Animal Physiology Test Bank Chapter 29 PDF

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 29: Kidneys and Excretion (with Notes on Nitrogen Excretion) TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple C...

Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill Wyse Anderson Chapter 29: Kidneys and Excretion (with Notes on Nitrogen Excretion) TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which statement about the kidneys is false? a. They produce and eliminate aqueous solutions derived from the blood plasma. b. They produce and eliminate watery solutions derived from the extracellular fluid. c. They excrete solutes dissolved in water. d. They produce urine that contains high levels of creatinine, which is a direct product of lipid metabolism. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration? a. Sodium originated from plasma b. Sodium generated from extracellular fluid c. Urea generated from protein metabolism d. Phosphate generated from energy production Answer: c Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 3. Which of the following would not be found in urine produced by healthy kidneys? a. Potassium b. Proteins c. Phosphate d. Creatinine Answer: b Textbook Reference: Introduction Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. After the kidneys, the _______ contribute(s) most to filtration. a. lungs b. liver c. heart d. spleen Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 5. Podocytes are found in the a. glomerulus. b. Bowman’s capsule. c. renal corpuscle. d. glomerulus and the renal corpuscle. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. A molecule greater than _______ kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons. a. 6.5 b. 9 c. 9.5 d. 12.5 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Which statement about amphibian nephrons is false? a. Nephrons start at Bowman’s capsule. b. Filtration occurs in the nephrons. c. Nephron walls consist of a single layer of epithelia. d. The loops of Henle are a few mm in length. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. Filtration slits are found in a. the glomerulus. b. Bowman’s capsule. c. the renal corpuscle. d. both the glomerulus and the renal corpuscle. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of _______ of an animal’s kidney tubules. a. secondary urine formation by all b. secondary urine formation by one c. primary urine formation by all d. primary urine formation by one Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +5 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –2.5 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the filtration pressure is _______ kPa. a. 0.5 b. 4.5 c. 5.0 d. 5.5 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 11. If the filtration pressure is +7 kPa, the colloid osmotic pressure is –3 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is _______ kPa. a. 2 b. 3 c. 8 d. 12 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 12. If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +10 kPa, the filtration pressure is +6 kPa, and the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is –2 kPa, then the colloid osmotic pressure is _______ kPa. a. –2 b. –4 c. 2 d. 4 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. If the blood pressure in the glomerular capillary is +14 kPa, the filtration pressure is +8 kPa, and the colloid osmotic pressure is –4 kPa, then the capsular fluid hydrostatic pressure is _______ kPa. a. –2 b. –4 c. 4 d. 10 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 14. The _______ system(s) effect(s) the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure. a. nervous b. endocrine c. digestive d. nervous and endocrine Answer: d Textbook Reference: Basic Mechanisms of Kidney Function Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15. In amphibians, the first part of the nephron is a. the proximal convoluted tubule. b. Bowman’s capsule. c. the Loop of Henle. d. the collecting duct. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. The last part of the nephron in amphibians is a. Bowman’s capsule. b. the Loop of Henle. c. the distal convoluted tubule. d. the collecting duct. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 17. The filtered fluid that forms in the nephrons will first empty into the a. urethra. b. bladder. c. ureter. d. distal convoluted tubule. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 18. In the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephrons of amphibians, sodium is reabsorbed via a. passive transport. b. active transport. c. simple diffusion. d. active transport and passive transport. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 19. Which substance(s) may be found in the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephrons of amphibians? a. Sodium b. Sodium and chloride c. Glucose d. Sodium, glucose, and chloride Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. In the nephrons of amphibians, glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule returns to the blood by a. simple diffusion. b. facilitated diffusion. c. primary active transport. d. secondary active transport. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 21. Which values reflect the expected glucose concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman’s capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct? a. 0; 1; 2; 3; 2 b. 2; 2; 0; 0; 0 c. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 d. 2; 2; 2; 0; 0 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 22. Which values reflect the expected amino acid concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman’s capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct? a. 0; 1; 2; 4; 2 b. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 c. 1; 1; 0; 0; 0 d. 2; 2; 1; 0; 0 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 23. Which values reflect the expected albumen concentrations (in mM) in micropuncture samples collected from the nephron in the following order: Bowman’s capsule, beginning of proximal convoluted tubule, intermediate segment, middle of distal convoluted tubule, and beginning of collecting duct? a. 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 b. 0; 1; 2; 4; 2 c. 1; 1; 0; 0; 0 d. 2; 2; 1; 0; 0 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 24. ADH is released from the a. anterior pituitary. b. posterior pituitary. c. kidneys. d. hypothalamus. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 25. If you inject a known diuretic into a frog, the volume of its a. urine will increase. b. urine will decrease. c. plasma will increase. d. plasma will remain the same. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 26. In amphibians, ADH acts on which segment of the nephron to increase reabsorption? a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Distal convoluted tubule c. Ascending loop of Henle d. Descending loop of Henle Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 27. Injection of an ADH inhibitor into a frog causes _______ at the distal convoluted tubule than would occur without such an injection. a. reabsorption of more waste b. secretion of more sodium c. reabsorption of less water d. secretion of less water Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 28. If an ADH blocker is administered to an amphibian, the volume of the urine will _______ and the volume of the blood will _______. a. increase; increase b. decrease; increase c. increase; decrease d. remain the same; increase Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 29. Administering a substance that enhances the release of ADH to a frog will cause the distal convoluted tubule to a. reabsorb more water than normal. b. reabsorb less water than normal. c. secrete less water than normal. d. secrete more sodium than normal. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Amphibians Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 30. In mammals, the length of the loop of Henle in nephrons is correlated with the a. size of the kidney. b. thickness of the renal medulla. c. thickness of the renal pelvis. d. length of the renal cortex. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 31. In mammals, the nonurea solutes are trapped in the collecting duct because the collecting duct is a. permeable to both water and nonurea solutes. b. impermeable to both water and nonurea solutes. c. impermeable to nonurea solutes but permeable to water. d. permeable to nonurea solutes but impermeable to water. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 32. In mammals, the medullary interstitial fluid is _______ to the fluid in the collecting duct. a. hyperosmotic b. isosmotic © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. hyposmotic d. isoionic and hyposmotic Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 33. The wall of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to a. sodium. b. potassium. c. chloride. d. water. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 34. A direct effect of the active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is that the fluid in the _______ becomes _______. a. lumen; hyposmotic b. lumen; hyperosmotic c. interstitial fluid; hyperosmotic d. interstitial fluid; isosmotic Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the lumen a. increases. b. decreases. c. stays the same. d. decreases at first and then increases. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 36. During active transport of NaCl in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, the concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid a. increases. b. decreases. c. stays the same. d. decreases at first and then increases. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 37. In the collecting duct, urea reabsorption is mediated by © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. the lipid portion of the plasma membrane. b. antiport proteins. c. symport proteins that are regulated by aldosterone. d. protein transporters. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 38. Do ATP blockers directly affect urea reabsorption in the collecting duct? a. Yes, urea reabsorption depends on active transport via protein pumps. b. Yes, urea reabsorption depends on active transport via protein transporters. c. No, urea reabsorption is facilitated by protein pumps. d. No, urea reabsorption is facilitated by protein channels. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 39. If the urea concentration in the interstitial fluid around the collecting duct is increased, urea reabsorption will a. continue because it depends on active transport. b. continue because it depends on passive transport. c. cease because it depends on active transport. d. cease, because reabsorption depends on passive transport. Instead, urea secretion will occur. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 40. Which statement about urea processing in the nephron is true? a. More urea is excreted than filtered, and some of the urea that gets reabsorbed accumulates in the medulla. b. More urea is reabsorbed than excreted, and some of the urea gets filtered. c. More urea is filtered than reabsorbed, and all of the urea gets excreted. d. More urea is filtered than excreted, and some of the urea that gets reabsorbed accumulates in the medulla. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 41. If a drug that blocks Na–K–2Cl cotransporters is administered, blood pressure will _______ and plasma sodium concentration will _______. a. increase; increase b. decrease; increase c. decrease; decrease d. increase; decrease Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 42. If a person in antidiuresis produces urine with a concentration of 1200 mOsm, his plasma osmolarity is about _______ mOsm. a. 1200 b. 600 c. 300 d. 2400 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 43. If a person in diuresis produces urine with a concentration of 50 mOsm, her plasma osmolarity is about _______ mOsm. a. 250 b. 500 c. 600 d. 50 Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 44. ADH acts specifically on the _______ by _______. a. collecting duct; removing aquaporin channels from the membrane. b. collecting duct; inserting aquaporin channels into the membrane. c. loop of Henle; removing aquaporin channels from the membrane. d. loop of Henle; inserting aquaporin channels into the membrane. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 45. The Na–K–2Cl cotransporter in the nephron is located on the a. apical side and is electroneutral. b. apical side and has a net charge of +1. c. basolateral side and is electroneutral. d. basolateral side and has a net charge of +1. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 46. If a new protein, aptly named Na–2K–Cl cotransporter, is introduced to the apical side of the nephron in mammals, which of the following statements about this protein would be true? a. The protein has a net charge of +1. b. The protein has a net charge of +2. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. The protein has a net charge of –1. d. The protein has a net charge of –2. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 47.–51. Refer to the figure below. 47. Where is K+ most likely to be secreted into the tubular fluid? a. II b. III c. IV d. V Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 48. Where is most of the glucose reabsorbed from the tubular fluid? a. I © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. II c. III d. IV Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 49. During moderate diuresis, what is the most likely osmotic pressure in the tubular fluid at V? a. 300 mOsm b. 600 mOsm c. 75 mOsm d. 5 mOsm Answer: c Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 50. Where would amino acids be found in the tubular fluid? a. I b. I and II c. I, II, and III d. At all areas in the tubule Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 51. Where would sodium be moving across the apical membranes of the cells lining the tubules? a. I b. I and II c. I, II, and III d. At all areas in the tubule Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 52.–56. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 52. What portion of the kidney tubule does the diagram represent? a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Descending loop of Henle c. Ascending loop of Henle d. Collecting duct Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 53. At which numeral is sodium moving across the membrane? a. I b. I and II c. I, II, and III d. I, II, and IV Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 54. Which process or processes are using the sodium gradient to bring substances into the cell? a. I b. I and II c. I, II, and III d. I, II, and IV Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 55. Where is secondary active transport of glucose represented? a. I b. II c. III d. IV Answer: a Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 56. Which numeral represents a transporter that could change the pH of the inside of the cell? a. I b. I and II c. II and III d. II and IV Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Mammals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 57. Which organisms have loopless nephrons? a. Some birds b. Nonavian reptiles c. Some birds and all amphibians d. Some birds and all nonavian reptiles Answer: d Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Other Vertebrates Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 58. Coelomosacs are found in a. birds. b. crustaceans. c. marine fish. d. amphibians. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Decapod Crustaceans Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 59. In insects, KCl is a. secreted passively. b. secreted actively. c. absorbed passively. d. absorbed actively. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Urine Formation in Insects Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc.