Chapter 1 Intro to Human Body (1).pptx

Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – means to “cut up” The study of body structures and the relationships among them Lab Physiology – means “study of nature” The study of body functions – how does the body work Lecture Structure and Function are closely related...

Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – means to “cut up” The study of body structures and the relationships among them Lab Physiology – means “study of nature” The study of body functions – how does the body work Lecture Structure and Function are closely related which is why we learn them together  The Hierarchy of Complexity Organism composed of organ systems Organ systems composed of organs Organs composed of tissues Tissues composed of cells Cells composed of organelles Organelles composed of molecules Molecules composed of atoms ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  The Body’s Structural Hierarchy ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Organ Systems We will be studying an overview of all the organ systems  The tissues involved  The organs involved  The “chemicals” involved  The functions involved  How the work together Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5  Anatomical Variation No two humans are exactly alike – Anatomy books show most common organization of structures – Some individuals lack certain muscles – Some individuals have an atypical number of vertebrae – Some individuals have an atypical number of certain organs (for example, kidneys) – Some individuals show situs inversus—left-right reversal of organ placement ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Variation in Anatomy of the Kidneys and Major Arteries Near the Heart ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Physiological Variation Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and environment Typical physiological values – Reference man 22 years old, 154 lb, light physical activity Consumes 2,800 kcal/day – Reference woman Same as man except 128 lb and 2,000 kcal/day Failure to consider variation can lead to overmedication of elderly or medicating women based on research done on men ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Homeostasis Homeostasis – the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions – Keep the body systems in equilibrium, which keeps them functioning appropriately Homeostasis is a dynamic condition State of the body fluctuates within limited narrow range around a set point – the condition where the system functions “best” Blood glucose level is between 80 and 100 mg per 100 ml of blood What about body temperature? Homeostasis of Blood Glucose Levels Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10  Homeostasis of Body Temperature Figure 1.6b Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11 ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Homeostasis What happens if blood glucose levels or temperature go below or above the range? Mechanisms bring the levels back into range through feedback systems Negative feedback systems reverse the change from the set point – Too high, bring it down – Too low, bring it up Positive feedback systems strengthen or amplify the change – Very rare but very necessary in some instances Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or 3 Components of a Feedback Loop Receptor – structure that senses change in the body Integrating (Control) Center - control center that processes the sensory information, “makes a decision”, and directs the response Effector – cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis  STIMULUS disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a SET POINT FOR SYSTEM that is monitored by RECEPTORS Input that send nerve impulses or chemical signals to a Return to homeostasis when the CONTROL CENTER response brings the controlled condition that receives the input back to normal Output and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to EFFECTORS that bring about a change or RESPONSE that alters the controlled condition Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.  Negative Feedback Restores System to Set Point Positive Feedback and Rapid Change Self-amplifying cycle – Leads to greater change in the same direction – Feedback loop is repeated—change produces more change Normal way of producing rapid changes – Examples include childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals Can sometimes be dangerous – Example: vicious circle of runaway fever ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Positive Feedback Amplifies the Change Away from Set Point  Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Levels of control – Intracellular control Regulation within cells – Intrinsic control OR Autoregulation Regulation within tissues or organs – Extrinsic control Regulation from organ to organ May involve nerve signals May involve endocrine signals (hormones) Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19  Gradients and Flow  Gradient—a difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points  Matter and energy tend to flow down gradients  Example: blood flows from a place of higher pressure to a place of lower pressure  Movement in the opposite direction is “up the gradient” Movement in this direction requires spending metabolic energy  What flows down concentration gradients?  Chemicals flow down concentration gradients Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 20  Flow Down Gradients Figure 1.9(a- b) Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21 ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Flow Down Gradients Chemicals Charged Particles (Ions) Heat Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22  Biochemistry The study of the molecules that compose living organisms Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids Important for understanding cellular structures, basic physiology, nutrition, and health ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill  Chemistry WHY? Because everything, living and non-living is made up of matter Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space – Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas – All matter (both living and non-living) is composed of 92 naturally-occurring elements  Accessing Recordings and Videos You may need to download the PowerPoint to your computer to access the recordings and videos as the links may not function when displayed in Canvas.  Atoms and Elements View Video: Chemistry Part 1 View Video: Chemistry Part 2 View Video: Ionic Bonding View Video: Covalent Bonding  The History of Anatomical Terminology About 90% of our current medical terms come from 1,200 Greek and Latin roots reflecting ancient past The Renaissance brought progress but confusion – Same structures named differently in varied countries – Some structures named after people (eponyms) 1895: Anatomists established worldwide naming conventions – Rejected eponyms; used unique Latin names 1998: Terminologia Anatomica (TA) – Provided Latin names and English equivalents ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Importance of Precision Be precise in use and spelling of terms Many terms are spelled similarly but have very different meanings Health-care professions demand precision in order to maintain patient safety ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Analyzing Medical Terms Terminology based on word elements – Lexicon of 400-word elements can be found in Appendix F Scientific terms – One root (stem) with core meaning – Combining vowels join roots into a word – Prefix and/or suffix may modify meaning of root word Acronyms—pronounceable words formed from first letter, or first few letters, of series of words – Example: PET scan = Positron Emission Tomography ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  IMPORTANT TERMS ROOT Is the stem or basic part of the word which carries the main meaning of the word. – The root: “derm” - means: skin – The root: “ven” - means: vein  IMPORTANT TERMS PREFIX Is a word part or group of letters added on to the beginning of a root which can change the meaning of that root or word. The prefix “intra”- means within – intravenous = relates to something within the vein – intramuscular = relates to something within the muscle The prefix “hypo”- means under,  IMPORTANT TERMS SUFFIX Is a word part or group of letters added to the end of a root which can alter the word’s form or part of speech – such as change from a noun to a verb. Nearly all medical terms have a suffix. The suffix “algia” or “dynia” - means pain – neuralgia = relates to nerve pain The suffix ”ectomy” - means excision (cut out) – appendectomy = relates to removal of the appendix Plural, Adjectival, and Possessive Forms Plural forms vary – Examples: cortex–cortices, corpus–corpora Adjectival form of a term can appear different than noun form – Example: Brachium (n.): arm vs. brachii (adj.): of the arm Adjective often follows noun it modifies – Example: Biceps brachii ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.  Pronunciation Simple pronunciation guides for many terms are given in the text when terms are first introduced There are many online sources for how to pronounce terms You can check out https://howjsay.com/ ©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Types of Anatomical Terminology Body positions Regional names Directional terms Planes and sections Body cavities  Body Positions Anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor  Regional Names Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference  Directional Terms Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another Directional Terms  Planes & Sections Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body Planes & Sections  Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs  Serous Membranes Serous membranes are thin, double- layered membranes that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen – Visceral layer – Parietal layer Serous membranes reduce friction Serous Membranes: Thoracic Cavity The pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs, respectively Serous Membranes: Thoracic Cavity Serous Membrane: Abdominal Cavity The peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organ – Retroperitoneal – the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather, they are posterior to it  Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants The abdominal cavity can be divided into regions to easily describe the location of organs