ❖ Lincoln lost attracted many against Douglas in ppl/media/attention. the Senate. Becomes Lincoln-Douglas Debates Douglas was THE 1860 NOMINATIONS: neutral about ❖ Two years later, slavery.. Which the nominating made people conventions of the pres. Election of  🙁 1860, SPLIT for citizens in everyone the west ❖ Southerners A protested the transcontinental nomination of railroad Stephen Douglas, ❖ Some Whigs and who was considered moderates broke off a traitor because of and formed the his Freeport Constitutional Union Doctrine. Party, which Northerners nominated John Bell nominated as their candidate to Douglas prevent secession. Southerners chose John C. Breckenridge THE ELECTION: ❖ The Republicans ❖ Lincoln secured nominated Abraham 40% of the popular Lincoln, with a vote, 18 free states, platform based on.. and 180 electoral Free Soil votes. Immigrant Breckenridge rights carried the A protective South with 11 tariff slave states, but Homesteads only 72 electoral votes.  Bell captured ❖ In Feb 1861, their 3 border states representatives for 39 votes. adopted a Douglas won constitution closely only one state resembling the US (Missouri) and Constitution and scattered votes establishing the from NJ, for a Confederate States total of 12 of America. electoral votes. ❖ In Feb 1861, their reps adopted a constitution closely SECESSION & WAR: resembling the US ❖ After Lincoln won, constitution and South Carolina establishing the left.This was on Dec Confederate States 20, 1860. of America. This was The following day, they followed by elected Jefferson Davis Mississippi, as president of the Florida, Confederacy. Alabama , ❖ In Lincoln’s Georgia, inaugural address on Louisiana in March 4th, 1861, he January, and tried to reassure Texas in southerners that February.  their rights, 1861. The four especially their remaining slave right to hold slaves, states – would be protected. Maryland, ❖ In April 1861, Delaware, Fort Sumter, a fort Kentucky and belonging to the US Missouri government located remained in the in SC began to run Union.. But as low on supplies. slave states. Lincoln sent a relief expedition. ❖ Confederates, in KEY TAKEAWAYS response, bombarded - Abraham Lincoln’s the fort for two days victory on the until it was Republicans surrendered to the free-soil platform in Southerners on April the press. Election 14th, 1861. in 1860 was ❖ THE CIVIL WAR accomplished without BEGUN. any Southern Virginia, electoral votes. Arkansas, - After a series of Tennessee, and contested debates North Carolina about secession, seceded by May most slave states  voted to secede from manufacturing the Union, Larger pop. precipitating the (20 mil vs. 9 Civil War. mil) Transportati on and Answer to eq: The result communication of the election of 1860 (72% of was the secession of RR’s) Southern states after ❖ Advantages of Lincoln was elected the Confederacy president. (South) Well 5.8 - MILITARY trained-gener als CONFLICT IN THE High troop CIVIL WAR morale and 04 DEC 24 enthusiasm Home soil advantage (most battles REGIONAL ADVANTAGES took place in ❖ Advantages of the South) the Union (the North) Greater START of WAR – BULL industry and RUN: ❖ Following the 25 miles north. attack at Fort ❖ With nearly Sumter in April 1,000 deaths 1861, the two total on both sides were sides, this officially at battle showed war. the North that ❖ Three months this would be a later, at the long and bloody First Battle of war. Bull Run (Battle of Manassas) in July 1861, the true nature of FOUR-PHASED PLAN & the war became WAR known. ❖ The Union ❖ The Union Army charted a anticipated an four-phase plan easy win but ANACONDA PLAN were driven ❖ Focused on back by General blockading all “Stonewall” Southern ports Jackson’s to cut off troops and were supplies and forced to retreat trade to Washington To force  a quick destroying cities surrender in Sherman’s CONTROL THE March to the MISSISSIPPI sea. ❖ Focused on CAPTURE RICHMOND gaining control ❖ To capture of the MI River the capital of in the western the region as a Confederacy, strategic supply which fell to route. General Grant’s Union Ulysses S. Grant forces on April achieved this by 3rd, 1865 (4 1863. years after the ENGAGE IN “TOTAL battle of Fort WAR” Sumter) ❖ General ❖ Confederate William T. Pres J. David Sherman and his cabinet launched a were forced to “total war” on flee Richmond the South, as fire spread attacking the throughout soldiers and Richmond. civilians in the ❖ On April 9th, South and 1865, Grant and  Lee met at Other Appomattox states began Court House and to recruit Lee surrendered black soldiers, to the and in May Confederate 1863, the Army. federal gov The Union established a won! Bureau or - 1861-1865 Colored Troops to supervise their KEY MILITARY enlistment. DEVELOPMENTS: One soldier ❖ BLACK in eight in SOLDIERS: the Union The Army was Emancipation Black, the Proclamation, great majority the gov of of whom were Massachusetts formerly organized a enslaved. Black Black regiment, the soldiers famous received just Massachusetts $7 a month, 54th.  about half the among pay of white historians soldiers. about the They were turning point often