US American Expansionism 1840-1855: Past Paper

SAQ DO NOW Answer (a), (b), and (c). Briefly explain ONE specific reason for American expansionism between 1840 and 1855. Briefly explain ONE specific criticism of American expansionism between 1840 and 1855. Briefly describe how ONE group of people were profoundly impacted by America’s expansioni...

SAQ DO NOW Answer (a), (b), and (c). Briefly explain ONE specific reason for American expansionism between 1840 and 1855. Briefly explain ONE specific criticism of American expansionism between 1840 and 1855. Briefly describe how ONE group of people were profoundly impacted by America’s expansionism between 1840-1855. IDEA Identify Proper Noun Define / Describe the PN Explain the connection of PN to the Task Then you have Answered the question Period 5 1844 - 1877 Manifest Destiny Background: Expansionists wanted the US to extend westward to Pacific and also southward to Mexico, Cuba, and Central America. 1890s - Islands in Pacific and Caribbean Manifest Destiny - the US has a divine mission (right) to extend its power and civilization across the whole of North America. Why? Nationalism Population increase Rapid Economic development Technological advances (Market Rev.) Reform Ideals Critics said that people only wanted to expand west to spread slavery Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and Oregon Texas Independence 1823 of Mexico from Spain Mexico hoped to attract new settlers to farm Stephen F. Austin brought 300 families into Texas Began a steady stream of migration into the Frontier by 1830 Americans (both white farmers and slaves) outnumbered Mexicans in Texas by 3 to 1 Mexico outlawed slavery in 1829 AND required all residents to convert to Catholicism Americans ignored these laws Mexico closes Texas to future American immigration. Americans also ignored this. 1833 - Austin seeks statehood for Texas Mexico outlawed slavery 1829 – but Anglo settlers actively worked to ensure slavery was preserved in Tejas. A number of enslaved African Americans arrived with Stephen F. Austin and his Anglo settlers in 1824. By the end of 1825, there were around 443 slaves in the colony —almost a quarter of its population. By the time that clashes with the Mexican government led to the Texas Revolution in 1835, more than 5,000 enslaved people lived in Texas. “He shall be obliged not to admit in the new Colony Criminals, Vagabonds, or Men of bad Conduct or Character...” “when new Towns are formed it shall be his duty to establish Spanish Schools in them.” Contract Mexican Independence 1821 Texas Independence General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna made himself dictator of Mexico Attempted to force Mexico’s laws in Texas -> group of American settlers led by Sam Houston revolted and declared Texas independent in March 1836. Santa Anna went with the Mexican army and captured Goliad and then began the attack on the Alamo. Battle of San Jacinto (1836) – Army under Sam Houston caught Mexicans by surprise and captured Santa Anna. Signed a treaty that recognized Texas independence and territory north of the Rio Grande River. depicts the morning after—April 22, 1836. The defeated Santa Anna, dressed in the white pants of a private, is brought to the wounded and reclining General Houston. Texas Annexation Sam Houston was 2nd President of Texas and applied to US Government to have Texas become annexed (added to) to the US as a new state. Jackson & Van Buren both put it off because Texas was a slave state. President John Tyler, a Southern Whig, tried to annex them but Senate rejected the annexation. Texas didn’t get annexed until 1846. Congress passed a joint resolution (requires a simple majority of both houses to get passed) Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and Oregon Maine 1840s the ill-defined territory between Canada & Maine Canada still under British rule (America’s #1 enemy) Aroostook War (“Battle of the Maps”) Conflict between rival groups of lumber workers Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) - disputed territory was split between Maine & British Canada Also settled the boundary between Canada & Minnesota (giving a iron-rich area to the US) Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and Oregon Oregon At one point claimed by 4 different countries (Spain, Russia, GB, and US) Spain gave up their claim in the Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) British claim based on fur-trading (Hudson Bay Company) with the American Indians in Pacific Northwest But, by 1846 less than 1000 British even lived in this area. American claim based on exploration expeditions of Lewis and Clark and other expeditions as well as American population numbers in the territory (Oregon Trail) Expansionists believed it was the US’s Manifest Destiny to take all of Oregon’s Territory and also get Mexico’s land on the west coast as well. Americans began to play the “Texas Game” President Polk signed a treaty with GB that divided the territory at the 49th parallel and also gave Vancouver Island to GB. Election of 1844 The Democrat party split in 1844 over expansion of slavery and Texas annexation Northern wing - opposed Texas annexation & wanted Van Buren again. Southern wing - proslavery & pro annexation wanted Calhoun as President. The dispute for who would run as Democrat candidate took hours at the nominating convention. Nominated a dark horse, James K. Polk (TN) who was committed to Manifest Destiny. Polk appealed to the expansionist crowd by his slogan: “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” This is the latitude line of the Oregon Territory that meets with Russian Alaska Territory. Polk ran against Whig Henry Clay who lost because he first opposed Texas annexation then decided he was pro-annexation. Lost votes of NY who moved to the antislavery Liberty Party Polk won and became President which also was the deciding factor of annexing Texas. Settlement of the Western Territories Fur Traders’ Frontier mountain men (fur traders) were the first to travel into Far West. they held yearly meetings in