CAT I Epidemiology,Biostatistics And Emergency Preparedness Past Paper PDF April 2019

MODULE CODE: CMT 04104 MODULE NAME: BIOSTATISTICS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ANSWER GUIDE APRIL , 2019 TIME: 2: 00 HOURS GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 1. INTEGRITY, AUTHENTICITY and DEVOTION must be observed during the whole proces...

MODULE CODE: CMT 04104 MODULE NAME: BIOSTATISTICS, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS ANSWER GUIDE APRIL , 2019 TIME: 2: 00 HOURS GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: 1. INTEGRITY, AUTHENTICITY and DEVOTION must be observed during the whole process of marking 2. Read instructions given at each section carefully before marking. 3. Go through the answer guide carefully and if there are MAJOR changes which contribute to the marks adjustment upon agreed by the marking panel must be communicated with the Academic Officer 4. The final answer guide with adjustment of marks shall be submitted together with the report to the Academic Office 5. Write your initial signature authorized by the Academic Officer / Deputy Principal Academic and Research on the space provided for each answer booklet you have marked. 6. Responses for all sections should be written on the question paper provided 7. Academic Officer will appoint Verifiers for each section among Markers 8. After marking process all the Papers must be packed, sealed and kept in a secured place.  CANDIDATE NUMBER. SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 20MARKS Instructions:  This section consists of Twenty (20) items  One (1) mark will be awarded for each correct answer  Responses with SMALL letter will NOT be awarded any mark 1. Answer item (i) to (x) by choosing the letter of the most correct answer and write it in the box provided using CAPITAL letter (i). Regarding Causes of epidemic: A.Decrease population density B.Increase in density of vector species B C.Remove an emerging pathogen into the host population D.Increase in immunity of the host population E.Increase disaster in the society (ii). Concerning Common Source Epidemic: A. Occurs when a group of people are exposed to the same causative agent A B. Transmission of an infectious agent from an infected host to a susceptible one C. The transmission can either be direct or indirect through a vector D. Transmission of the infecting organism continues until the number of susceptible individuals is depleted E. If the period of un exposure to the agent is brief and essentially simultaneous for all persons contracting the disease (iii). Which of the following is the main area of Management of mass causalities: A. Search, Transport, First aid B. Search, Rescue, First aid B C. Transport from health facilities D. Distribution of patients in homes when necessary E. Search, Remove evidence, Resuscitate (iv). The following example refers to Man-made disaster : A.Wars. B.Floods A C.Drought D.Famine E.Epidemics 2 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. (v). Which of the following is correct statement about True Positives (TP)? A.Healthy individuals with a positive screening test B.Diseased individuals with a negative screening test C.Healthy individuals with a negative screening test D D.Diseased individuals with a positive screening test E.Healthy individuals with a neutral screening test (vi). Regarding the use of data in daily life for planning, decision making and monitoring? A. Data Analysis B. Data Interpretation C. Data Utilization C D. Data Stratification E. Data Collection (vii). What does risk factor of a disease means? A. A person who has an infectious disease. B. Something that is very dangerous. C. Variable that increases a persons’ chances of developing a disease. D. An agent of the disease. E. A disease pattern. (viii).. Is the study of the disease and its causes? A. Epidemiology B. Natural history of the disease. C. Pathology D. Ecology. E. Vector. (ix). In country like Tanzania, Malaria is termed as; A. Pandemic disease. B. Epidemic disease. C. Endemic disease. D. Communicable disease. E. Sexual transmitted disease. (x). The following are measures of central tendency EXCEPT; A. Mean 3 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. B. range C. Hypothesis test D. Standard deviation E. Mode. SECTION B MULTIPLE TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 10 MARKS Instructions:  This section consists of Four (4) questions with five (5) options each “  Write the word TRUE ” for a correct statement and the word FALSE “ ” for incorrect statement in the space provided after each option  All responses should be in CAPITAL letters  Half (1/2) a mark will be awarded for each correct response  Responses with letter T “ ” and F “ ” will not be awarded any mark  There will be a penalty of half (1/2) of allocated marks for correct responses with small letters. 2.Regarding determinants of disease; (i). Unprotected sex _________ (ii). Drinking boiled water ______ (iii). Having insurance cards ______ (iv). Living in a country with good health policies _______ (v). Eating balanced diet _______ 3.Concerning Continuous data; (i). Mwajumas ’ weight is 45.5 kg______ (ii). Gender of the baby is either male or female_____ (iii). My age is 18_____ (iv). She as brown hair_____ (v). He is 80.5 cm height_____ 4. Success of screening program depends on; (i). Disease experience_______TRUE (ii). Characteristics of the screening procedure_______TRUE (iii). Effectiveness of early treatment _______TRUE______ (iv). Patient experience _______FALSE (v). Ability of early treatment_____FALSE 5. Regarding Criteria for initiating a screening programme disease; (i). Should be serious and of public health importance._______TRUE 4 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. (ii). The natural history should be well or adequately understood.______TRUE (iii). There should be a short period between first sign and overt disease.______FALSE (iv). Low prevalence of pre-clinical stage.____FALSE (v). There should be a long period between second sign and overt disease___FALSE SECTION C: MATCHING ITEMS 10 MARKS Instructions:  This section consists of two (2) questions of matching with five (5) options each.  Match the items from column B with those in column A by writing the letter of correct response in the table provided after each question. USE CAPITAL LETTERS.  Each item from column B is used only once 6. A) Match the terms from Column B with their corresponding explanation in Column A by writing the letter of the correct responses in the table provided COLUMN A Explanation (i). Both point source and continuous source are ----------------------of epidemic disease. (ii). An epidemic disease in which the causal agent is transmitted from person to person. (iii). It is type of data that can be branded. (iv). Are factors that influences the health status of individuals (v). The study that shows when, why, and how often the disease occurs and to control the disease. 