assigned of the Civil menial tasks War. In early behind the July 1863, lines, such as when digging Vicksburg was trenches and captured in transporting Mississippi water. and the The Battle of Congressional Gettysburg Medal of fought in Honor was Pennsylvania. awarded to 21 Union black soldiers victory in over the Vicksburg course of the gave the war. North control ❖ THE TURNING of the POINT: Mississippi There was and split the a Confederacy disagreement in two,  denying the home front South any opposition. further ❖ Although, the movement Confederacy along or showed military across the MI initiative and river. daring early in Battle of the war, the Gettysburg: Union ultimately bloodiest succeeded due battle of the to improvements US. The Union in leadership won. and strategy, key victories, greater KEY TAKEAWAYS resources and ❖ Both the the wartime Union and destruction of Confederacy the South’s mobilized their infrastructure economies and societies to wage the war QUICK SUMMARY: even while ❖ The Union’s facing victory was considerable thanks to its advantages, the  four-phased everything in its plan. path. ❖ Two-thirds of southern railroads DBQ - HIP had been destroyed STATEMENTS: and at least DOC ONE: one-third of its livestock had been 5.10 - destroyed or disappeared. RECONSTRUCTION ❖ The South was in 09 DEC 24 dire straits... The process of Reconstruction WAR AFTERMATH rooted in several ❖ Overall: more than questions: 3 million men fought ❖ What was the in the war, and political and legal 500,000 died. → status of the former 2% of the pop. Confederate states ❖ During Sherman’s who had fought a March from Atlanta war against to the sea in the America? fall of 1864, the ❖ How would the 4 Union army burned mil. Former slaves  be reincorporated become known as the into American “Ten percent plan” society? ❖ This plan stated ❖ How should the that all Southerners nation rebuild the could reinstate war-torn South? themselves as US -- - - - citizens by taking a ❖ QUESTION ONE: simple loyalty oath. ❖ The initial focus ❖ When in any of the government state, a number was on the first equal to 10% of question: those who voted in readmission of the the 1860 election South to the Union. had taken this oath, they could set up state gov. PRESIDENTIAL ❖ The gov must: RECONSTRUCTION-LI Be in NCOLN: republican form Recognize the LINCOLN’s TEN “permanent PERCENT PLAN: freedom” of ❖ On Dec 8th 1863, slaves he issued a Provide an proclamation setting education for forth a general freed blacks policy that has  pocket vetoed by Lincoln, simply CONGRESS’s RESPONSE– leaving it unsigned. WADE DAVIS BILL — ❖ Radical Soon.. on April 14th, Republicans in Lincol was watching Congress disliked a performance of Lincoln’s 10% Plan, Our American Cousin viewing it as too at Ford’s Theater. moderate. - Actor John ❖ In July 1864, they Wilkes Booth passed the slipped in the Wade-Davis Bill, president’s box which required a and fired a majority of single shot into southerners in a the back of his given state to take head. Lincoln the loyalty oath. died the next ❖ Confederate day. officials and anyone - Booth and his who had co-conspirators “voluntarily borne believed Lincoln arms against the was determined United States” were to overthrow the barred from voting. Constitution and (could not vote) destroy the ❖ The bill was  South. Dec. - Andrew Johnson, ❖ Johnson revealed was the VP, and his Reconstruction became Plan– or president. “restoration” as he called it– soon after he took office and PRESIDENTIAL implemented it in RECONSTRUCTION–JO the summer of 1865, HNSON: when Congress was in recess. ❖ Andrew Johnson ❖ Johnson’s believed that Reconstruction Plan, Reconstruction was similar to Loncoln’s an executive branch called for Southern matter and sought states to: the rapid restoration Withdraw its of the former secession Confederate states. Swear Johnson took allegiance to the oath office the Union when Congress Ratify the was in recess, 13th putting him in Amendment, charge of which abolished Reconstruction slavery from April to  At the same 4th, 1865, the clerk time, Johnson in Congress refused pardoned more to read the names of than 13,000 any of the southern former delegates. Confederates, The Radical which angered Republican Radical Congress was Republicans. thus asserting ❖ By Dec 1865, its control over when Congress was Reconstruction. convening, all ❖ In Feb 1866, seceded states had Congress passed the formed new Civil Rights Act of governments under 1866, which this lenient plan and declared specifically awaited that Black ppl were Congressional citizens and could approval. not have their rights to property restricted. It CONGRESSIONAL essentially put teeth RECONSTRUCTION in the 13th Amendment, which CONGRESS’s TURN: had been ratified in ❖ When Congress 1865. reconvened on Dec  ❖ Though Johnson characterized the vetoed the act, it South during was passed over his Reconstruction. veto with a ❖ White mobs, two-thirds veto on including most of April 9th, 1866– the the city’s police first major piece of force, began to roam legislation that the street, on the became law over the hunt for Black