Introduction to Anthropology, Sociology, and Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of variable in research?

  • Independent variable
  • Dependent variable
  • Extraneous variable (correct)
  • Confounding variable

    • Functionalism is a school of thought distinct from Conflict Theory and focuses on the individual.

    False

    What process refers to the spread of culture from one population to another?

    Diffusion

    The three types of variables are independent, dependent, and __________.

    <p>confounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their contributions to psychology:

    <p>Pavlov = Classical conditioning Bandura = Observational learning Skinner = Operant conditioning Freud = Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a theory of deviance?

    <p>Cognitive Dissonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anomie refers to a strong sense of belonging and acceptance within a community.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors have boosted population growth?

    <p>Advances in agriculture and medical treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The passage of culture from one generation to the next is known as ___.

    <p>cultural transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the social sciences with their primary areas of focus:

    <p>Psychology = Individual thoughts and beliefs Anthropology = Cultural evolution and variation Sociology = Group behaviors and social structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the bias that prevents people from changing despite little social interaction?

    <p>Status Quo Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Technological Determinism asserts that technology has no influence on social norms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how autonomous vehicles will impact societal norms using the term 'enculturation.'

    <p>As autonomous vehicles are integrated into everyday life, they will influence new behavioral norms and practices, illustrating enculturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in the given scenario?

    <p>The number of people in the room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive biases can impact our ability to recall events accurately.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are confounding variables in the context of an experiment?

    <p>Confounding variables are extraneous factors that may affect the dependent variable, thereby influencing the outcome of the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digital media shapes our attitudes and beliefs on various issues, such as ________.

    <p>politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the schools of thought with their focus:

    <p>Functionalism = Investigating the social functions of institutions Cultural Materialism = Decisions regarding human reproduction and economic production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of cognitive bias?

    <p>Enhanced memory recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are over 200 known confirmation biases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does digital media influence our understanding?

    <p>Digital media influences our knowledge, understanding, and memory by exposing us to new ideas and shaping our perceptions of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of traditional cultural values on social change?

    <p>Hinders acceptance of new ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by high birth rates and low death rates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal defined by Robert Merton's Strain Theory?

    <p>Financial success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that views crime as a normal response to achieving societal goals is known as ______.

    <p>Strain Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of the Demographic Transition Model with their characteristics:

    <p>Stage 1 = High birth and death rates, stable population Stage 2 = Death rates drop, population rises Stage 3 = Birth rates drop due to contraception Stage 4 = Low birth and death rates, higher life expectancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of culture?

    <p>Strain Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hans Rosling argued that the historical gap between Western and non-Western countries is closing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the disconnect between cultural goals and the legitimate means of achieving them, according to Strain Theory?

    <p>Anomie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Demographic Transition Model, Stage 5 could potentially lead to a ______ population decrease or a resource crunch.

    <p>decreasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Social Change Theory impediments with their descriptions:

    <p>Traditional Cultural Values = Ideals passed from generation to generation Little Education = Limited exposure to innovative ideas Economic Expense = Investment required for social change Abuse of Power = Low wages and control by leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of deviance involves rejecting both societal goals and the means to achieve them?

    <p>Retreatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    McLuhan believed that technology had no impact on culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for social change to occur, according to Social Change Theory?

    <p>It must be accepted by everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ of the Demographic Transition Model is marked by low birth and death rates, often due to women's participation in the workforce.

    <p>Stage 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does symbolic interactionism primarily focus on?

    <p>Interactions with objects, events, and people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes conflict theory?

    <p>It analyzes the conflicts arising from inequalities between groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functionalism analyzes society only at a small scale.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of confirmation bias.

    <p>The tendency to favor information that supports one's preconceptions, regardless of its truth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the method used by anthropologists to live in another culture as an active participant.

    <p>Participant observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological theories with their primary focus:

    <p>Behaviorism = Learning through rewards and punishments Social Learning Theory = Learning through observation and modeling Classical Conditioning = Automatic responses to stimuli Operational Conditioning = Conditioning through consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary belief of technological determinism?

    <p>Technology initiates social change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The halo effect influences our judgment based on multiple traits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of in-group bias.

    <p>Children treating their peer group nicer than outsiders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency to judge other cultures by our own values is known as _______.

    <p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sociology examines social interactions between small groups?

    <p>Microsociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    False memory bias occurs when an individual correctly recalls a memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three tenets of symbolic interactionism proposed by Herbert Bloomer?

    <ol> <li>We act based on the meanings we assign to things, 2) Different meanings exist for different people, 3) Meanings can change.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biases with their definitions:

    <p>Asymmetrical Insight Bias = Belief that one's knowledge surpasses others Confirmation Bias = Favoring information that supports preconceptions False Memory Bias = Recalling memories incorrectly Halo Effect = Judging based on one prominent trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anthropology

    • Anthropology studies humans: origins, biology, culture, and social relationships using scientific methods.
    • Cultural anthropology examines learned human behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, values, and societal ideals.
    • Anthropologists focus on enculturation (how culture members learn and internalize shared beliefs).

