Biostatistics and Epidemiology Quiz 2019
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary factor that halts the transmission of an infecting organism?

  • The depletion of susceptible individuals to the organism (correct)
  • A very rapid and simultaneous exposure across all populations
  • The organism mutating to a non-infectious form
  • The development of herd immunity in the population

In mass casualty management, which sequence best represents the initial priorities?

  • Search, Rescue, First aid (correct)
  • Search, Transport, First aid
  • Remove evidence, Resuscitate, Search
  • Transport, First aid, Search

Which of the following is categorized as a man-made disaster?

  • Wars (correct)
  • Floods
  • Droughts
  • Famines

What do True Positives (TP) indicate in the context of screening tests?

<p>Subjects with disease having a positive screening test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves utilizing data for planning, decision-making, and monitoring?

<p>Data Utilization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor of a disease best defined as?

<p>A variable that increases the probability of disease development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the field of study focusing on disease and its causes?

<p>Epidemiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Tanzania, how is Malaria typically classified?

<p>Endemic disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an event that could cause an epidemic?

<p>An increase in the density of vector species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a common source epidemic?

<p>It occurs when a group of people is exposed to the same causative agent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios is least likely to cause an infectious disease outbreak?

<p>Improved sanitation and hygiene practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary condition for a common source epidemic to occur?

<p>Exposure of a group to a single infectious agent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is typically NOT considered a direct cause of an epidemic?

<p>A large decrease in population density. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is best associated with an infection spreading from a singular contaminated source to a group of individuals?

<p>Common source epidemic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of spread in a propagated epidemic, that does not occur in a common source epidemic?

<p>Direct or indirect transmittion between hosts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does an epidemic become a pandemic?

<p>When the disease spreads over multiple continents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'the ability of an agent to survive under adverse environmental conditions' best describe?

<p>Viability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the capacity of a microorganism to cause overt disease in an infected host?

<p>Virulence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a toxin produced by a macro-organism that exerts an indirect effect?

<p>Endotoxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'the ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host' primarily indicate?

<p>Immunogenicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a typical portal of exit for a pathogen from humans?

<p>Lymphatic system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a method of data collection?

<p>Observational studies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following typically represents a man-made disaster?

<p>Chemical Spills (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good screening test?

<p>High Accuracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a high-risk area of disaster occurrence caused by humans?

<p>Natural erosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a necessary component for disease transmission?

<p>An agent capable of infecting a human (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a portal of exit from the source of infection?

<p>An infected host (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of horizontal disease transmission?

<p>Droplet infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as an example of vertical disease transmission?

<p>Transmission through the milk supply during breastfeeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a disease that can be transmitted through vertical transmission?

<p>Hepatitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a result of deforestation?

<p>High risk area of disaster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

<p>Range (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the provided information, what is considered an example of a disease determinant?

<p>Unprotected sex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content imply about political instability?

<p>It is a cause of disaster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of continuous data?

<p>Mwajuma’s weight is 45.5 kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information given, what is NOT a factor that contributes to the success of a screening program?

<p>Patient experience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are criteria for initiating a screening program for a disease?

<p>The disease should be serious and of public health importance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an incorrect statement about the natural history of a disease in relation to screening programs?

<p>Low prevalence of pre-clinical stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding continuous data examples provided?

<p>He is 80.5 cm tall is continuous data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the influence of screening criteria is TRUE?

<p>The value of screening programs depends on treatment effectiveness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of screening?

<p>To identify individuals who are likely or unlikely to have a specific disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what is one of the main objectives of screening?

<p>To improve the quality of life by applying effective treatment for diseases at an early stage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does mass screening typically involve?

<p>Screening of an entire population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does targeted screening primarily focus on?

<p>Screening of groups with specific exposures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by case-finding or opportunistic screening?

<p>Screening patients when they are in a healthcare setting for a different reason. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'accuracy' of a screening test indicate?

<p>How close the measured values are to the true value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'precision' in the context of screening tests?

<p>The ability to consistently produce the same results in repeated tests, regardless of whether the value is true. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the accuracy and precision of a screening test?

<p>Precision is independent of accuracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidemic

An epidemic occurs when a disease spreads rapidly and affects a large number of people in a particular area within a short period of time. It's characterized by a sudden increase in the incidence of a disease.

Cause of an Epidemic

A cause of an epidemic is an event or factor that contributes to the rapid spread of a disease. It can be anything that increases the likelihood of transmission, such as increased population density, the emergence of a new pathogen, or a decline in immunity within a population.