the Rockies with Indians for trade Overland Trails Much larger group of pioneers made the journey west into California and Oregon. Followed the Oregon, California, Sante Fe, and Mormon Trails About 15 miles/day Most common dangers were disease and depression from everyday harsh conditions of the trails Mining Frontier Gold Rush in 1848 - Brought tens of thousands of men & women to the west setting up Mining camps and towns. California population grew 1848: 14,000 1860: 380,000 (almost ⅓ of miners were Chinese) Farming Frontier Congress Preemption Acts gave squatters the right to settle public lands and purchaser them for low prices. Mostly middle class that moved – Needed $200-300 to make the trip Rural communities developed and modeled after the East. Urban Frontier Western cities (San Francisco, Denver, Salt Lake City) grew as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming attracted professionals and businesses Foreign Commerce Growth in manufactured and agricultural goods caused growth of exports and imports. Shipping firms encouraged travel across Atlantic by creating regular schedules of departures. Demand for whale oil (to light homes) caused whaling boom from 1830 – 1860 - led by New England merchants. Development of better ships and steamships 6 months from NY to San Francisco to 3 months. Expanded trade to Asia NE merchants trade with China for tea, silk, and porcelain Govt. sent Commodore Matthew C. Perry sent to Japan (who has been isolated) 1854 - Kanagawa Treaty - US could enter 2 Japanese ports to take on coal - led to a trade agreement. Conflict with Mexico Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico as special envoy to: Persuade Mexico to sell California & New Mexico Territories Settle the disputed Mexico-Texas border Mexico says Nueces River, US wants Rio Grande River. Both Fail. Polk orders Gen. Zachary Taylor to move US army towards the Rio Grande (across Mexican claimed territory. April 1846 - Mexican army crosses Rio Grande and captures US patrol and kills 11. Polk sends war message to Congress - Majority supports War with Mexico. Mexico-American War Mexican-American War - Military Campaigns Most of war fought in Mexico Territory. US army (1500 soldiers)led by Gen. Stephen Kearney succeeded in taking New Mexico and southern California. John C. Fremont then overthrew Mexican rule there by June 1846. Claimed California as a new republic which became known as the Bear Flag Republic. Zachary Taylor force of 6000 drove Mexican army from Texas into Northern Mexico. Won major victory at Buena Vista. Polk selected Gen. Winfield Scott to invade central Mexico. 14000 men under Scott’s command – took city of Vera Cruz and capital Mexico City by Sept. 1847. Consequences of War with Mexico Disaster from the start for Mexico Refused to give up until the fall of Mexico City in 1847. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) recognition of Rio Grande as southern border of Texas Mexican Cession of California and New Mexico U.S. paid $15 million for these territories. Some Whigs opposed the treaty in Senate because they saw the war as a way to promote slavery. Southern Democrats disliked the treaty because they thought the US should have gotten all of Mexico. Consequences of War with Mexico The Wilmot Proviso (1846) PA Congressman David Wilmot proposed that slavery be banned in any territory acquired from Mexico. Appealed to many: White settlers wouldn’t have to compete with enslaved labor in these new territories. Passed the House (North has majority) but defeated in Senate (south has majority). Prelude to Civil War? Increased tensions between North & South. Continuation of sectional debate over extension of slavery. North said war was a “slave plot” by the South. Both sides began to see that they cannot rely on the other. Activity Gallery Walk 6 topics with 3 questions each to answer on your worksheet. HW: 5.4-5.5 Southern Expansion Many Southerners were unhappy with Missouri Compromise and the limited gains from Mexico Manifest Destiny to the South Many slave owners hoped to acquire territories in Latin America. Ostend Manifesto Polk offered to purchase Cuba from Spain for $100 mil (refused). Southern adventurers led expedition into Cuba to take by force – failed and executed. Election of 1852 - President Franklin Pierce sent 3 Americans to Ostend, Belgium, to secretly buy Cuba from Spain. The Ostend Manifesto was leaked to public, and Senate forced Pierce to end the scheme. Walker Expedition William Walker and others, tried to seek new territory without federal support. 1853 Baja California, 1855 seized power in Nicaragua Goal: Create a proslavery Central American Empire. Coalition of Central American states invaded and defeated him; executed in 1860 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) attempt to build canal through Central America (GB had the same plan), GB and US agreed to not take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. Continued until 1901 - Which gave the US full control to build a canal (Panama Canal) Gadsden Purchase Pierce purchased small strip from Mexico in 1853 for $10 mil. Best route for a railroad through the region Conflict Over Status of Territories Free-Soil Movement: Northern Democrats and Whigs supported the Wilmot Proviso. While abolitionists supported eliminating slavery everywhere, many Northerners opposed expansion of slavery but didn’t oppose slavery in the South. they sought to keep the West a land of opportunity for Whites only 1848 formation of Free-Soil Party – “free soil, free land, and free men.” Chief Objective - prevent extension of slavery Advocated for free homesteads and internal improvements. Southern Positions viewed slaves as their property therefore, if they want to move westward, it's constitutional to bring their slaves with them. viewed the Free-Soil Movement and abolitionism as tools to take away their property Moderate Southerners – wanted to extend the Missouri Compromise line westward to Pacific Ocean and permit territories north of that line to be free of slavery Popular Sovereignty Lewis Cass (Senator from Michigan) proposed that the people in the new territory vote to be a slave state or not. Popular Sovereignty = People vote Election of 1848 Democrats nominated Lewis Cass – popular sovereignty Whigs nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor (war hero, no political experience) – no stance on slavery in territories Free-Soil Party nominated Van Buren – opposed expansion of slavery Party consisted of Conscience Whigs (anti-slavery) and anti slavery democrats (called “barnburners” for leaving their party). Taylor won Compromises to Preserve the Union 1849 California Gold Rush & influx of 100k settlers created a need for law and order. 