    Sociology

    • Sociology analyzes the development, structure, and workings of human societies and institutions.
    • It examines social life patterns, social change, and the societal causes and consequences of human behavior.
    • Important sociologists include Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber.

    Psychology

    • Psychology studies human behavior and mental processes.
    • It focuses on individual experiences and the factors influencing how they act and think.
    • This includes theoretical/experimental psychology (experiments to determine human behaviors), clinical psychology (treating mental illnesses and disorders), social psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, among others.

    Knowledge vs Intuition

    • Knowledge comes from research and experimentation.
    • Intuition is based on personal experience and feelings.

    Theories of Deviance

    • Social Control Theory: Criminal behavior arises from the weakening of social bonds (relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs).
    • Labeling Theory: Criminal careers stem from destructive social interactions and stigma-producing encounters.
    • Differential Association Theory: Criminality is a learned behavior through interactions with individuals in close groups.
    • Neutralization Theory: People learn techniques to neutralize or rationalize their criminal behavior.

    Scientific Research Method

    • Question: The initial research topic.
    • Background research: Review of existing knowledge.
    • Hypothesis: A proposed answer or explanation.
    • Methodology: Plan for testing the hypothesis.
    • Analysis of results: Interpretation of the findings.
    • Evaluation of results: Significance of results.
    • Reflection: Connections to existing knowledge.

    Demographic Transition Model

    • Stages of population change based on birth and death rates.
    • Population increases initially, then stabilizes as rates converge.

    Hans Rosling

    • Noted expert on population and health care evolution.
    • Global population growth analysis with focus on health and wealth.

    Social Change Theory

    • Looks at factors impacting societal change structures.

    Impediments to Social Change

    • Traditional Cultural Values: Passed down ideals and moral principles.
    • Little Cultural Interaction: Exposure to other cultures and practices is limited, limiting change opportunities.
    • Expense of Change: Financial investment and adaptation costs to change.
    • Abuse of Power: Dominant groups maintaining control resisting changes.

    Aspects of Culture

    • Social Organization: How society arranges itself in groups.
    • Language: Communication tools.
    • Customs and Traditions: Established norms and behaviors.
    • Art & Literature: Expression of culture.
    • Religion: Beliefs and practices.
    • Form of Government: Structure of rule.
    • Economic System: Systems of production and resource distribution.

    Strain Theory (Robert Merton)

    • Views crime as a normal response to the pressure of societal goals (financial success) without adequate means to achieve them (opportunities).
    • Anomie refers to the gap between societal goals and available means.

    Deviance Typology

    • Conformity: Accept societal goals and means.
    • Innovation: Accept goals but reject means.
    • Ritualism: Reject goals and accept means.
    • Retreatism: Reject both goals and means.

    Marshall McLuhan

    • A philosopher emphasizing the influence of technology on culture.
    • "We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us."

    Digital Media

    • Integrated in communication with increasing productivity and influence.
    • Affecting knowledge, understanding, and memory.

    Cognitive Bias

    • Systematic deviations from reality or good judgment.

    Schools of Thought

    • Functionalism: Examines social functions of individual institutions in shaping a society.
    • Cultural Materialism: Cultural understanding through economic factors.
    • Symbolic Interactionism: Focuses on small-scale interactions between people and the meaning attached to them.
    • Conflict Theory: Focuses on inequalities and societal changes between groups.

    Psychological Schools of Thought

    • Behaviorism: Studies observable behaviors and their conditioning (Pavlov, Skinner).
    • Classical Conditioning: Automatic responses to stimuli.
    • Operational Conditioning: Learning via reinforcement (rewards/punishments).
    • Social Learning Theory (Bandura): Learn through observation of others and rewards/punishments.

    Technological Determinism

    • Belief that technology drives societal change.

    Ethnocentrism

    • Judging other cultures based on one's own values.

    Participant Observation

    • Anthropological method for understanding another culture by participating in it.

    Asymmetrical Insight Bias

    • Individuals overestimate their knowledge about others compared to what they know about themselves.

    Confirmation Bias

    • Tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs and disregard contradictory information.

    False Memory Bias

    • Recalling incorrect or fabricated memories.

    Halo Effect

    • Judging based on a single trait, impacting overall perception.

    Selective Perception

    • Perceiving based on prior beliefs and ignoring anything that contradicts them.

    Short Answer Questions (Examples)

    • Applications of selected deviance theories to everyday behaviors.
    • Identification of questions from different social science perspectives surrounding issues surrounding Indigenous children.
    • Analysis of technology's role in changing social behavior with specific applications (e.g, autonomous vehicles).

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    Explore the fundamental concepts of anthropology, sociology, and psychology in this comprehensive quiz. Delve into human behavior, cultural patterns, and social structures to understand the intricate relationships among these fields. Ideal for students seeking to deepen their knowledge of social sciences.

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