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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'anatomy' mean?
to cut up
What does the term 'physiology' mean?
study of nature
No two humans have exactly the same anatomy.
True
Which of the following is true about the hierarchy of complexity in the body?
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What is homeostasis?
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The three components of a feedback loop are the ______, control center, and effector.
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What is the normal blood glucose level for homeostasis?
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What happens if blood glucose levels or temperature go outside their normal range?
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What is the simplest form of matter that has unique chemical properties?
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How many naturally occurring elements are there?
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Which of the following elements constitute 96% of body weight?
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The atomic number of an element is the number of neutrons in its nucleus.
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The six elements that make up 98.5% of body weight are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, ______, and phosphorus.
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What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?
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Electrons have a significant mass compared to protons and neutrons.
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What percentage of body weight is constituted by minerals?
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What is the approximate atomic mass equal to?
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Match the following elements with their atomic number:
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy refers to the study of body structures and their relationships, derived from the term meaning "to cut up."
- Physiology focuses on body functions, or how the body operates, and originates from the term meaning "study of nature."
- The interrelationship between structure and function necessitates a simultaneous study of both.
The Hierarchy of Complexity
- Organisms consist of various organ systems, which are composed of organs.
- Organs comprise tissues, tissues are made of cells, cells consist of organelles, and organelles are formed from molecules, which are ultimately composed of atoms.
Organ Systems Overview
- The course includes an overview of all organ systems, detailing:
- Involved tissues and organs
- The chemicals involved in their functions
- The specific functions of each organ system
- How these systems collaborate to maintain bodily functions
Anatomical Variation
- No two humans share identical anatomical structures; variations exist widely.
- Common variations include individuals lacking certain muscles or having atypical numbers of vertebrae and organs, such as kidneys.
- Situs inversus is an observed condition where organ placement is reversed on the left and right sides of the body.
Physiological Variation
- Factors influencing physiological variation include sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics, and environment.
- Typical physiological values are modeled on reference individuals:
- Reference man: 22 years old, 154 lbs, consumes 2,800 kcal/day with light physical activity.
- Reference woman: Similar to man but weighs 128 lbs and consumes 2,000 kcal/day.
- Ignoring these variations can lead to inappropriate medical treatment, particularly in the elderly or women, if based solely on male research subjects.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the body’s ability to detect change and activate mechanisms to maintain stable internal conditions.
- Essential for keeping body systems in equilibrium, enabling appropriate functioning.
- The state of the body fluctuates within a narrow range around a set point, such as maintaining blood glucose levels between 80 and 100 mg per 100 ml of blood.
Feedback Systems in Homeostasis
- Feedback mechanisms restore levels back to the set point when conditions deviate:
- Negative feedback systems counteract changes; if levels rise, they are lowered, and vice versa.
- Positive feedback systems amplify changes but are rare and specifically necessary in limited instances.
Components of a Feedback Loop
- Receptor: A structure that senses changes in the body.
- Integrating (Control) Center: Processes sensory information and orchestrates appropriate responses to restore homeostasis.
- Effector: Carries out the actions to correct deviations from the set point.
Atoms and Elements
- Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler matter and represent the smallest amount of matter.
- The periodic table lists 92 naturally occurring elements, with 24 having biological roles.
- Six main elements constitute 98.5% of body weight: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
- Among these, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen alone make up 96% of body weight, while remaining elements (4%) are lesser and trace elements.
Major Elements in Living Organisms
- Inorganic minerals are essential elements extracted from soil by plants and passed through the food chain.
- Key minerals include calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S), constituting about 4% of body weight.
- Minerals are vital for body structure (e.g., calcium in teeth and bones) and enzyme functions.
- Electrolytes are mineral salts crucial for nerve and muscle function.
Atomic Structure
- An element is the simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties, consisting of atoms, the smallest units retaining an element's characteristics.
- Atoms comprise three subatomic particles:
- Protons (+1 charge, mass of 1)
- Neutrons (0 charge, mass of 1)
- Electrons (-1 charge, negligible mass)
- Typically, the number of protons equals the number of neutrons and electrons in an atom.
Nucleus and Electron Configuration
- Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, with electrons orbiting in shells around it.
- Electron shells have specific configurations:
- First shell: 2 electrons
- Second shell: 8 electrons
- Third shell: up to 18 electrons
- Electrons move rapidly, creating an electron cloud appearance.
Atomic Number and Mass
- The atomic number equals the number of protons in an element's nucleus, determining the element's position in the periodic table.
- Atomic mass represents the total mass of protons and neutrons, approximated in atomic mass units (amu).
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Description
Dive into the foundational concepts of Anatomy and Physiology in this quiz based on Chapter 1. Explore the relationship between body structures and their functions, and understand the hierarchy of complexity within the human body. Test your knowledge on these essential principles that underpin the study of life sciences.