veto of a president. people. ❖ The passage of ❖ Three months this bill effectively later, in August, announced that the forty more were national gov had the killed in a similar responsibility of massacre in New protecting the rights Orleans. This of citizens, not southern violence states. sparked a push for MASSACRE IN MEMPHIS: the creation and ❖ Less than a month passage of the 14th later, from May 1st amendment. to May 3rd, racial EARLY RECONSTRUCTION violence was ignited AMENDMENTS: in the wake of ❖ 13th AMENDMENT political, social, and (1865): racial tensions that The 13th  Amendment, stating that no abolishing law can slavery, had “abridge the been ratified in privileges or Dec 1865, by immunities of the time citizens of the Congress had United States” reconvened. It was first ❖ 14th Amendment passed by (1868): Congress in It guaranteed June 1866, after citizenship to Congress heard anyone, testimony from regardless of victims in the race, born in Memphis the US. This Massacre. amendment According to effectively the Constitution, overturned the three-fourths of infamous 1857 the states need Dred Scott to ratify the decision. amendment for It struck at it to go into discriminatory effect. legislation like Every the Black Codes, southern state  at the time had midterms an all-white resulted in state significant legislature. ANd majorities for every such Republicans, gov–except for with 173 seats Tennessee–refus in the House of ed to ratify the Representatives, amendment. compared to just Congress 47 for the would need to Democrats. This take drastic gave Congress measures for the two-thirds progress. majority to MILITARY override a RECONSTRUCTION: presidential ❖ THE STRUCTURE: veto. Johnson In 1866, was effectively every former completely state except neutralized. Tennessee, By the spring remained out of of 1867, the Onion, having no Radical say in federal Republicans elections. So, were firmly in the 1866 control. On  March 2nd, the right to 1867, Congress vote (even passed the though many Military northern states Reconstruction hypocritically Act (over did not grant Johnson’s this right to veto). black men at This separated this point) the southern They had to states into 5 elect new state military govs districts, each They had to overseen by a ratify the 14 Union military Amendment general. ❖ Due to the ❖ Congress then laid aggressive terms out strict new and enforcement of terms. To reenter these terms, the Union: Southerners at the The rebel time called this states had to “bayonet rule” adopt new ENFORCEMENT: constitutions ❖ Congress then THey had to proceeded to add give black men Supplementary  Reconstruction Acts, Reconstruction in which directed the this period were military commanders labeled to begin the “scalawags” enrollment of voters. ❖ And northern ❖ In the South, the whites who traveled provisional into the military governments districts to advance established by the Radical cause Johnson were swept were called away, and the “carpetbaggers”. registration of blacks ❖ At the beginning and whites who had of 1867, fewer than not supported 1% of all Black men secession began. in the US could ❖ Activists and army vote. By the end officers spread out 1867, that number across the South was higher than registering freedmen 80%. The vast to vote as martial majority of law was declared in registered Black the southern states. voters were ❖ Those white Republicans. southerners who ❖ By June 1868, six cooperated with of the former Radical Confederate states  were admitted, first president in having met the history of the Congress’s US to be impeached. requirements, and 1868 PRESIDENTIAL by July of 1868, the ELECTION: 14th Amendment was ❖ By the Election of officially ratified, 1868, all reaching the Confederate states three-fourths vote except Virginia, necessary by the Mississippi, and state legislatures. Texas had met the ❖ As if this moment requirements under in history wasn’t Military dramatic enough, Reconstruction and just weeks earlier, re-entered the Johnson was Union in time for impeached by the the election. House of ❖ White gangs Representatives and terrorize black had escaped removal voters in New by a single vote in Orleans and other the Senate after a major southern dubious violation of cities, and the Tenure of Office Republicans in Act. Georgia and ❖ This made him the Louisiana had to  abandon campaigning considerable altogether. bickering, the ❖ More than 15th Amendment 500,000 Black men was sent to the cast their votes. As states for a result, every ratification in southern state Feb 1869. except Georgia and ❖ This 15 LOusisana voted for amendment forbade the Republican all states the denial candidate, Ulysses of the right to vote S. Grant to anyone “on 15th AMENDMENT: account of race, ❖ CONTEXT: color, or previous Following the condition of election 1868, servitude.” Radical ❖ The remaining Republicans’ unconstructed strength and states– Virginia, MI, determination and Texas– had to were renewed. ratify this Congress amendment before blossomed with they could be suffrage considered for amendments. readmission into the After