Animal Physiology Test Bank Chapter 27 PDF

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 27: Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Cho...

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 27: Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Larger crustaceans, such as a blue crab, have an exoskeleton impregnated with a. cellulose. b. calcium. c. phospholipids. d. proteoglycans. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. The purpose of taking excess water into the body during the process of molting is to a. provide structural rigidity. b. increase the osmotic pressure. c. expand the body to make a larger exoskeleton. d. provide structural rigidity and expand the body to make a larger exoskeleton. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Most mammals are _______ water. a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 80% Answer: c Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. In the body, water is found in the largest quantity in the a. extracellular fluid. b. interstitial fluid. c. intracellular fluid. d. plasma. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Importance of Animal Body Fluids © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. In a person who weighs 70 kg, _______ of that is water. a. 30 Kg b. 42 Kg c. 52 Kg d. 62 Kg Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Importance of Animal Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 6. Which statement about the importance of ions in body fluids is false? a. Ionic concentrations can have a direct effect on the three-dimensional shape of proteins and thus their function. b. Ionic concentrations can change the pH, increasing it or decreasing, thus affecting the function of proteins. c. Ionic concentrations can affect synaptic transmission in neurons. d. Ionic concentrations have no effect on the rhythm of the heart. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Importance of Animal Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 7. Which process directly uses ATP to move ions to cross the cell membrane? a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Primary active transport d. Secondary active transport Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Relationships among Body fluids Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. Which of the following does not allow movement of water across a cell membrane? a. Carriers b. Endocytotic vesicles c. Channels d. The lipid portion of the membrane Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Relationships among Body fluids Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. _______ allow for water and ion movement across the blood–capillary endothelium. a. Pores b. Channels c. Carriers d. Transporters Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: The Relationships among Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 10. Typically, if the blood osmolarity were 500 mOsm, then interstitial fluid osmolarity would be _______ mOsm. a. 300 b. 400 c. 500 d. 600 Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Relationships among Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 11. If you submerge a mussel in an environment in which the ambient osmotic pressure progressively increases, the blood osmotic pressure of the mussel will a. progressively increase. b. progressively decrease. c. increase first and then decrease. d. not change. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 12. If you submerge an animal in an environment in which the ambient osmotic pressure increases, but the animal’s blood osmotic pressure does not change, it can be concluded that this animal is a a. conformer. b. regulator. c. migrator. d. concentrator. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. The maintenance of a constant concentration of ions in the blood plasma is known as a. ionic conformity. b. ionic regulation. c. volume regulation. d. volume conformity. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 14. If you go to the movie theater and eat a large bag of salted popcorn, after few hours your plasma salt concentration will a. increase. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. decrease. c. be at the normal level. d. increase and then decrease. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 15. If you go to the movie theater and eat a large bag of popcorn with salt, after few minutes, your plasma salt concentration will a. increase. b. decrease. c. be at the normal level. d. increase and then decrease. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 16. If a freshwater fish takes in a quantity of water from its dilute environment by osmosis, the osmotic pressure in its plasma will tend to a. increase. b. decrease. c. remain the same. d. increase then decrease. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 17.–20. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 17. What does the dotted line represent? a. The isosmotic line b. The line of regulation c. Ambient osmotic pressure d. The ideal osmotic pressure Answer: a Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 18. Which animal is a regulator? a. Green crab b. Mussel c. Shrimp d. Green crab and shrimp Answer: d Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 19. Based on the data shown, which animal can survive the widest range of salinity? a. Green crab b. Mussel c. Shrimp d. Green crab and shrimp Answer: a Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 20. Which animal is a conformer? a. Green crab b. Mussel c. Shrimp d. Green crab and mussel Answer: d Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 21. Seawater in the open ocean has a uniform salinity of _______ g/kg. a. 32–48 b. 30–32 c. 32–34 d. 34–46 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Natural Aquatic Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 22. The mix of freshwater with ocean water along coastlines is termed a. freshwater mixing. b. salt water mixing. c. brackish water. d. pond water. