CE 3121 Construction Materials and Testing Lecture (CMT LEC) PDF

CE 3121 INSERT RELATED PICTURE HERE COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES...

CE 3121 INSERT RELATED PICTURE HERE COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the module, you should be able to: 1. Explain relevant properties of common construction materials; 2. Conduct experiments on common construction materials according to international standards such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 3. Evaluate the results of the test of common construction materials CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING LECTURE (CMT LEC) Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 1 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  STUDY SCHEDULE WEEK TOPIC LEARNING UNIT LECTURE ACTIVITIES OUTCOME MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CMT LEC 1 TLO 1: Explain and illustrate Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment (Recall Strength of different construction materials Materials) Oct 8-17, used in the civil engineering Explore: Research and readings on different 2020 practice, apparatus and construction materials used in the civil equipment used in testing of engineering practice. materials. Explain: Lecture: -Introduction to Construction Materials & Testing Theorem Elaborate: Comment on pre-assessment answer Evaluate: Module 1 evaluative assessment MODULE 2: AGGREGATES 2 TLO 2: Explain and illustrate the Units Engage: Pre-assessment aggregates sources of aggregates, geological 1-8 Explore: Readings on sources of aggregates, Oct 8-17, classification, and evaluation of geological classification, and evaluation of 2020 aggregate sources, uses, aggregate sources, uses, properties, handling properties, handling and sampling. and sampling Explain: Lecture: - Aggregate Sources - Geological Classification - Evaluation of Aggregate Sources - Aggregate Uses - Aggregate Properties - Handling and Sampling of Aggregates - Tests for Aggregates Elaborate: Problem Solving Evaluate: Module 2 evaluative assessment Midterm Quiz 1: October 20, 2020 MODULE 3: PORTLAND CEMENT 3 TLO 3: Explain and illustrate the Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment cement production, chemical composition, Explore: Readings on production, chemical Oct 19-24, fineness, specific gravity, composition, fineness, specific gravity, hydration, 2020 hydration, water cement ratio, water cement ratio, types of cement, mixing types of cement, mixing water, water, voids in hydrated cement and properties of voids in hydrated cement and hydrated cement properties of hydrated cement. Explain: Lecture: - Portland Cement Production - Chemical Composition of Portland Cement - Fineness of Portland Cement - Specific Gravity of Portland Cement Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 2 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  - Voids in Hydrated Cement - Properties of Hydrated Cement - Types of Portland Cement Elaborate: Comment on pre-assessment answer Evaluate: Module 3 evaluative assessment Midterm Examination: October 22-23, 2020 MODULE 4: PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE 4 TLO 4: Explain and design the Unit 1 Engage: Pre-assessment Concrete proportioning of concrete mixes, Explore: Readings on proportioning of Oct 26-31, mixing and handling fresh concrete mixes, mixing and handling fresh 2020 concrete, curing concrete, concrete, curing concrete, properties of properties of hardened concrete, hardened concrete, testing of hardened testing of hardened concrete, concrete, alternatives to conventional concrete alternatives to conventional and admixtures for concrete. concrete and admixtures for Explain: concrete. Lecture: - Proportioning of Concrete Mixes - Mixing, Placing and Handling Fresh Concrete - Curing Concrete - Properties of Hardened Concrete - Testing of Hardened Concrete - Alternatives to Conventional - Concrete - Admixtures for Concrete Elaborate: Problem solving Evaluate: Module 4 evaluative assessment MODULE 5: MASONRY 5 TLO 5: Explain and illustrate UNIT Engage: Pre-assessment on masonry different masonry units, properties 1 Explore: Readings on different masonry units, Nov 2- 7, of mortar mixture, grout mixture properties of mortar mixture, grout mixture and 2020 and plaster. plaster. Explain: Lecture: - Masonry Units - Mortar - Grout - Plaster - Tests for Masonry Elaborate: Comment on pre-assessment answer Evaluate: Module 5 evaluative assessment Final Quiz 1: November 7, 2020 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 3 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MODULE 6: STEEL 6 TLO 6: Explain and illustrate the UNIT1 Engage: Pre-assessment on steel different kinds of metals used in Explore: Readings on production of steel, Nov 9-16, construction, metal tests, welding, iron-carbon phase diagram, heat treatment, 2020 and metal corrosion. steel alloys, structural steel, reinforcing steel, mechanical testing of steel, welding and steel corrosion. Explain: Lecture: - Types of Metals - Kinds of Cold-formed Sections - Reinforcing Steel - Fastening Products - Reinforcing Steel - Mechanical Testing of Steel - Welding - Steel Corrosion Elaborate: Comment on pre-assessment answer Evaluate: Module 6 evaluative assessment MODULE 7: TIMBER 7 TLO-7: Explain and illustrate Unit Engage: Pre-assessment on timber timber, the different defects, Explore: Readings on wood, different defects Nov 9-16, wood products, and seasoning. of timber, timber products used in 2020 construction, and methods of seasoning. Explain: Lecture: - Introduction to Timber - Defects in timber - Different wood products used in construction - Methods of seasoning Elaborate: Comment on pre-assessment answer Evaluate: Module 7 evaluative assessment Final Examination: November 17, 2020 Saint Louis University Calendar for the First Semester AY 2020-2021 Online Registration: August 5-13, 2020 Start of Classes: August 17, 2020 Ninoy Aquino Day: August 21, 2020 (No Classes) National Heroes Day: August 31, 2020 (No Classes) Baguio Foundation Day: September 1, 2020 (No Classes) All Saints’ Day: November 1, 2020 University Foundation Week: November 26 – December 1, 2020 CICM Day: November 26, 2020 Bonifacio Day: November 30, 2020 (No Classes) Immaculate Conception: December 8, 2020 (No Classes) Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 4 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  EVALUATION TO PASS THE COURSE, YOU MUST: 1. Read all course readings and answer the pre-assessment quizzes, self-assessment activities and problem sets 2. Submit two graded quizzes for midterms and finals. 