Union. WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE: ❖ In 1869, the ❖ The 15th National Woman Amendment said Suffrage nothing about denial Organization (NWSA) of the vote on the was formed and basis of sex, which admitted only caused feminist such women. This group as Elizabeth Cady favored a federal Stanton and Susan solution to women’s B. Anthony's suffrage, namely an significant amendment. frustration. Men ❖ This group opposed protected their own the 15th rights, they argued, Amendment, which but not the rights of they believe should women. include women. ❖ This and the 14th ❖ The more amendment – parts conservative group, of which only the American Woman protected “males” Suffrage Association – split the women’s (AWSA), also formed suffrage movement in 1869, but favored into two, leading to a state-by-state decades of bitter effort at securing partisanship between women’s suffrage. the two wings. This group supported  the 15th amendment altered relationships and accepted both between the states men and women and the federal members. government and led RATIFICATION: to debates over new ❖ Virginia ratified definitions of the 15th Amendment citizenship, in January 1870, MI particularly in Feb and Texas in regarding the rights March. of African The 15th Americans, women, Amendment was and other minorities. ratified on ❖ The 13th March 30th, Amendment 1870 and all abolished slavery, states were while the 14th and officially 15th amendments readmitted into granted African the Union. Americans However.. Reconstruction citizenship, equal was far from over.. protection under the laws, and voting rights. ❖ The women’s KEY TAKEAWAYS rights movement was ❖ Reconstruction both emboldened and  divided over the EQ: Was 14th and 15th reconstruction a amendments to the success or failure? Constitution. ❖ Efforts by radical and moderate The reconstruction Republicans to was a failure, change the balance because of the of power between ongoing conflicts with Congress and the presidency and to racism and its reorder race treatment towards relations in the the newly emancipated defeated South slaves. yielded some short-term successes. THE FOUR MILLION DOLLAR ❖ 40 ACRES AND a MULE 5.11 - FAILURE of ❖ On Jan 16th, 1865, General RECONSTRUCTION William T. SHerman 04 DEC 24 issued Special Field Order No. 15, which gave 40-acre  parcels of and Lincoln created confiscated land and the Freedmen’s a mule to Black Bureau in March families 1865. General Oliver ❖ By June, 40,000 O. Howard was put freedmen settled on in charge. 400,00 acres of ❖ The organization “Sherman Land” provided food, along the South clothing, education, Carolina, Georgia, and job training to and Florida coasts. freed slaves. By The order was 1870, several short-lived. thousands Months later, teachers–white and Pres Johnson black– were ordered the land teaching in schools be returned to for former slaves. the planters who ❖ The Bureau spent originally owned $ 5 mil to set up the land. schools for freemen. FREEDMEN’s BUREAU: By the end of 1865, ❖ To assist in the more than 90,00 reincorporation of former slaves were ex-slaves into enrolled as students AMerican society as in (segregated) freemen, Congress public schools, and  attendance rates abandoned the were over 80%. program, refusing to ❖ In 1870, there renew. were more than POLITICAL SUCCESSES: 1,000 schools for ❖ After the passage freedmen in the of the 15th South. In result: one Amendment, the of the most Reconstructed significant southern states sent transformations for the first African African Americans in Americans to the South resulted. Congress as both ❖ While the Bureau reps and senators. emerged as a key ❖ Hiram R. Revels, federal institution a Repub. From MI, shaping black and won election to the white life in the Senate, becoming South after the war, the first African it operated on a American senator. shoestring budget Adding insult to with fewer than injury for white 1,000 agents. In southerners, the 1872, the midst of senate seat he filled Military previously belonged Reconstruction, to Jefferson Davis, Congress abruptly former pres. Of the  Confederacy. Reconstruction. ❖ In the House, the first African-American to SOUTHERN DEFIANCE gain election was BLACK CODES: Joseph H. Rainey, a ❖ At the start of Repub from SC. Reconstruction, ❖ A total of 16 southern legislatures African Americans instituted Black served in Congress Codes, which were during legal methods of Reconstruction, but keeping freed slaves each only served one in positions of or two terms. 