1849 - California drafted constitution for new state (banned slavery) Pres Taylor was a Southern slaveholder he supported admission of California and NM as free states This sparked secession talk among the “fire-eaters” (radicals) in the South Henry Clay came up with another compromise to help diffuse the situation. California as Free State Remainder of Mexican Cession into 2 territories: Utah and New Mexico - allow settlers to decide the slavery issues (popular sovereignty) Settle Texas boundary & assume Texas public debt (10 million) Ban slave trade in DC but permit whites to own enslaved people like before. Adopt new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it rigorously Compromises to Preserve the Union Webster (MA), Calhoun (SC), Clay (KY) delivered their last Senate speeches over the compromise. Webster – compromise to save the Union (Massachusetts abolitionists opposed) Calhoun – against compromise (give South equal rights in new territory) President Taylor died allowing a strong supporter of the compromise to take office, VP Millard Fillmore. Became known as the Compromise of 1850, it bought time for the Union. California becoming a State gives more political power to the North Immigration Controversy Irish During this period, half of all immigrants (almost 2 million) came from Ireland most were tenant farmers driven off land from famine in 1840s most were Catholic, with little skills Irish stayed where they landed: NY, Boston, Phil - growth of strong Irish communities competed with AA for domestic work and low-skill jobs continued customs they brought with them; most spoke English and understood politics, Irish represented a strong force in politics They organized and joined the Democratic Party. Germans economic hardships and political revolutions in 1848 caused 1 million to seek refuge in US during 1840s and 1850s Brought means (money) and skills (farmers & artisans) they moved further inland, search of cheap and fertile farmland where they established homesteads. Beginning: ignored politics, but eventually became more active. supported public education and opposed slavery formed close-knit communities Not just slavery that is dividing the country – so is immigration. Nativist Opposition to Immigration native-born Americans were concerned, take jobs and dilute culture of Anglo-majority. (tied to religion) Rise of Nativism (hostility to immigrants) led to rioting in big cities. Formation of the Know-Nothing Party Formed by Nativists Supported the increase in time that it takes an immigrant to attain citizenship (from 5 to 21 years) and only native-born citizens can hold public office. In 1850s - as Whigs declines, the Know-Nothing Party gained popularity. (Mainly in NE & Mid-Atlantic States) Late 1850s - nativism declines due to division between North and South grew further apart. showing caricatures representing Irish and German voters “stealing an election.” The man at center left is carrying a club and wearing a barrel labeled “Irish Whiskey,” with a wild expression on his face. Next to him stands a man wearing a barrel labeled Lager Bier (intended to parody German beer) and carrying a pipe. Between them, they carry away a ballot box while a mob scene ensues at the building labeled “Election Day Polls” behind them. The cartoonist expresses a fear that immigrant voters have too much political power The Expanding Economy Industrial Technology Before 1840, factory production was concentrated in textile mills of NE After 1840 spread to other states in Northeast Increase in the different types of goods that were being factory produced (shoes, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, iron products) Invention of the sewing machine (by Elias Howe) bought work out of homes to factories An electric telegraph in 1844 sped up communication and transportation across the country. Railroads canal-building era of 1820s and 1830s was replaced with rail lines railroads America’s largest industry. They required immense amounts of capital and labor Local and state governments provided loans and tax breaks for railroad construction 1850 US Govt. made its first land grant to railroads it gave 2.6 mil acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico Railroads united the commercial interests of the Northeast and Midwest, give North strategic advantage in Civil War Panic of 1857 caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy sharp decrease in prices for Midwest agricultural products and sharp increase in unemployment in Northern cities Cotton prices remained high, South was less affected Led to many Southerners belief in “King Cotton” plantation economy was superior to Northern economy and a Union with the North not needed Agitation Over Slavery Fugitive Slave Act (1850) Purpose to help track down slaves and return to owners Removed fugitive slave cases from state courts and made them exclusive to federal courts State and local law enforcement still required to help enforce the law. Opposition: Heavy penalties for anyone who tried to assist or help runaway slaves. Underground Railroad loose network of activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom Most “conductors” and people who operated the “stations” were free African Americans or white abolitionists. Harriet Tubman made 19 trips into South to help 300 people escape from slavery Books on Slavery - Pro and Con Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) - Harriet