3. Take the Midterm and Final Examination. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES Formative Assessment Formative assessments such as pre-assessment forms and self-assessment activities aim to enhance and deepen your understanding of the course. The requirements will be posted upon the upload of the modules and you are expected to submit your output by the scheduled due dates. Submission may only be done once and you are not allowed to edit and re-submit your work. You are required to complete these tasks to complete the course. All submissions are automatically time stamped and recorded. The honor pledge shall always be a part of all requirements submitted online. Summative Assessment Quizzes and Examination At least a quiz will be given in a term. It would be given in Google forms where you may be required to identify, enumerate or explain your viewpoint apart from having multiple choice type of questions. You will be required to finish each quiz within the given timeframe, usually 1 hour, and you will not be allowed to edit your answers once submitted. Individual assessments will be conducted as scheduled. Students will be some situational to give their opinions related to the course. All submissions are automatically time stamped and recorded. The honor pledge shall always be a part of all requirements submitted online. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 5 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS To be able to accomplish all the tasks in this course, you will be needing the following software applications: Word Processing, Presentation, Publication, and Spreadsheet. All materials and activities will be facilitated through Google Suite Applications particularly, Google Forms, Google Hangouts, Google Meet, and Google Doc. These are all available in the Google Suite package subscribed by Saint Louis University for you. Students are required to have a cellphone/laptop/personal computer capable to download the google classroom application, save pdf/word/ppt files; scan/take photos of written documents; and view YouTube videos. ASSIGNMENT GUIDE I. Output For each module in which you are given an activity to complete, keep key ideas clear and pointed out. II. Rationale The assignments and graded assessments aim to evaluate your ability to analyze situations when engineering professionals are faced with situations dealing with obligations, contracts, and ethics. III. Materials The students will have to go through the weekly module and view the video presentation in their google classroom for the week. For additional insights students may also refer to the course textbook. IV. Specific Guidelines You are required to show your detailed calculations, solutions and answers to given problems and upload a single pdf file (or jpeg) under the corresponding classwork assigned. Your answers may be handwritten or computerized following the given format below. SCHEDULE: ID NUMBER: NAME: LASTNAME, FIRST NAME QUESTION/PROBLEM: (Copy the question/problem assigned to you) ANSWER/SOLUTION: (Please note that you have to answer only what is being asked in the question/problem assigned. (BOX/HIGHLIGHT FINAL ANSWERS FOR PROBLEMS AND IMPORTANT CONCEPTS FOR ESSAY QUESTIONS) I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this assignment, nor have I knowingly tolerated any violation of the honor code. Student’s Signature Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 6 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Use A SINGLE FILE pdf format (jpeg) with file name: FAMILY NAME, GIVEN NAME INITIALS- MODULE #, UNIT # (e.g. LAZOsk- M1U1) You will then turn in your solution to the google classroom classwork assignment for that week. V. Evaluation Tool All submissions are automatically time stamped and recorded. The rubrics will be included in Gclassroom- classwork. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 7 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MODULE 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CMT Recall your discussions in Strength of Materials and answer the following questions. Formula for Compressive Strength? Application in solving for the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, Compressive Strength of wood perpendicular to grain, and Compressive Strength of wood parallel to grain. Formula for Bending / Flexural Strength? Application in solving for the Flexural Strength of Concrete and Wood. Formula for Tensile Strength? Application in solving for Tensile Strength of Structural Steels. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 8 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Read: Read about the following topics:  Different construction materials used in the civil engineering practice.  Properties of buildings materials  Standards of testing Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as engineering materials or materials of construction. It is necessary for the civil engineer to become conversant with the properties of such materials. The service conditions of buildings demand a wide range of materials and various properties such as water resistance, strength, durability, temperature resistance, appearance, permeability, etc. They are to be properly studied before making final selection of any building material for a particular use. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 9 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS i) Know the sources of construction materials; ii) identify and know the properties of various construction materials; iii) Know how the materials are tested as per ASTM standards; iv) Know how to choose proper material from the commercially available varieties for a particular purpose of construction; v) Know common defects in the materials; vi) Know various precautions to be taken while constructing for better durability. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL The factors which form the basis of various systems of classifications of materials in material science and engineering are: i. The chemical composition of the material; ii. The mode of occurrence of the material in nature; iii. The refining and manufacturing processes to which the material was subjected prior to the acquisition of the required properties; iv. The atomic and crystalline structure of material; and v. The industrial and technical use of the material Common engineering materials that fall within the scope of material science and engineering may be classified into one of the following six groups: a) Metals (ferrous and non-ferrous) and alloys b) Ceramics - Structural, pipes, including bricks, roof tiles & floors c) Polymers - a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins. d) Composites - Concrete is a composite of aggregate, cement, additives and water. Disc brake pads are composites of hard ceramic particles embedded in soft metal. The polymer binds the reinforcement & particulate together. Polymer matrix composites are lighter than steel, aluminum, concrete and brick. e) Advanced materials Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 10 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS It is possible to classify material properties as follows: a) Physical properties. A material undergoes transition under the influence of temperature and pressure, and these changes are physical in nature, because their molecules remain intact. [Density, specific gravity, porosity, water absorption, etc…] b) Mechanical properties. It is the property of material which opposes the deformation or breakdown of material in presence of external forces or load. [tensile strength, compressive strength, rigidity, hardness, creep, fatigue, etc…] c) Thermal properties. The properties of a material which is related to its conductivity of heat. These are the properties which are exhibited by a material when heat is passed through it. d) Chemical properties. A chemical property is any of a material’s properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction; that is, any qulaity that can be established only by changing a substance’s chemical identity. Chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance; the substance’s internal structure must be affected greatly for its chemical properties to be investigated. [resistance to acids, alkalies, brine, and oxidation] e) Economic characteristics. Cost saving characteristics. f) Aesthetic properties. The qualities that make a product attractive to look at, or pleasing to experience. [color, surface smoothness, the reflection of light, etc…] PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1. Density (ρ) is defined as mass per unit volume for a material in kg/m 3. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 11 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Relative density (d) is the ratio of the density of the material with pure water at 4oC.  material d  4 Cwater o The two types of density are as follows: a. Bulk Density ( 𝜌𝑏 ) is the mass of a unit volume of material in its natural state ( with pores and voids) calculated as M Ms  Mw b   V Vs  Vv Where: Ms = solid mass Mw = water mass Vs = volume of solids Vv = volume of voids Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 12 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  b. Solid density (ρs). It is the ratio of the mass of solid material to the volume of solid material without any space. Ms s  Vs Density Index ( 𝜌𝑜) is the ratio of bulk density and relative density. It indicates the degree to which the volume of a material is filled with solid matter. For almost all building materials 𝜌𝑜 is less than 1.0 because there are no absolutely dense bodies in nature. 2. Specific Weight (𝛾) also known as the unit weight. It is the weight per unit volume of material. Specific weight can be used in civil engineering to determine the weight of a structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation. It is also used in fluid dynamics as a property of the fluid (example: the specific weight of water on Earth is 9.80 kN/m3 at 4ºC. W    g V or 3. Specific Gravity (Gs) of solid particles of a material is the ratio of weight/ mass of a given volume of solids to the weight/ mass of an equal volume of water at 4ºC. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 13 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  True or absolute specific gravity (Ga) if both the permeable and impermeable voids are excluded to determine the true volume of solids, the specific gravity is called true or absolute specific gravity. The absolute specific gravity is not much of practical use. Apparent or mass specific gravity (Gm) if both the permeable and impermeable voids are included to determine the true volume of solids, the specific gravity is called apparent specific gravity. It is the ratio of mass density of fine grained material to the mass density of water. 4. Porosity (n) is the ratio of the volume of the spaces in the material to the overall volume. Vv n V Where: V = volume of material including the pores. Vv = volume of voids in the material 5. Voids ratio (e) the ratio between the size of the voids to the volume of solid material. Vv e Vs Where: Vs = volume of solid material 6. Water absorption, Ww or Wv, denotes the ability of the material to absorb and retain water. It is expressed as percentage in weight or of volume of dry material. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 14 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Ms  M Ww  (100%) M M M Wv  s (100%) V Where: Ms = mass of saturated material M = mass of dry material V = volume of material including the pores. *Water absorption by volume is always less than 100%, whereas that by weight of porous material may exceed 100%. *The properties of building materials are greatly influenced when saturated. The ratio of compressive strength of material saturated with water to that in dry state is known as coefficient softening and describes the water resistance of materials. For materials like clay which is soaked readily, it is zero, whereas for materials like glass and metals, it is 1. Materials with coefficient softening less than 0.8 should not be recommended in the situations permanently exposed to the action of moisture. 7. Weathering resistance. It is the ability of a material to endure alternate wet and dry conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of mechanical strength. 8. Water permeability. It is the capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under pressure. Materials like glass, steel and bitumen are impervious. 9. Frost resistance. It denotes the ability of a water-saturated material to endure repeated freezing and thawing with considerable decrease of mechanical strength. Under such conditions the water contained by the pores increases in volume even up to 9 percent on freezing. 