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Natural Aquatic Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 23. Humidity refers to the _______ content in the atmosphere. a. oxygen b. water c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen Answer: b Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 24. Evaporation occurs if the partial pressure in a solution a. is below the partial pressure in the plasma. b. is below the partial pressure in the atmosphere. c. exceeds the partial pressure in the plasma. d. exceeds the partial pressure in the atmosphere. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 25. If the partial pressure of a substance in the atmosphere is 2x and the partial pressure of the same substance in the body fluid is 4x, the evaporation rate will a. stay the same. b. decrease. c. increase. d. cease. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 26. If the partial pressure of a substance in the atmosphere is 10 mmHg and the evaporation rate increases, then we can assume that the partial pressure of the same substance in the body fluid is _______ mmHg. a. 1 b. 8 c. 10 d. 25 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 27. Animal A has a body temperature of 35°C and animal B has a body temperature of 40°C. Both of the animals are in an environment at 40°C and 25% relative humidity. Which of the two animals would lose more water? a. Animal A because the air it exhales has more water vapor. b. Animal B because the air it exhales has more water vapor. c. Animal A because the air it inhales has more water vapor. d. Animal B because the air it inhales has more water vapor. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 28.–30. Refer to the formula below. 28. With regard to terrestrial animals, the rate of evaporation, J, will increase if the distance of solution from air, X, a. increases. b. decreases. c. does not change in value. d. increases and then decreases. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 29. The rate of evaporation, J, will increase if a. WVPs increases and WVPa decreases. b. WVPs decreases and WVPa increases. c. WVPs remains the same and WVPa increases. d. WVPs decreases and WVPa remains the same. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 30. Which of the following will not increase the rate of evaporation, J? a. An increase in K b. An increase in WVPs c. A decrease in WVPa d. An increase in X Answer: d Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 31. Which animal has the lowest K value? a. Reindeer b. Lizard c. Mouse d. Frog Answer: b Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 32. Assuming humidity is the only factor that affects evaporation, which animal will have the highest rate of evaporation? a. A mammal in a hot desert where humidity is very low b. A mammal in a cold desert where humidity is very low c. A lizard in a hot desert where humidity is very high d. A lizard in a cold desert where humidity is very high Answer: a Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 33. At which temperature will an animal whose body surface temperature is 32°C have the highest rate of condensation? a. 28°C b. 30°C c. 31°C d. 35°C Answer: d Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 34. Which of the following will most likely accompany evaporation? a. The blood will become hypertonic. b. The blood will become hypotonic. c. The blood tonicity will not change. d. The blood will become isotonic. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 35. The most fundamental function of the _______ is to prevent an animal from reaching an isosmotic line. a. liver b. small intestine c. kidney d. spleen Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 36. In most aquatic animals, the organ whose function is equivalent to the mammalian kidney is the a. kidney. b. gill. c. mantle. d. aorta. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 37. An animal whose blood osmolarity is 100 mOsm and urine osmolarity is 80 mOSm will have _______ that is _______ to the plasma. a. urine; hyperosmotic b. urine; isosmotic c. blood; hyperosmotic d. blood; hyposmotic Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 38. An animal whose blood osmolarity is 70 mOsm and urine osmolarity is 90 mOsm will have _______ that is _______ to the plasma. a. urine; hyperosmotic b. urine; isosmotic c. blood; hyperosmotic © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. blood; hyposmotic Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 39. The range of osmotic U/P ratio in humans is a. 0.1 to 2. b. 0.1 to 3. c. 0.1 to 4. d. 0.1 to 5. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 40. Urine that is hyposmotic to the blood plasma contains a a. large amount of water. b. normal amount of water. c. low amount of water. d. high amount of solutes and waste product. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 41. An ionic U/P ratio that is greater than 1 indicates that the urine contains a. more sodium compared to the plasma. b. less sodium compared to the plasma. c. the same amount of sodium as the plasma does. d. more sodium compared to the plasma, however, the concentration is equal. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 42. If a human drank sea water, ingestion of which ion would be most responsible for tissue dehydration? a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Chloride d. Magnesium Answer: c Textbook Reference: Food and Drinking Water Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 43. Plants that tolerate and assimilate high concentrations of salt are called a. bryophytes. b. ferns. c. halophytes. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. stipes. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Food and Drinking Water Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 44. Which substance results in water formation when consumed? a. Proteins b. Lipids c. Carbohydrates d. Both lipids and carbohydrates Answer: d Textbook Reference: Food and Drinking Water Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 45. Which substance would cause the greatest loss of water when consumed? a. Proteins, because they require urea for catabolism. b. Carbohydrates, because they generate carbon dioxide. c. Lipids, because they generate nitrogenous wastes. d. Proteins, because they generate urea. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Food and Drinking Water Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 46. Your friend is on a high-protein diet. As a result of the higher protein intake, your friend will most likely a. lose water because water is important for protein storage. b. gain water because water is produced by the breakdown of protein. c. lose water because water is needed to excrete the excess urea produced from protein catabolism. d. gain water because excess protein causes water storage. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Food and Drinking Water Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 47. Water produced by cellular respiration is called _______ water. a. catabolic b. cellular respiration c. preformed d. metabolic Answer: d Textbook Reference: Metabolic Water Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 48. The fluid that directly bathes the cells is called a. cytoplasm. b. plasma. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. extracellular fluid. d. interstitial fluid. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 49. Kangaroo rats and laboratory rats differ in obligatory water loss via a. respiration. b. urine. c. feces. d. urine and feces. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Metabolic Water Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 50. If cells are submerged in hypertonic solution they will a. expand. b. burst. c. maintain the same volume. d. shrivel. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 51. If the osmotic U/P ratio is greater than 1, and the plasma osmolarity is not adjusted to match the interstitial fluid osmolarity, there is an increased tendency for water to move a. into cells, causing them to expand and eventually lyse. b. out of cells, causing them to shrivel. c. into cells, causing them to expand but not lyse since water will move out immediately. d. out of cells, but the cells will not shrivel because water will move in immediately. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 52. If the osmotic U/P ratio is less than 1, and the plasma osmolarity is not adjusted to match the interstitial fluid osmolarity, there is an increased tendency for water to move a. into cells, causing them to expand and eventually lyse. b. out of cells, causing them to shrivel. c. into cells, causing them to expand but not lyse since water will move out immediately. d. out of cells, but the cells will not shrivel because water will move in immediately. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 53. Which collection of solutes, when dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water, exerts the highest osmotic pressure? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. 1 mmol NaCl; 1mmol Mg2+ b. 2 mmol sucrose; 1 mmol Na+ c. 2 mmol glycine; 1 mmol taurine d. 2 mmol arginine; 1 mmol NaCl Answer: d Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 54. In terms of osmotic pressure exerted, which comparison of dissolved chemicals is true? a. 1 mmol taurine = 1 mmol Na+ b. 1mmol of glycine > 1 mmol NaCl c. 1 mmol trimethylamine oxide > 1 mmol Na+ d. 1 mmol Mg2+ > 1 mmol Na+ Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 55.–56. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 55. The shaded area on the graph represents the a. Rate of enzyme catalysis. b. normal enzyme substrate affinity. c. normal range of osmolarity. d. optimal metabolic rate. Answer: b Textbook Reference: From Osmolytes to Compatible Solutes: Terms and Concepts Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 56. In this figure, the solute that acts as a counteracting solute for urea is represented by the a. middle line. b. top line. c. bottom line. d. shaded area. Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: From Osmolytes to Compatible Solutes: Terms and Concepts Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing Short Answer 1. Describe, in detail, how molting occurs in blue crabs. Answer: Prior to the actual time of molting, seams in the exoskeleton are weakened under hormonal control. Then the body takes on excess water from the environment and swells. The swelling causes the old exoskeleton to crack along its seams so the animal can crawl out. Because of its swelling with water, a crab’s body is bigger as soon as the animal crawls out of its old exoskeleton. Synthesis of the new, bigger exoskeleton can therefore begin immediately. Later, the crab will grow into its new exoskeleton, voiding excess water as it does so. In this way, it is protected inside its new exoskeleton while most of its growth takes place. Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. When blue crabs start the molting process, their bodies swell with water. Explain the significance of this swelling. Answer: a) The purpose of the swelling is to crack the old exoskeleton so the animal can crawl out. b) It gives the animal’s body a degree of structural rigidity while the exoskeleton is gone. Without the swelling, the crab’s muscles would have nothing to pull against. c) The swelling allows a crab to start very quickly to make a new, larger exoskeleton. Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Explain the importance of electrolytes in the body fluids. Answer: The ionic composition of body fluids affects the crucial three-dimensional molecular conformations of enzymes and other proteins. The ionic composition can indirectly affect pH. Ion concentrations in the intracellular and interstitial fluids are also important in maintaining correct electrical gradients across cell membranes that allow nerve-impulse transmission and muscle excitation. Textbook Reference: The Importance of Animal Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. The rate of evaporation (J) depends on multiple factors. Define each factor and state how they are mathematically related. Answer: The rate of evaporation (J) depends on differences in water vapor pressure. Specifically, WVPs is the water vapor pressure of the solution, and WVPa is the water vapor pressure in the air. J = K (WVPs – WVPa)/X Where X is the distance separating WVPs and WVPa, and K is a proportionality factor that © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. depends on the integument’s permeability. Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. Explain what the osmotic U/P ratio is and what is indicated by different values. Answer: The osmotic U/P ratio is the osmotic pressure of the urine divided by the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma. Urine may be isosmotic, hyperosmotic, or hyposmotic to the blood plasma. The osmotic U/P ratio reflects the osmoticity of the urine relative to the osmoticity of the blood. If U/P = 1, the urine is isosmotic to the plasma. If U/P < 1, the urine is hyposmotic to the plasma. If U/P > 1, the urine is hyperosmotic to the plasma. The kidneys of an animal typically control the U/P ratio and maintain it within a species-specific range. Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. Explain how the kidneys in teleosts participate in ionic regulation but not osmotic regulation. Answer: The kidneys can play a role in ionic regulation even when not playing any direct role in osmotic regulation. Marine teleosts are hyposmotic to the seawater in which they live. Therefore, they lose water osmotically to their environment and simultaneously gain ions by diffusion from the seawater. If unchecked, both of these processes tend to raise the osmotic pressure and the ion concentrations of their blood plasma. Marine teleosts produce a urine that is isosmotic to their plasma; their urine, therefore, plays no direct role in solving their osmotic regulation problem. However, their urine differs dramatically from their blood plasma in its solute composition. The excretion of urine by these fish therefore serves the important ionic regulatory role of keeping down the internal concentrations of ions which the fish tend to gain from seawater. Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. Define and briefly explain obligatory respiratory water loss. Answer: Obligatory respiratory water loss is the loss of water in the process of acquiring the O2 necessary for catabolism. Aerobic catabolism requires O2, and when animals breathe to obtain O2, they lose water by evaporation. The aerobic catabolism of all types of food molecules causes obligatory respiratory water loss. The magnitude of the loss depends on a species’ physiology of breathing and on the humidity of the ambient air. Textbook Reference: Metabolic Water Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. Define and briefly explain the differences between obligatory urinary water loss and obligatory fecal water loss. Answer: Obligatory urinary water loss is the loss of urine water that is mandated by the ingestion or catabolism of food molecules. Protein catabolism is the usual cause of obligatory urinary water loss. Protein catabolism (not carbohydrates or lipids) produces nitrogenous wastes (urea in mammals) that demand urine excretion. The excretion of nitrogenous wastes requires water excretion. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Obligatory fecal water loss is the loss of water that must accompany feces for food catabolism to take place. Obligatory fecal water loss occurs only when ingested foods are catabolized. Ingested foods usually contain preformed water. If an animal loses more water in its feces than it took in as preformed water with its ingested food, it incurs a net fecal water loss for that food. Textbook Reference: Metabolic Water Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. In an environment in which the temperature is 25C, the relative humidity is 33%, the food available is air-dried barley grain, and there is no drinking water, a kangaroo rat will thrive, but a laboratory rat will not. Why? Answer: The kangaroo rat will live largely on metabolic water but the laboratory rat will deteriorate and ultimately require drinking water to survive. Though they both can produce similar amounts of metabolic water, the effects of catabolism on water balance are different between the two species. Exceptional water conservation in kangaroo rats permits them to live on metabolic water. Kangaroo rats conserve water more effectively than laboratory rats; they have lower urinary water losses because they can produce more concentrated urine. They also produce drier feces. When the obligatory water losses of the two species are subtracted from the gross amount of metabolic water produced, the kangaroo rats, because they conserve water so well, enjoy a net gain of metabolic water. Textbook Reference: Metabolic Water Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 10. What are the mechanisms by which invertebrates’ cells regulate the quantity of dissolved organic molecules in their intracellular fluid when they are transferred into ambient water with increased salinity? Answer: Invertebrates employ multiple processes that raise intracellular quantities of free amino acids; they decelerate amino acid catabolism, accelerate synthesis of new amino acids, accelerate breakdown of intracellular proteins to release amino acids, and accelerate active transport of amino acids into the cells. Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. A blue crab must molt about ______ times over the course of its life. a. 20 b. 25 c. 30 d. 35 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 2. Comparatively speaking, in what body compartment is water found in the lowest quantity? a. Interstitial fluid b. Extracellular fluid c. Cytoplasm d. Plasma Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Importance of Animal Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. A person who has 42 kg in water weight will have a total body weight of _______ kg. a. 42 b. 60 c. 70 d. 80 Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Importance of Animal Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 4. Typically, if the interstitial osmolarity is 400 mOsm, then blood osmolarity will be _______ mOsm. a. 200 b. 300 c. 400 d. 600 Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Relationships among Body Fluids Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. If ambient osmotic pressure increases, and an animal’s blood osmotic pressure increases at the same rate, the animal is a a. regulator. b. conformer. c. migrator. d. Insufficient information is provided to classify the animal. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 6. If you conduct an experiment in which you submerge shrimp in an environment where the ambient osmotic pressure keeps increasing, the blood osmotic pressure of the shrimp will a. increase. b. decrease. c. increase first and then decrease. d. not change. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. The matching of ionic concentration in the blood plasma to the ionic concentration of the external environment is known as a. ionic conformity. b. ionic regulation. c. volume regulation. d. volume conformity. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. The salinity of freshwater is less than _______ g/kg. a. 2 b. 1.5 c. 1 d. 0.5 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Types of Regulation and Conformity Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 9. As the difference in partial pressure increases across two solutions, the rate of evaporation a. stays the same. b. increases first slightly and then increases significantly. c. decreases. d. increases. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Consider two animals with different body temperatures: Animal A has a body temperature of 25°C and animal B has a body temperature of 30°C. Which of the two animals would exhale more water vapor? a. Animal A, because cooler air holds more water vapor. b. Animal B, because warmer air holds more water vapor. c. Both animals would exhale the same amount of water vapor. d. Animal B, because the air it inhales has more vapor pressure. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 11. Refer to the formula below. With regard to terrestrial animals, the rate of evaporation, J, will increase if the proportionality factor, K, © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. increases. b. decreases. c. does not change in value. d. There is no relationship between the distance of a solution from air and the rate of evaporation. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 12. Assuming humidity is the only factor that affects evaporation, which animal will have the highest rate of dehydration? a. A mammal in a hot desert with a core temperature of 37°C b. A mammal in a cold desert with a core temperature of 35°C c. A mammal in a hot desert with a core temperature of 40°C d. Mammals have the same rate of evaporation regardless of core temperature. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Natural Terrestrial Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 13. When an animal loses water by evaporation, osmotic pressure in the blood a. decreases. b. does not change. c. increases. d. There is no correlation between evaporation and osmotic pressure. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 14. Which organ plays the most important role in regulating blood composition? a. Liver b. Spleen c. Small intestine d. Kidneys Answer: d Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 15. Urine that is hyperosmotic contains a a. large amount of water. b. normal amount of water. c. small amount of water. d. large amount of solutes and waste product. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. An ionic U/P ratio that is less than 1 indicates that the urine a. contains more sodium compared to the plasma. b. contains less sodium compared to the plasma. c. contains an equal amount of sodium relative to the plasma. d. appears to contain more sodium compared to the plasma; however, the concentrations are equal. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Organs of Blood Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 17. The amount of water formed per 1 gram of carbohydrates metabolized is _______ g. a. 0.40 b. 0.50 c. 0.56 d. 1.07 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Metabolic Water Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 18. When blood cells are submerged in a hypotonic solution they will a. expand. b. decrease in volume. c. maintain the same volume. d. shrivel. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 19. Which ion is the principal solute used to regulate cell-volume in mammals? a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Protons Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cell-Volume Regulation Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. Which compound does not tend to stabilize enzymes in cells? a. Betaine b. Trimethylamine oxide c. Glycine d. Urea © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: d Textbook Reference: From Osmolytes to Compatible Solutes: Terms and Concepts Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.