Beecher Stowe convinced Northerners and Europeans that Southerners are cruel and inhuman Southerners opposed and published their own novels, Mary Eastman: Aunt Phillis’s Cabin, kind slave-owners and happy enslaved people Hinton Helper’s nonfiction book, Impending Crisis of the South (1857) Used statistics to show that slavery weakened the Southern economy book banned in South Southerners counterattacked: Slavery is sanctioned by the Bible and grounded in philosophy and history. Also said it was supported by the US Constitution George Fitzhugh, Sociology of the South (1854) and Cannibals All! (1857), argued that North’s wage-system worse than slave-system. Long work hours in factories and mines Books polarized the country further. Many Northerners began to question slavery due to morals not just for economic reasons. Activity - Effects of the Compromise of 1850 Choose 8 documents to analyze and fill in your worksheet. HW: AMSCO 5.6-5.7 DO NOW 11/28 (Welcome back!) Pick up a notes page as you walk in! Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) It was assumed that Kansas would become a slave state and Nebraska would be a free state Stephen Douglas’ on the national stage Impact of Railroad & western development Proposal: Two territories, decided by popular sovereignty Violation of the Missouri Compromise What actually happened is Congress signed Senator Stephen Douglas's (IL) bill into law that divided the Nebraska Territory into 2 parts (Kansas & Nebraska Territory) and allow settlers to decide whether to allow slavery. This made southerners happy because it went against the latitude line of 36’30 that the Missouri Compromise created that said south of the line could have slaves and north had to be free. (Effectively ended that rule) Result of Kansas-Nebraska Act (“Bleeding Kansas”) Pro slavery and antislavery flood into Kansas New England Emigrant Aid Company: sent free soil settlers to the area From Missouri pro slavery “border ruffians” come into Kansas Two rival governments set-up Topeka- free soil Lecompton- slave govt. Sumner-Brooks Affair Charles Sumner’s “The Crime Against Kansas” Douglas thought the slavery issue would be solved peacefully… Fed. govt. Did nothing to help solve the fights between abolitionists and pro-slavers. Civil War in Kansas? New Parties Emerge Republican Party is formed as a response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Whig party split Those who were frightened by increased immigration joined the “Know-Nothing Party” Know-Nothing Party goes away as the slavery issue becomes the most prominent political issue. Those who supported expansion of slavery joined the Democratic party - making the South the core of the party. Republican Party (1854) Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs and Democrats Early Platforms: Oppose spread of slavery Repeal of Fugitive Slave Law Repeal of Kansas-Nebraska Election of 1856 1st time Republican party runs a candidate for the Presidency John C. Fremont Democrats pick James Buchanan Picked because he had nothing to do with Kansas-Nebraska Act Know Nothing Party picked Millard Fillmore Anti-immigrant and Anti Catholic Lecompton Constitution 1st challenge for President Buchanan Lecompton Constitution (southern Kansas) was a pro-slavery document written in 1857 in Lecompton, Kansas. It was one of four proposed constitutions for Kansas, but it was never put into effect. Pro-slavery state Constitution Free Soilers boycott the election Supported by President Buchanan – Rejected by Congress Final rejection in 1858 - when the majority of Kansas settlers were antislavery Republicans. Douglas found that, under the Kansas-Nebraska Act, no government of Kansas, Territorial or otherwise, had the power to draft any constitution without the intital consent of Congress – therefore the Lecompton Constitution couldnt be passed no matter what. Dred Scott Case Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom Dred Scott case goes to Supreme Court in 1857 Roger Taney was the Chief Justice (a Southern Democrat) African Americans are not citizens of the United States Could not sue Since slaves are property, they could not be taken away (Constitution) Congress could not makes laws regarding slavery in the territories Lincoln-Douglas Debates Abe Lincoln (Republican) debates Stephen Douglas (Democrat) for the Illinois Senate in 1858 7 debates held Lincoln challenges Douglas on Dred Scott decision: Could slavery be prevented in the territories Dred Scott decision said no Douglas takes the position (Freeport Doctrine - a political position that allowed settlers in a US territory to decide whether to permit slavery) that territories could limit slavery Southerners are angry Results Douglas keeps Senate seat Lincoln becomes national figure Southerners are angry Democrats will be split in 1860 John Brown’s Raid at Harpers Ferry John Brown hopes to spark a slave revolt in Virginia in 1859. Attempts to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry Him, his 4 sons, and some formerly enslaved people Plan? Take guns from the arsenal and give them to slaves to rise up. It does not go well Federal Troops led by Robert E. Lee captured Brown (&gang) after a 2-day siege. Charged with treason and hung Impact South is outraged (saw that the North was going to use slave revolts to destroy South) Brown becomes a martyr to abolitionist movement Immediate cause of secession Before his execution, Brown handed his guard a slip of paper that read: “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.” Election of 1860 Democratic Split The issue of slavery had divided the Democrats Northern Democrats favor Stephen Douglas Popular sovereignty & enforce Fugitive Slave Act Southern Democrats favor John C. Breckinridge Allow slavery in the territories Annex Cuba Republican Party Lincoln and the Republican party platform For the free-soilers: no extension of slavery in territories For the northern manufacturers: a protective tariff For the Northwest: a Pacific railroad For the farmers: free homesteads (land) Southern