10. Heat Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. It is influenced by nature of material, its structure, porosity, character of pores and mean temperature at which heat exchange takes place. 11. Thermal Capacity is the property of a material to absorb heat described by its specific heat. 12. Fire Resistance is the ability of a material to resist the action of high temperature without any appreciable deformation and substantial loss of strength. 13. Refractoriness denotes the ability of a material to withstand prolonged action of high temperature without melting or losing shape. 14. Chemical Resistance is the ability of a material to withstand the action of acids, alkalis, sea water and gases. 15. Durability is the ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 15 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS The properties which relate to material behavior under applied forces define as mechanical properties. 1. Strength is the ability of the material to resist failure under the action of stresses caused by loads. 2. Stress (σ) is the applied force P divided by the original area Ao. P  Ao There are several types of stress which depend on types of applied load. These stresses can be classified as: a) Compression stress b) Tension stress c) Shear stress d) Bending stress e) Torsion stress 3. Strain ( ε) is the change in length δ divided by the original length Lo.   Lo 4. Hardness is the ability of a material to resist penetration by a harder body. 5. Elasticity is the ability of a material to restore its initial form and dimensions after the load is removed. 6. Plasticity is the ability of a material to change its shape under load without cracking and to retain this shape after the load is removed. CHARACTERISTICS BEHAVIOUR UNDER STRESS The ductile materials can be drawn out without necking down. Brittle materials have little or no plasticity. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 16 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Stiff materials have a high modulus of elasticity permitting small deformation for a given load. Flexible materials on the other hand have low modulus of elasticity and bend considerably without breakdown. Tough materials withstand heavy shocks. Malleable materials can be hammered into sheets without rupture. Hard materials resist scratching and denting. MATERIALS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS Materials engineers are responsible for the selection, specification, and quality control of materials to be used in a job. These materials must meet certain classes of criteria or materials properties (Ashby and Jones 2005). These classes of criteria include:  Economic factors  Mechanical properties  Non-mechanical properties  Production/construction considerations  Aesthetic properties A. ECONOMIC FACTORS The economics of the material selection process are affected by much more than just the cost of the material. Factors that should be considered in the selection of the material include:  Availability and cost of raw materials  Manufacturing costs  Transportation  Placing  Maintenance B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES The mechanical behavior of materials is the response of the material to external loads. All materials deform in response to loads; however, the specific response of a material depends on its properties, the magnitude and type of load, and the geometry of the element. C. NONMECHANICAL PROPERTIES Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 17 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  Nonmechanical properties refer to characteristics of the material, other than load response, that affect selection, use, and performance. There are several types of properties that are of interest to engineers, but those of the greatest concern to civil engineers are density, thermal properties, and surface characteristics. D. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Sustainable design is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment and services to comply with the principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. E. AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS The aesthetic characteristics of a material refer to the appearance of the material. Generally, these characteristics are the responsibility of the architect. However, the civil engineer is responsible for working with the architect to ensure that the aesthetic characteristics of the facility are compatible with the structural requirements. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS SETTING AGENCIES 1. ASTM INTERNATIONAL (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) is a private organization that establishes specifications for materials and methods of construction accepted as standards throughout the United States. 2. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is another private organization that develops and certifies North American standards for a broad range of products, such as exterior windows, mechanical components of buildings, and even the accessibility requirements referenced within the IBC itself (ICC/ANSI A117.1). 3. IS (Indian Standards) is the national Standards Body of India regulating the building construction activities across the country. INDIVIDUAL COURSEWORK: SHORT ESSAY  What are the factors influencing the choice of a building material?  Why is it important to make standards for building materials? Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 18 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.   Why is it important to study the properties of building materials? Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 19 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.  REFERENCES Allen,E. (2014). Fundamentals of building construction: materials and methods. Sixth Edition. Allen, E. (2014). Exercises in building construction: forty-six homework and laboratory assignments to accompany fundamentals of building construction; materials and methods. Sixth edition. Mamlouk, S., et. Al (2011). Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers. Third edition INFORMATION OF THE FACILITATOR Sharon Katherine N. Lazo, CE E-mail: [email protected] Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any 20 means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.