9 of servitude. the 16 black ❖ While they varied members of Congress from state to state, were former slaves. they typically Historians authorized local have identified officials to over 1,500 apprehend Black men who unemployed blacks, were elected to fine them for various local vagrancy, and gire and state them out to private governments employers to satisfy positions during the fines. Some  forbade Blacks to established on own or lease farms each unit a or take any other black or poor jobs than farm white family as workers or domestic tenants. servants. ❖ The planter ❖ SHARECROPPING: provided housing, During tools, draft animals, reconstruction, a seed and other new economic supplies, and the arrangement family provided was born: labor. Sometimes sharecropping. tenants obtained This system supplies from local began on the merchants on a crop sugar lien system, often plantations of borrowed with high Louisiana and interest rates. quickly spread ❖ The crop–usually to the rest of cotton, tobacco, rice, the South. or another cash Through this crop– was divided system, planters between planter and broke up their laborer, with usually estates into one-third given to small units and the sharecropping tenants. generations, By the 1870s, leading to sharecropping generational became the poverty. primary means As late as of agricultural 1880, Black organization in southerners much of the owned less than South. 10 percent of Through this the agricultural system, Black land in the sharecroppers South, although fell further and they made up further into more than half debt to of the region’s landowners. farm population. High interest VIOLENCE: rates and ❖ Violence and unpredictable intimidation spread harvests often throughout the South kept the tenant during families Reconstruction severely ❖ Southerners indebted, with established a number debt often of secret terrorist spanning societies in this era,  including the KKK, “unhealthy” for the Knights of the them to participate White Camelia, and in politics. the Pale Faces. ❖ When intimidation ❖ The most notorious failed, the Klansmen of these were the resorted to force. Klan, which They would take originated in Black southerners Tennessee in 1866. out of their homes By 1868, it was or cabins and night, taken over by strip them, whip vigilantes dedicated them, and murder to driving blacks out them. of politics and it ❖ Lynching and was spreading beatings became rapidly across the daily occurrences, South. especially during ❖ Klansmen, elections and it has sometimes claiming been estimated that to be the ghosts of approximately 400 Confederates ahngings of African soldiers, spread Americans occurred rumors and published between 1868 and broadsides designed 1871. to persuade ❖ Congress freedmen that it was attempted to strike  at the Klan with 3 FADING Force Acts in 1870 RECONSTRUCTION and 1872, which placed elections ❖ By the 1870s, under federal northern resolve in jurisdiction and the South was imposed fines and waning, as the war prison sentences for was fading into the anyone interfering past along with the with a person’s anger it had right to vote. generated. ❖ These acts also ❖ Northerners allowed the increasingly occupied president to use with issues of federal troops to industrialization, the protect civil rights– economy, and other a provision used in political matters nine counties in ❖ After the passage 1871. of the 15th ❖ The acts Amendment, some successfully broke up convinced themselves the Klan, but that their long temporarily. campaign on behalf Intimidation of Black of black people was voters continued. now over. “REDEEMER” GOVERNMENTS: the1870s to 1910. ❖ By 1872, all but a ❖ It was under handful of Southern these governments whites had regained that the infamous suffrage. This gave Jim Crow laws would southern whites an be passed in the opportunity to return following period. state and local Two years earlier, governance to Democrats won Democrats and to control of the House push out black of Reps. in 1874 in officeholders. the national ❖ By 1876, every election. southern state COMPROMISE OF 1877: returned state ❖ In the final major governorship and action taken by control of the state Congress during legislature to Reconstruction, the Southern Democrats. Civil Rights Act of ❖ These 1875 was passed, “Redeemer” govs, which prohibited led by rich former racial discrimination planters and in public businessmen, accommodations, dominated Southern public transportation, politics from and jury selection.  Less than a decade appointed to later, the Supreme investigate and Court would rule determine a winner, parts of this act Democrats in the unconstitutional. House of Rep ❖ Reconstruction threatened to came to an end, filibuster the vote. with the Election of ❖ Just days before 1876, which pitted Inauguration Day, a Republican controversial Rutherford B Hayes back-door against Democrat negotiation was Samuel Tilden. drawn out When the (Compromise of votes were 1877) and Hayes counted, both was declared parties claimed elected. they had won As was the election. negotiated, he But the votes recalled the last for Florida, troops from the South Carolina, South and April, and Louisiana thus bringing an were disputed. end to Military ❖ Even with a Reconstruction commission and it as a  whole. stripped away African American rights, but the 14th KEY TAKEAWAYS and 15th ❖ Southern amendments plantation owners eventually became continued to own the the basis for court majority of the decisions upholding region's land even civil rights in the after Reconstruction. 20th century. ❖ Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South. ❖ Segregation, violence, Supreme court decisions, and local political tactics progressively