secessionist threaten to leave Union if Lincoln wins Democrats had to have 2 nominating parties as the first one (douglas) was deadlocked. At the second one - most slave states delegates walked out so they nominated Douglas. Southern democrats ended up having their own convention and nominated brekinridge. A 4th party ran (the Constitutional Union Party) with John Bell - pledged to enforce tbe laws and the Constitution and of course, the preservation of the Union. Lincoln considered a minority president because he only had 39% vote. Southern fears that the North would dominiate the federal government came true since the populous free states had enough electoral votes to elect president without any electoral votes from south. Secession South Carolina votes (unanimously) to secede in December 1860 Within 6 weeks - 7 southern states leave the union before Lincoln even takes office See him as a sectional President hostile to slavery Confederate States of America is formed Jefferson Davis chosen as President Lame Duck President Buchanan does nothing to stop secession From November 1860 to March 1861 Does not believe secession is legal Crittenden Compromise Senator John Crittenden (KY) proposed an amendment that gives right to hold slaves in all territories south of old Missouri Compromise line. Lincoln rejects - Position of Republican party was no extension of slavery in the territories Confederate militia forces began seizing United States forts and property throughout the south. A delegation from the state goes to Washington, D.C., demanding the surrender of the Federal military installations in the new “independent republic of South Carolina.” President James Buchanan refuses to comply. On March 1, Jefferson Davis orders Brig. Gen P.G.T. Beauregard to take command of the growing southern forces in Charleston. On April 4, Lincoln informs southern delegates that he intends to attempt to resupply Fort Sumter, as its garrison is now critically in need. To South Carolinians, any attempt to reinforce Sumter means war. North ends up surrendering giving Confederates control over the fort and the start of the civil war. Activity Analyzing Viewpoints on SecessionDocuments in schoology under Period 5 Make sure you are analyzing the documents (practice understanding the main idea from each document). Don’t just “divide and conquer” this assignment – it won’t help your primary source skills on future tests. There are 4 parts:Part A: Varying Viewpoints on the Secession Crisis Part B: Secession-Read and discuss the excerpts from the declarations of secession. Part C: Attempts at Compromise Part D: Lincoln’s Response HW: 5.8 DO NOW (11/30) Grab a Civil War Battles Chart by the door Get out your HW to be checked. Im checking from 5.2-5.8. Civil War Fighting Tactics The War Begins Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) Use of Executive Power “Commander-in-Chief” 75,000 volunteers All without Congressional consent The Upper South Seceded VA, NC, TN, AR Capital moves to Richmond The Border States DE, MD, MO, KY… later: WV Wartime Advantages North South Military High population Strong navy Defensive Experienced Leadership High troop morale Economic 85% of factories 70% of railroads 65% of farmland European reliance on cotton* Political Preserve Union Strong central government Fighting for independence North vs. South -By the Numbers   NORTHERN STATES SOUTHERN STATES Agriculture Corn (bushels) 446 million 280 million Wheat (bushels) 132 million 31 million Oats (bushels) 150 million 20 million Cotton (bales) 4 thousand 5 million Tobacco (pounds) 229 million 199 million Rice (pounds) 50 thousand 187 million Finance Bank Deposits $207 million $47 million Specie $56 million $27 million Livestock Horses 4.2 million 1.7 million Donkeys and Mules 300 thousand 800 thousand Milk Cows 5.7 million 2.7 million Beef Cattle 6.6 million 7 million Sheep 16 million 5 million Swine 16.3 million 15.5 million Manufacturing Number of Factories 110.1 thousand 20.6 thousand Number of Workers 1.17 million 111 thousand Value of Products $1.62 billion $155 million Population 21.5 million 9 million Railroad Mileage 21.7 thousand 9 thousand Graphic: http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/index.php?lid=729&type=educator Chart source: Cayton, et el. America: Pathways to the Present. 2005. from The American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War. 69 The Confederate States of America A Confederacy? Purpose of govt. vs. implementation during war. States continued to protect themselves - didn’t want to give the confederate govt. Too much power. Economy Nationalization of at the railroads To promote industrial growth Extreme inflation Issued more than 1 billion in paper money. Activity - Key Civil War Battles Each group will get an important Civil War Battle to research then present. You will all be working in the same google slides – make sure you are ONLY working on your own battle! You need pictures of your event as well! During presentations you will fill out your notes about other key Civil War battles. Fort Sumter Battle of Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg Shiloh Vicksburg Gettysburg First Years of War (1861-1862) Union Strategy: Use US Navy to blockade southern ports (Anaconda Plan - a strategy to defeat the Confederacy during the American Civil War. It was proposed by Union General Winfield Scott and involved blockading the South's coasts and gaining control of the Mississippi River. The plan's nickname comes from the image of a snake squeezing its victim.) Take control of Mississippi River Divide Confederacy into 2 Raise & Train 500,000 army to conquer Richmond. Battle of Bull Run (July 1861) 30,000 Union troops attack in VA Confederate forces under General Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson counterattacked and sent Union troops back to Washington. Thought the war would only last a few weeks at the beginning. The Peninsula Campaign Major Union offensive campaign against the Confederate capital of Richmond led by Major General George B. McClellan Called the Army