Animal Physiology, Chapter 26 Test Bank PDF

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 26: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport AT WORK: Diving by Marin...

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 26: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport AT WORK: Diving by Marine Mammals TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Most dives by Weddell seals are a. short and shallow. b. long and shallow. c. very evenly distributed between short and shallow and long and deep dives. d. long and deep. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. Which statement is not supported by the data in the figure? a. Dives are either very long or very short. b. Some dives can last longer than 1 hour. c. Over 60% of all dives last for 10 minutes or less. d. Very few dives are over 40 minutes long. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 3. Which statement is supported by the data in the figure? a. Most dives tend to be between 200–400 m. b. Half of all dives are under 100 m. c. The shallowest dives are under 10 m. d. Over 90% of all dives are under 200 m. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 4. The figure best represents which behavior? a. Diving behavior of male and female northern elephant seals © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Foraging behavior of male and female sperm whales c. Migration movements of male and female northern elephant seals d. Foraging movements of bottlenose dolphins Answer: c Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. Which animal is typically the shallowest diver? a. Elephant seal b. Cuvier’s beaked whale c. Weddell seal d. Northern fur seal Answer: d Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. Which animal does not belong to the true (phocid) seal group? a. Northern fur seal b. Weddell seal c. Ribbon seal d. Harbor seal Answer: a Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 7.–8. Refer to the figure below. 7. Which of the following is shown by the data in the figure? a. Individual dive depths from one seal over many days b. Dive depths for many seals of one species over many days c. Dive depths for one seal during one day © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. Dive depths for many seals of one species during one day Answer: a Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 8. The data in the figure would not likely apply to which species? a. Northern fur seal b. Ribbon seal c. Elephant seal d. Harbor seal Answer: a Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 9. If you were collecting diving data, which comparison would you expect to reveal the greatest physiological differences? a. A voluntary versus a forced dive b. A morning versus an evening dive c. A foraging-related versus a defense-related dive d. A short versus a long dive (relative to the maximum duration for the species) Answer: a Textbook Reference: Types of Dives and the Importance of Method Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Which statement describes an early piece of evidence showing that circulatory function is sometimes radically altered during a dive? a. A significant bradycardia occurs during a forced dive. b. A significant bradycardia occurs during a voluntary dive. c. Lactic acid increases primarily after a forced dive. d. Lactic acid increases primarily after a voluntary dive. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Physiology: The Big Picture Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. Which statement regarding the diving reflex is true? a. It is absent during a forced dive. b. It represents an adjustment to the pattern of blood flow that allows the dive to be extended. c. It exists in all diving mammals. d. It is strongly present during a voluntary dive. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Physiology: The Big Picture Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 12. The amount of O2 stored in blood depends on the a. oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. total volume of the blood. c. circulatory rate. d. oxygen-carrying capacity and the total volume of the blood. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 13. Seals such as the Weddell seal, which are capable of long and deep dives, typically have blood-oxygen carrying capacities (per unit volume) that are _______ those of seals such as the stellar sea lion, whose dives are short and shallow. a. four times greater than b. 1.5 times greater than c. similar to d. 1.5 times less than Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 14. Mass-specific myoglobin levels in the most accomplished divers such as the Weddell seal are _______ those of humans. a. 10 times greater than b. 2 times greater than c. similar to d. 2 times less than Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 15. A large O2 store in the lungs is an advantage to a diver for which reason? a. Large amounts of air in the lungs affect buoyancy. b. Alveoli are typically the first components of the respiratory system to collapse. c. A large store of O2 also means a large store of N2. d. In compression-resistant thoraxes, it increases shallow dive time. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 16. In general, diving mammals have lung volumes (per unit mass) that are _______ those of terrestrial mammals. a. 4 times greater than b. 2 times greater than c. similar to d. 2 times less than Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 17. Which oxygen storage compartment tends to be the smallest in diving mammals? a. Lungs b. Blood c. Myoglobin d. Interstitial fluids Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 18.–20. Refer to the figure below. 18. What data is represented in the figure? a. Oxygen-carrying capacity b. Total oxygen stores c. Mass-specific oxygen stores d. Mass-specific metabolic rates © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 19. Which data in the figure represents the lungs? a. I b. II c. III d. IV Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 20. Of the components shown in the figure, the one with the greatest effect on dive length in true (phocid) seals is a. the lungs. b. the blood. c. myoglobin. d. dissolved O2 in fluids other than blood. Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 21. A decrease in heart rate specifically in response to diving is referred to as a. chronic tachycardia. b. sinus bradycardia. c. diving bradycardia. d. diving tachycardia. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 22. During a landmark study by Bron (1966), regional vasoconstriction during a seal’s dive was indicated by a measured lack of blood flow to the a. kidneys. b. brain. c. lungs. d. skeletal muscle. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 23. Which structure receives little or no blood during a prolonged forced dive? a. Brain b. Limbs c. Lungs © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. Heart Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 24. During a prolonged forced dive, vasoconstriction causes which cardiovascular parameter(s) to drop? a. Heart rate b. Stroke volume c. Cardiac output d. Heart rate and cardiac output Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 25. During a prolonged forced dive, vasoconstriction allows which cardiovascular parameter(s) to remain unchanged? a. Stroke volume b. Blood pressure c. Overall resistance to blood flow d. Stroke volume and blood pressure Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 26.–27. Refer to the figure below. 26. Which statement is supported by the data in the figure? a. In freely diving seals, diving heart rate varies with dive duration in a graded manner. b. In freely diving seals, the degree of bradycardia is proportional to dive duration. c. In forcibly submerged seals, the degree of bradycardia is proportional to dive duration. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. In forcibly submerged seals, the degree of bradycardia is inversely proportional to dive duration. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 27. Which value was most likely the resting pre-dive heart rate for the animals represented in figure? a. 60 beats/min b. 50 beats/min c. 10 beats/min d. The answer is not shown on the y axis scale. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 28.–29. Refer to the figure below. 28. The data in the figure represent _______ in fish removed from water. a. ventilation rates b. heart rates c. metabolic rates d. oxygen consumption Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 29. Suppose that the same parameter represented in the figure is measured in aquatic animals that are moved from water to air and terrestrial animals that are moved from air to water. In which animal would the change in the measured parameter be the smallest? a. Weddell seal b. Fish that regularly emerge into the air briefly, such as grunion and flying fish © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. Teleost fish d. Humans Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 30.–31. Refer to the figure below. 30. Measurements of which body component(s) are shown in the figure? a. Blood © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Muscle c. Brain d. Blood and muscle Answer: d Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 31. Which statement regarding the data presented in the figure is true? a. Blood circulation to muscle was significantly increased during the dives. b. Oxygen supplies for the brain and myocardium remained low during the dives. c. Muscles switch to anaerobic metabolism at some point during the dives. d. Circulating blood oxygen continued to be made available from oxygen in muscle. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 32.–33. Refer to the figure below. 32. What would be the best label for the x-axis in the graph? a. Length of dive b. Time after animal resurfaces c. Duration of anaerobic tolerance d. Time Answer: b Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 33. Which statement regarding the data presented in the figure is the most accurate? a. Blood concentration of lactic acid rises following a dive. b. During a dive, lactic acid in the muscles increases dramatically. c. During a dive, lactic acid is metabolized and eventually reaches undetectable levels. d. Blood lactic acid and muscle lactic acid concentrations are typically mismatched during and after dives. Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 34. Metabolic limits on dive duration depend on which factor(s)? a. O2 supplies b. O2 supplies and O2 consumption c. O2 consumption and tissue tolerance to lactic acid d. O2 supplies, O2 consumption, and tissue tolerance to lactic acid Answer: d Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 35. Refer to the figure below. The data in the figure show that compared to nondiving mammals, diving mammals have a. hearts that function more efficiently. b. brains that tolerate hypoxia better. c. muscles that remain active in the absence of oxygen longer. d. a more functional nervous system. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 36. The metabolic rate in freely diving free-ranging Weddell seals is _______ the metabolic rate of resting nondiving seals. a. greater than b. lower than c. lower than or equal to d. greater than or equal to Answer: c Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 37. What is the primary stimulus for ventilation in diving mammals? a. Low blood O2 © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. High blood CO2 c. Low blood pH d. High blood CO2 and low blood pH Answer: d Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 38. Following an extended dive, diving mammals require a. a significant amount of time to fully metabolize the lactic acid. b. access to air at the water’s surface and a significant amount of time to fully metabolize the lactic acid. c. an immediate shallow dive to metabolize accumulated lactic acid. d. access to land in order to metabolize accumulated lactic acid. Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 39.–41. Refer to the figure below. 39. In the landmark 1980 study by Kooyman et al. that produced the data in this figure, blood was collected from seals a. via an implanted catheter during voluntary dives in the lab. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. via an implanted catheter during free diving in the wild. c. following free diving in the wild. d. following voluntary dives in the lab. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 40. According to the figure, approximately how long would it take an adult Weddell seal to metabolize the lactic acid accumulated from a 1-hour dive? a. 20 minutes b. 60 minutes c. A little over 2 hours d. Close to 6 hours Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 41. The data shown in the figure do not plot dives with durations longer than 80 minutes. What is a possible explanation for this? a. Sensors are not able to measure dives longer than 80 minutes. b. Extremely long dives are rare because they require an extremely long recovery period. c. Dives longer than 80 minutes would have skewed the data. d. The species measured does not dive longer than 80 minutes. Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 42. The aerobic dive limit (ADL) is the _______ dive that can be undertaken without a(n) _______. a. longest; net accumulation of lactic acid above resting level. b. longest; accumulation of lactic acid. c. deepest; accumulation of lactic acid. d. longest; alteration of metabolic rate. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 43. According to a central hypothesis of diving physiology, it is adaptive for diving mammals to keep their dives shorter than their species-specific aerobic dive limit (ADL) because doing so maximizes _______ and minimizes _______. a. time spent underwater; the time available for foraging b. recovery time at the surface; the time spent underwater © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. the time available for foraging; exposure to predation d. exposure to predation; the time available for foraging Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 44. In diving mammals, more than a. 90% of dives are shorter than the ADL. b. 75% of dives are shorter than the ADL. c. 75% of dives are longer than the ADL. d. 90% of dives are longer than the ADL. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 45. Diving mammals cannot reduce their metabolic rates while underwater by a. allowing their tissue to cool. b. postponing the digestion of food while diving. c. developing a tolerance for lactic acid. d. gliding instead of swimming continuously. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 46. Weddell seals employ which behavior(s) in order to reduce metabolic costs during a dive? a. Gliding alone b. Alternation of stroking and gliding c. Continuous stroking d. Gliding and alternation of stroking and gliding Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 47. Decompression sickness occurs a. in scuba divers who dive very deep. b. when N2 is absorbed from a high pressure source. c. when N2 comes out of solution in the blood. d. when N2 is absent in the plasma. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Decompression Sickness Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 48. Decompression sickness may result in a. bubbles of gas forming in the blood. b. joint pain. c. bubbles of gas forming in the blood and joint pain. d. bubbles of gas forming in the blood, joint pain, and paralysis. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Decompression Sickness Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 49. Diving mammals avoid decompression sickness a. through increased solubility of N2 in blood plasma. b. via alveolar collapse. c. by binding excess N2 to hemoglobin. d. by sequestering excess N2 in the spleen. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Decompression Sickness Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 50. Which are advantages of alveolar compression during a deep dive? I) Prevention of N2 transfer into blood II) Reserve of O2 for use on ascent III) Prevention of CO2 transfer to lungs a. II b. I and II c. II and III d. I, II, and III Answer: b Textbook Reference: A Possible Advantage for Pulmonary O2 Sequestration in Deep Dives Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating Short Answer 1. Discuss how technology has advanced our knowledge of marine mammal diving behavior. Provide an example. Answer: Early studies of diving mammals were either observations of dive time of free- living animals or observations carried out in giant pools. As technology advanced, instruments could be attached to the animals to measure both duration and depth, but these instruments were fairly primitive and had to be retrieved in order to collect the data. Now, data can be radioed directly from free-living animals to satellite receivers and retrieved from anywhere on the globe. For example, large amounts of data have been collected about the migration routes of 30 northern elephant seals across the northern Pacific Ocean. Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. In any given diving study, what are three important variables that one must know before interpreting the data? Answer: First, it is important to know whether the dives were voluntary or forced. It is also important to know whether the dives were long or short relative to the species- specific maximum dive length, since we know now that qualitatively different suites of responses are often used in long versus short dives. Finally, it is important to know the pre-dive metabolic state of the animal–whether the animal was quiet or active. Textbook Reference: Types of Dives and the Importance of Method Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. How was the original information on the diving reflex updated in studies performed after the 1970s? Answer: When animals were forcibly submerged (a routine procedure in diving experiments before 1970), the adjustments in the pattern of blood flow and buildup of lactic acid were predictable and thus labeled a diving reflex. However, as more and more diving experiments were performed on voluntarily diving animals, researchers recognized that the responses of the circulatory system were not as inflexible as once thought. Animals can adjust their circulatory needs based on the length of the dive. Textbook Reference: Physiology: The Big Picture Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. What are the main O2 stores used during a dive? Are they similar across marine mammal species? Answer: The three main oxygen stores in diving mammals are blood oxygen in hemoglobin, muscle myoglobin, and oxygen in air in the lungs. Not all species of diving mammals use these oxygen stores similarly. Fur seals and sea lions tend to have much smaller oxygen stores per unit of body mass, and this is perhaps reflected in the relatively short durations of their dives. Species that dive deep and for long periods tend to have more oxygen stores per unit of body mass, as well as a very large blood oxygen component per unit of body mass. Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 5. How does vasoconstriction prolong a dive? Answer: Vasoconstriction, if performed selectively, enables an animal to prolong a dive. Blood must continue to flow (and thus deliver oxygen) to the brain, lungs, and myocardium in order for the animal to continue to function. However, if vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to limbs, skeletal muscles of the trunk, pectoral muscles, skin, and visceral organs, then oxygen usage by those areas can be reduced and more oxygen is available to the brain, lungs, and myocardium. The more oxygen that can be rerouted this way, the longer the dive can be. Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 6. Is there a relationship between dive duration and bradycardia? If so, does it depend on the type of dive performed? Answer: In early studies of forced diving, the animals typically exhibited a massive bradycardia that was almost immediate. There was no significant relationship between any dive characteristic and the extent of the bradycardia. However, as more data about voluntary dives was collected, it became clear that many species will adjust their bradycardia depending on the length of the dive: the longer the dive, the more extensive the bradycardia. Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 7. What are the factors that determine dive duration? Place them in order of significance. Answer: The limits on dive duration have to do with metabolism. The most significant requirement for a long dive is a very large oxygen supply. No matter what other metabolic adjustments are employed, an animal without a significant supply of oxygen will dive for only a relatively short period of time. In order to remain in an aerobic state during a prolonged dive, some animals will reduce their metabolic demands, either regionally or globally. However, while this prolongs the dive, it can affect the animal’s ability to remain active while submerged. If all efforts to remain aerobic are exhausted, lactic acid will be produced by anaerobic metabolism. If this situation occurs, the dive may be prolonged further, depending on the animal’s ability to both produce lactic acid (a signal that ATP is still being generated) and tolerate it. Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. Discuss the aerobic dive limit (ADL) and the adaptive significance of keeping dives under this limit. Answer: The aerobic dive limit (ADL) is the longest dive that can be undertaken without a net accumulation of lactic acid above the resting level. Most diving physiologists agree that it is advantageous for diving mammals to keep their dives under the ADL for their species. By keeping their dives fully aerobic, they avoid lengthy recovery times to metabolize lactic acid. Also, they can minimize their time at the surface and maximize their time under water for foraging and to avoid predation. Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. What is decompression sickness and how do marine mammals avoid it? Answer: Decompression sickness is a condition discovered in humans who scuba dive. At great depths, the underwater pressure is significantly higher than the pressure at sea level. The scuba tank and regulator must deliver air at a pressure that matches the high pressure at a particular depth. This arrangement allows continued breathing, but it also means that an unusually high N2 partial pressure is maintained in the lungs and also in the body tissues, which gradually come to equilibrium with the lungs. If ascent to the surface takes place too rapidly, nitrogen can come out of solution in the blood and form bubbles, © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a condition known as “the bends.” It is thought that diving mammals avoid this condition by means of alveolar collapse, but this is an area that requires further research. Textbook Reference: Decompression Sickness Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of sequestering O2 in the lungs during a deep dive. Answer: The disadvantage of an animal’s sequestering O2 in the lungs during a deep dive is that it cannot be used as an O2 source during the dive. However, researchers have postulated two possible advantages for sequestration. First, the physiological mechanism of alveolar collapse causes the diffusion of nitrogen to be slowed or stopped, preventing the possibility of decompression sickness upon the animal’s ascent. Second, deep dives require a long period of ascent, which requires the use of oxygen. During the ascent, the alveoli open and can slowly resume diffusion. This pulmonary O2 can be used as an O2 source during the long ascent. Textbook Reference: A Possible Advantage for Pulmonary O2 Sequestration in Deep Dives Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Dives by Weddell seals are mostly a. short and shallow. b. long and deep. c. short and deep. d. long and shallow. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. The deepest dives of Weddell seals are at a depth of about _______ m. a. 300 b. 600 c. 900 d. 1,500 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. Which animal is the deepest diver? a. Weddell seal b. Fur seal c. Elephant seal d. Crabeater seal © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Diving Feats and Behavior Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 4. An animal’s maximum possible blood store of O2 is calculated by a. multiplying the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by blood volume and then dividing by oxygen solubility. b. dividing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by blood volume. c. multiplying the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by blood volume. d. multiplying the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by blood volume and multiplying that product by animal mass. Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. One the most consistent features of diving species of mammals is that, relative to terrestrial species, they have a. very high myoglobin concentration in their skeletal muscle. b. very high myoglobin concentrations in their visceral organs. c. very high hemoglobin concentrations. d. high blood volumes. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. In diving mammals, the thorax a. is rigid in order to prevent compression during dives. b. can be either rigid or compressible during dives, depending on the species. c. only compresses at depths beyond 1500 m. d. is freely compressible during dives. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. Which oxygen store (per kg) is significantly larger in true (phocid) seals, such as the Weddell seal, compared to a human? a. O2 bound to myoglobin b. O2 bound to hemoglobin c. O2 in the lungs d. O2 bound to myoglobin and O2 bound to hemoglobin Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. Which oxygen storage compartment tends to be the largest in diving mammals? a. Lungs © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Myoglobin c. Blood d. Interstitial fluids Answer: c Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 9. The predicted dive time of a Weddell seal based on calculations of its oxygen stores is likely to be _______ the actual maximal dive times measured in the field. a. shorter than b. longer than c. about the same length as d. exactly half Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Oxygen Stores of Divers Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Which statement regarding circulation and diving is false? a. Regional vasoconstriction occurs during a forced dive. b. During an episode of regional vasoconstriction, flow to parts of the brain is cut off or severely restricted. c. Regional vasoconstriction occurs during a prolonged dive. d. During an episode of regional vasoconstriction, flow to parts of the body posterior to the heart is cut off or severely restricted. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 11. Because of a regional vasoconstriction during a prolonged dive, the heart responds with a reduction in a. pressure. b. cardiac output. c. heart rate. d. cardiac output and heart rate. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. In freely diving marine mammals, heart rate a. does not change with dive duration. b. increases in a graded manner with dive duration. c. decreases immediately after a dive and then becomes independent of dive duration. d. decreases in a graded manner with dive duration. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 13. Fish removed from water are likely to exhibit a. slight bradycardia. b. profound bradycardia. c. slight tachycardia. d. profound tachycardia. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Circulatory Adjustments during Dives Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 14. During forced submergence, harbor seals deplete O2 in their _______, while O2 levels in their _______ remain high. a. lungs; blood b. blood; muscles c. muscles; blood d. lungs; muscles Answer: c Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15. Following a 45-minute dive by a Weddell seal, circulating levels of lactic acid would likely fall to pre-dive levels after about a. 20 minutes. b. 70 minutes. c. 2 hours. d. 4 hours. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. Metabolic limits on dive duration are determined by all of the following except a. O2 stores. b. rates of O2 use. c. lactic acid production. d. lactic acid clearance. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 17. During a voluntary dive, a Weddell seal’s metabolic rate is _______ that of a resting seal on land. a. higher than b. lower than c. similar to d. extremely variable compared to Answer: b © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 18. During a dive, blood pH tends to _______ due to an increase in _______. a. increase; lactic acid b. increase; CO2 and lactic acid c. decrease; CO2 and lactic acid d. decrease; lactic acid Answer: c Textbook Reference: Metabolism during Dives Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 19. The longest dive that can be undertaken without a net accumulation of lactic acid above resting level is called the a. aerobic dive limit. b. anaerobic threshold. c. anaerobic diving limit. d. aerobic dive scope. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Aerobic Dive Limit: One of Physiology’s Key Benchmarks for Understanding Diving Behavior Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. What is the primary cause of decompression sickness? a. An imbalance of CO2 caused by surfacing too quickly b. Distention of lung tissue from rapid loss of pressure c. Formation of O2 bubbles in the blood d. Formation of N2 bubbles in the blood Answer: d Textbook Reference: Decompression Sickness Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.