5 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. COLUMN B Terms A. Biostatistics. B. Ordinal data. C. Common source epidemic. D. Nominal data. E. Epidemiology. F. Risk factors. G. Propagated source epidemic. H. Determinants of health and disease ANSWER COLUMN (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) A COLUMN B 6. B) Match the explanation from Column B with their corresponding characteristics of infectious agent in Column A by writing the letter of the correct responses in the table provided COLUMN A Characteristics of Infectious Agent (i). Resistance: (ii). Infectivity (iii). Pathogenicity (iv). Antigenicity (v). Toxigenicity COLUMN B Explanation A. The capacity of a micro-organism to enter a susceptible host. B. This refers to the capacity of the agent to produce a poison C. This refers to the severity of the disease 6 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. D. Refers to the ability of the agent to survive under adverse environmental conditions E. It is the degree of Pathogenicity of an infectious agent F. The toxin produced by the macro organism rather indirect effect of the macro organism itself. G. Refers to the ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host H. Refers to the capacity of a micro-organism to cause overt disease in the infected host. ANSWER COLUMN (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) A COLUMN D A H G B B SECTION D: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 40 MARKS Instructions:  This section consists of Eight (8) questions.  Write your answers in the space provided on each question.  Write a readable handwrite; DIRTY WORK IS NOT ALLOWED. 7. Define the following terms; (5 marks) Answer (i). Data 7 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. (ii). Disease (iii). Determinants of health and disease (iv). Agent (v). Epidemiology.. 8. Mention any five (5) Portals of exit in humans ( 5 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. (v)... Answers (i). Respiratory passages (ii). Alimentary canal (iii). Openings in the genito-urinary system (iv). Skin lesions (v). Insect bites (vi). Drawing of blood (vii). Surgical procedures (viii). Accidents and other injuries 9. Mention five (5) methods of data collection ( 5 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. (v)... 10. Outline five (5) types of man-made disaster (5 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. (v)... 8 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. Answers (i). Fires (ii). Wars (iii). Transport accidents (iv). Chemical (v). Nuclear power plants (vi). Deforestation (Floods, drought and famine, water pollution, global warming) 11. Mention five (5) characteristics or qualities of a screening test ( 5 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. (v)... Answer (vi). Accuracy (vii). Validity (viii). Precision (ix). Reproducibility (x). Applicability 12. Outline five (5) of the high risk areas of disaster occurrence caused by humans ( 5 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. (v)... Answers (i). Degradation of the environment (ii). Deforestation 9 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. (iii). Industries (iv). Land misuse (v). Political instability 13. Mention five (5) components required to transmit diseases in humans ( 5 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. (v)... Answers: (i). An agent, capable of infecting a human. (ii). A source (an infected host or reservoir of infection). (iii). A portal of exit from the source. (iv). A suitable means of transmission. (v). A portal of entry into a new, susceptible host. 14. Answer the following questions ( 5 marks) a) List four (4) Examples of horizontal transmission of diseases ( 4 marks) (i).. (ii).. (iii).. (iv).. Answer (i). Droplet infection (ii). Faeco-oral route (iii). Genital (iv). Direct skin contact b) List any one (1) Examples of vertical transmission of diseases ( 1 marks) (i).. Answer (i). Trans placental and through genital tract (ii). Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) may occur in cases such as HIV, hepatitis and syphilis. 10 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER. SECTION E: GUIDED ESSAY QUESTIONS 30 MARKS Instructions  This section consists of two (2) questions which are supposed to be answered in a narrative way 11 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER.  Bulleting and numbering is NOT ALLOWED.  Write your answer on the empty pages of this question paper  Each question should start on a new page 15. Explain the aims of epidemiology in health ( 15 marks ) 16. Write an essay on screening, which should include the following components: Definition of testing and screening, main objective of screening, types of screening and the qualities of good screening. Answer Screening (1 mark) o The examination of asymptomatic people in order to classify them as likely or unlikely to have the disease of interest. o The presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures, which can be applied, rapidly to sort out those who probably have a disease from those who probably do not. The main objective of screening (4 points @ 1 mark)  To improve the quality of life or to reduce the morbidity and mortality for an individual, by applying effective treatment to disease  Or increased risk at an early stage, when treatment is more effective than if it were applied at a later stage.  This helps us to separate individuals into populations such as: Diseased vs non-diseased At-risk vs not at-risk  However, screening tests are not 100% accurate at classifying individuals Types of Screening Methods (4 points @ 1 mark)  Mass screening: Screening a whole population.  Multiple or multiphase screening: Involves the use of a variety of tests on the same occasion for the same condition.  Targeted screening: Screening of groups with specific exposures. 12 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025  CANDIDATE NUMBER.  Case-finding or opportunistic screening: Screening of patients visiting a healthcare delivery point for some other purpose. Qualities of a good screening test (4 points @ 1 mark) o Accuracy  The test should give true measurement of the attribute under investigation.  Accuracy is a measurement process yielding values that are equal on average to the true underlying value for the diagnostic variable being measured. o Precision/Reproducibility  Consistent results in repeated trials  Precision is the degree to which a series of measurements fluctuates around a central measurement.  The central value may or may not be the true values of the variable. Precision is independent of accuracy.  Measurements may vary from inaccurate and imprecise to inaccurate but precise, or to accurate but imprecise to the ideal measurements, which should be accurate and precise. o Validity  High sensitivity and specificity for the disease in question Any relevant conclusion (1 mark) All the Best 13 | P a g e C M T 0 4 1 0 4 Epidemiology, Biostatistics and emergency preparedness S u n d a y , January 26, 2025