of the Potomac The first stage of the Peninsula Campaign ended in the inconclusive Battle of Seven Pines Robert E. Lee took charge of Confederate Army after this battle. Lee’s Army held off the Army of the Potomac in a series of engagements known as the Seven Days’ Battles effectively ending McClellan’s campaign toward Richmond. Eventually Lincoln replaced McClellan with General John Pope to become commander of the Union army. McClellan & Pope Lee Second Bull Run & Antietam Second Bull Run (August, 1862) Lee outflanked Union army and forced them back to Bull Run. Pope forced to withdraw to protect Washington Antietam (September, 1862) Lee led army to Maryland in hopes of Victory in a Union state Lee’s plan was known by McClellan because a copy of it was dropped accidentally. Union army intercepted Confederate army Lee forced to retreat back to Virginia Essentially a draw on the battlefield Single bloodiest day of the war – 22,000 dead or injured Lincoln seizes as opportunity to issue Emancipation Proclamation – a document issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. It declared that enslaved people in the states rebelling against the United States were free. The proclamation also allowed Black men to serve in the military. Antietam, the first battlefield photographed before the dead were buried. - Mathew Brady Battle of Antietam Fredericksburg (December 1862) Lincoln appoints General Ambrose Burnside as commander of Union army. Burnside aggressively attacks Lee’s army in Virginia and suffers immense losses 12,000 dead/wounded compared to 5,000 confederate dead/wounded. Battle of the Ironclads Part of the Anaconda Plan was to blockade Confederate ports. The Union was successful until a Confederate “ironside” ship, Merrimac, began to sink Union ships. The Union sent their own ironclad ship, the Monitor, to take on the other ship. The battle lasted 5 hours which ended in a draw. But, the Monitor was able to stop the confederate ship from completely breaking the blockade. Western Campaign Ulysses S. Grant – trying to control the Mississippi in Tennessee (for Union) Forts Henry and Donelson (1862) – off of the Cumberland River (branch of the Mississippi) “Unconditional Surrender” – 14,000 Confederates taken prisoner Opened Mississippi to be attacked. Shiloh (1862) -23,000 dead or wounded Confederate army surprised Grant but Union army forced Confederate army to retreat. Confederate army commander Johnston died and army lost morale Union gets Mississippi River control under David Farragut (Navy) New Orleans (April, 1862) the capture of Fort Donelson was decisive and devastating for the South. In one campaign the Confederate defenses in the West were shattered, necessitating the abandonment of most of Tennessee and the state capital of Nashville Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy Necessary for South to get Foreign Support. Hoped “King Cotton” would gain support of Britain and France Trent Affair (1861) -The incident involved the capture of two Confederate envoys from a British ship, which threatened war between the two countries. Two Confederate diplomats, Slidell & Mason, went to GB to get support on a British ship. Union warship stopped ship, took Slidell & Mason off boat as prisoners. GB threatened war until Lincoln agreed to release Confederates but Confederacy still did not get recognition from GB nor France. Confederate Raiders Privateers (British-built ironclads) sold to Confederacy The Alabama Captured at least 60 Union vessels Eventually sunk off coast of France Failure of Cotton Diplomacy - a strategy used by the Confederacy during the American Civil War to get European support. The strategy involved withholding cotton from other countries, especially Great Britain, to pressure them into recognizing the Confederacy Southern blockade and later embargo led to cotton imported from India and Egypt Also began to use linen and wool instead of cotton. England and France refused to formally recognize the Confederacy. Confederacy did not have a decisive victory Lincoln’s emancipation Proclamation appealed to British working class. Major Turning Points (Union Wins) 1863-1865 Vicksburg Union almost has full control of Mississippi River. General Grant begins siege of Vicksburg. Took 7 weeks of Union artillery bombardment until Confederates finally surrendered (July 4, 1863). Gettysburg Lee took an army to Maryland and PA. Hoped to capture or destroy major Union city to either force a call for peace or get help from GB or France. Huge loss for Confederate army 50,000 casualties over 3 days. Gettysburg Address – admittance of this war being about equality and putting an end to slavery Grant as Commander & Sherman’s March Grant vs. Lee Wilderness (May, 1864) Grant heavily supplied Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor (May-June, 1864) Massive Casualties The Siege at Petersburg (June, 1864-April, 1865) Cut off Southern Railroads Sherman’s March to the Sea (November-December, 1864) Chickamauga (loss-1863)🡪 Chattanooga (victory-1863)🡪Atlanta (victory, 1864) “Make Georgia Howl” Sherman “neckties” Savannah, GA = Christmas present Sherman led force of 100,000 men and went from Chatanooga, TN to GA, and SC - destroying as they went. Burned cotton fields, barns, and houses. Anything that the Confederates would need to survive. Took Atlanta in 1864 and took Savannah in December. Ended his campaign in Columbia (capital of SC) in Feb. 1865. The End of the War Fall of Richmond (April 3, 1865) Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865) Confederacy tried to negotiate peace but Lincoln wanted nothing other than the Union restored. Recapture of Fort Sumter (April 14, 1865) Johnston Surrenders to Sherman (NC – April 17, 1865) Exit Ticket Schoology - Exit ticket quiz posted under Period 5. 4 questions. HW: AMSCO 5.9 DO NOW End of Slavery Confiscation Acts August 1861 - gave Union army power to seize enemy property Also gave power to President to use those freed in the Union army. July 1862 - Freed people who were enslaved by anybody that is in rebellion against the US. By 1863, approximately 10,000 former slaves had come to Washington By 1865 - 40,000 former slaves escaped. End of Slavery Emancipation Proclamation July 1862 - Lincoln said it's a “military necessity” that all enslaved persons should be free. Lincoln worried this would alienate pro-union/pro-slavery northerners and also make the Union army looks weak/desperate. Told the border states that he would provide compensation to owners that freed their slaves. January 1, 1863 - Lincoln pronounced that slaves in rebelling states would now be “then, thenceforward, and forever free.” Consequences: Only freed about 1% of enslaved people Enlarged the purpose of war Kept out England Strengthened Confiscation Acts - laws passed by during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South. The Confiscation Act of 1861 authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property by Union forces ("property" included slaves). Allowed enlistment of free African Americans Over 200,000 served Segregated Mostly non-combat (exception is 54th Massachusetts regiment) Political Changes Republican in office, Republicans in Congress Factionalized Radicals vs. Moderates Dissenters Copperheads – negotiated peace with treason Peace Democrats Civil Liberties Suspension of habeas corpus (a legal process that allows a person to challenge their detention or imprisonment in court) in Maryland and Kentucky 13,000 held without trial - suspected of aiding the enemy The SC ruled in Ex Parte Milligan (1866) that the govt. Improperly subjected civilians to military trials and they cannot do this in the future. The Draft Conscription Act (March, 1863) - laws that require citizens to serve in the military All men 20-45 Allowed for “substitutes” (or pay $300) New York Draft Riots (July 1863) - a series of violent protests that took place in Lower Manhattan from July 13–16, 1863. The riots were a response to the Enrollment Act of 1863, which authorized President Lincoln to draft men to fight in the Civil War. The riots are considered the largest civil uprising in American history.- immigrants vs. freed African Americans. 117 killed Temporary suspension of the draft Gettysburg Address (Nov. 1863) admittance of this war being about equality and putting an end to slavery Political Dominance of the North – supremacy of the federal government was an established fact. Election of 1864 Abraham Lincoln (Republican) “Unionists” Pro-war New running mate – Andrew Johnson (Democrat) George McClellan (Democrat) Democrats want cease fire “ditch-Lincoln” movement Anti-emancipation Economic Change Financing the War North Selling of bonds ($2.6 billion) Income tax, excise taxes, and increased tariffs Morrill Tariff Act (1861) - introduced high import duties not for the traditional purpose of national revenue but to protect American industry from overseas competition. Issuance of Greenbacks – could not be traded in for gold – contributing to inflation ($340 million) Prices rose by 80% in the North Renewal of National Bank (1863) Modernizing Northern Society Consolidation of industry in North Profiteers & New Industry War Financing (Cooke), Pork (Armour), Guns (Colt & Winchester), Wool and Linen see resurgence Economic Expansion Homestead Act (1862) – a law that gave citizens the opportunity to claim public land in exchange for living on and improving it – 160 acres to farm and live 5 years Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) – sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. (Texas A&M founded through this) Pacific Railway Act (1862) – authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of east and west together. Morrill was a senator from Vermont. End of the War/End of Lincoln General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865) Loss of 750,000 lives Estimated cost of $15 billion in war costs and property losses. Destroyed slavery and hurt the Southern economy. Lincoln's Assassination (April 14, 1865) @Fords Theater, John Wilkes Booth (actor & Confederate sympathizer) shot and killed Lincoln Co-Conspirator attacked and wounded Sec. of State William Seward Reconstruction Key Challenges: 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? Reunification and reconciliation! 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? Slavery gradually ended - last to hear were in Texas (June 19th) - Juneteenth “40 acres and a mule” - General Sherman ordered freedpeople in SC and GA to be given acreage in order to start a new life. A phrase that refers to the promise of land and resources to formerly enslaved African Americans after the American Civil War. The promise was made to help freed people become economically self-sufficient. Ended by President Johnson and land was taken away Still have regional differences after the war ended Northern Republicans -> continue economic progress Southern Democrats -> low-cost labor to work plantations Federal Government did little to help South rebuilt - left it to the states and individuals. Activity - End of War/Beginning of Reconstruction Gallery Walk Part 1: 5 different “stations” - different issues that needed to be addressed during Reconstruction. For each issue, write down the: Political issues/questions to be solved Social issues/questions to be solved Economic issues/questions to be solved Part 2:Look over the different plans for Reconstruction (10% Plan & Wade-Davis Plan). Write out the goals/purposes for each plan in your chart and then decide how each plan attempted to address Reconstruction issues. HW: Entire AMSCO packet due Wednesday DO NOW (12/7) Turn in AMSCO Period 5 HW Review Friday (Relocated to RM E121) Period 5 Exam - Monday (12/12) Freedmen’s Bureau: March 1865 Purpose: Help former slaves and poor southern whites. Greatest success was in education Freedmen's Bureau taught around 200,000 African Americans how to read. “Forty acres and a mule” Confiscated land to give to former slaves Almost never happened. Johnson ended it and former slaves lost their land. Reconstruction Plans Lincoln’s Plan: Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction Southern states may rejoin Union once 10% of state voters pledged loyalty to Union.(Ten Percent Plan - required that 10% of the voters within the Confederate states swear allegiance to the Union and recognize the emancipation of former slaves) Must accept emancipation Wade-Davis Plan - a Reconstruction plan that would have readmitted Confederate states to the Union under strict conditions. Required 50% of voters to take an oath of allegiance. Excluded those who aided the Confederacy This was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln Johnson’s Plan Recognizes the 10% Plan but added: Disfranchisement (loss of vote & hold office) to former leaders of Confederacy Ratify the 13th amendment (Abolished slavery) Johnson ends up pardoning most Confederate leaders Southern planters re-established political control of southern politics Lincoln's reconstruction policy toward the South was lenient because he wanted to popularize his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln feared that compelling enforcement of the proclamation could lead to the defeat of the Republican Party in the election of 1864, and that popular Democrats could overturn his proclamation. Southern Defiance: Black Codes Black Codes: Purpose was to guarantee a stable labor supply. Restricted black people's right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, and move freely through public spaces Southerners wanted to restore pre-emancipation system of the racial hierarchy. Examples: Prohibited AA from renting land or borrowing money to buy land AA forced to sign labor contracts Penalty for leaving before contract expired AA cannot serve on a jury or vote Many AA forced to become sharecroppers Allowed to use land in exchange for giving a % of crop to owner of land. Johnson vs. Congress February 1866: Johnson vetoed the extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau - Congress overrides the veto Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 - which declared that all people born in the United States were U.S. citizens and had certain unalienable rights, including the right to make contracts, to own property, to sue in court, and to enjoy the full protection of federal law. Gives citizenship to AA and sought to get rid of Black Codes. Johnson vetoes Congress overrides the veto Johnson has become disliked by the Republicans in DC - he is a well known white supremacist. 14th & 15th Amendments Congress wants to make sure that southern states couldn’t overturn the Civil Rights Act of 1866. 14th Amendment (ratified 1868) Declare all persons born in the US as citizens States must protect rights and provide “equal protection of the law” and “due process” Prevented former Confederate political leaders from holding state or federal offices. Southern states would be punished for denying right to vote to AA citizens. 15th Amendment (ratified 1870) Prohibits any state from denying a citizen's right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments are known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Congressional Reconstruction Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Divided the South into 5 military districts controlled by Union Generals. Readmission to Union now required states to ratify 13th & 14th amendments and guarantee right to vote to all adult males, regardless of race. –(Tennessee had already been readmitted to the Union by this time and so was excluded from these acts). –the military in each district oversaw the elections and the registration of voters. President Johnson Impeached 1867 - Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act Prohibited the President from removing a federal official or military commanders without Senate approval. Took away some Presidential Power. President Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1868. House immediately votes to impeach Johnson Charged with 11 “high crimes & misdemeanors” Only short 1 vote. Reconstruction Governments Republican Coalition Scalawags: Southern Republicans Former Whigs that wanted economic development for their state and wanted peace. Carpetbaggers: Northern newcomers in the South Some looking for profit, some wanted to help (ministers, teachers, etc.) AA began to hold offices Blanche K. Bruce & Hiram Revels to Senate Several others in House of Reps. While under Military control - governments in former Confederate states were republican controlled. After they rejoined the Union it took 1-9 years to form a new democratic controlled government Reconstruction Falls Apart Ku Klux Klan established to secure white supremacy and resist Reconstruction governments. Force Acts of 1870 & 1871 intended to stop resistance to Reconstruction Federal Troops sent in to stop KKK. Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteed equal access to public places and protected right to serve on juries. Poorly enforced and SC overturned it in 1883 KKK AA owned businesses down, flogged and murdered thousands of innocents to keep them from voting. In 3 southern states - the votes were contested and a special election commission was created to see who would get the electoral votes on the contested states. They votes went to Hayes even though Tilden had the pop. vote. Compromise of 1877 - Hayes (republican) would end federal support for republicans in south & build a transcontinental railroad in the South. End of Reconstruction Federal intervention in the South had some short term success Reunited the Union Opened up political opportunities to former slaves Civil War ended slavery and the idea of a divisible union But left unchanged social and economic patterns. Rights given by 14th/15th amendments were slowly stripped away through segregation, violence, SC decisions, and local political tactics. Activity SAQ - Reconstruction Use IDEA to write your responses: IDEA Identify Proper Noun Define / Describe the PN Explain the connection of PN to the Task Then you have Answered the question Work on anything you have missing - Last day I am taking assignments is Monday (12/12) Period 5 Exam Monday (12/12) We will review Friday (RM E121)