Common Source Epidemic

A common source epidemic is a type of outbreak where a group of people are infected from a shared source, like contaminated food or water. Everyone who consumes the contaminated source is at risk of getting sick.

Features of a Common Source Epidemic

In a common source epidemic, the spread of the disease is often sudden and rapid, as everyone exposed to the contaminated source is likely infected.

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Emerging Pathogen

An emerging pathogen is a new or previously unknown infectious agent that begins to cause disease in a population.

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Population Density & Disease Spread

Increased population density can contribute to the spread of disease because it increases the likelihood of contact between infected and susceptible individuals. Close proximity allows pathogens to transmit more easily.

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Disasters & Epidemics

Disasters, either natural or man-made, can disrupt healthcare systems, infrastructure, and create conditions that make it easier for disease to spread.

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Immunity & Epidemic Risk

Immunity within a population is the collective resistance to a particular disease. When immunity is low, more people are susceptible to infection, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic.

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Mean

A numerical value that represents the average of a set of numbers.

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Standard Deviation

A statistical measure that indicates the spread or variability of a dataset.

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Unprotected sex and STI Transmission

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major public health concern, and unprotected sex increases the risk of contracting them.

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Boiled water and Disease Prevention

Drinking boiled water helps eliminate waterborne pathogens, reducing the risk of diseases like typhoid and cholera.

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Health policies and Health Outcomes

Living in a country with robust health policies can lead to improved access to healthcare, disease prevention programs, and better overall health outcomes.

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Successful Screening Program

A screening program is considered successful when it effectively identifies individuals with a disease who are likely to benefit from early intervention.

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Criteria for Screening Program

Criteria for initiating a screening program aim to ensure that the program is valuable, feasible, and effective in improving health outcomes.

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Natural History of Disease

The natural history of a disease refers to the progression of the disease from its initial stages to its eventual outcome.

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Survival

The ability of an infectious agent to survive under harsh conditions.

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Pathogenicity

The ability of an infectious agent to cause disease.

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Toxigenicity

The potential of an infectious agent to produce toxins.

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Immunogenicity

The power of an infectious agent to induce antibody production in the host.

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Data

Information collected and analyzed to understand trends.

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Disease

A state of unwellness affecting an organism.

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Determinants of health and disease

Factors influencing the risk of disease.

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Agent

A living organism causing disease.

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Depletion of Susceptible Individuals

The spread of a disease continues until a sufficient number of individuals in the population are immune or have recovered from the disease.

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Main Area in Mass Causality Management

The management of mass casualties involves a coordinated effort to search, rescue, and provide first aid to injured individuals.

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Man-made Disasters

This includes any incident caused by human action, such as wars, industrial accidents, or terrorist attacks.

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True Positive (TP)

A true positive (TP) refers to a test result that correctly identifies a diseased individual as having the disease.

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Data Utilization

Data utilization refers to the process of using data for planning, decision-making, and monitoring in various sectors like healthcare, education, and business.

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Risk Factor of a Disease

A risk factor is an element or characteristic that increases an individual's susceptibility to developing a disease.

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What is Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in populations, aiming to identify patterns, causes, and risk factors, and to develop strategies for control and prevention.

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Endemic Disease

A disease is endemic when it is constantly present in a particular population or geographical area, with a relatively stable incidence.

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Reproducibility in Research

The ability of a study to be repeated by other researchers and achieve similar results.

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High-Risk Areas for Human-Caused Disasters

Human activities that increase the likelihood of disasters, such as environmental degradation, deforestation, and industrial accidents.

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Applicability of Research Findings

The ability of a study to be applied to different populations or settings.

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Horizontal Transmission of Diseases

The spread of disease between individuals through direct or indirect contact.

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Vertical Transmission of Diseases

The spread of disease from a mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

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Epidemiology

The study of the distribution, causes, and control of diseases in populations.

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Aims of Epidemiology in Health

The aims of epidemiology in health include describing the distribution of diseases, identifying risk factors, evaluating interventions, and informing public health policies.

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Components of Disease Transmission

The five components needed for disease transmission are: a transmissible agent, a source of infection, a portal of exit from the source, a means of transmission, and a portal of entry into a new host.

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Screening

The process of examining individuals who are seemingly healthy to identify those who might have a specific condition.

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Main objective of screening?

The main aim is to improve individual health outcomes by finding and treating illnesses at an early stage when treatments are more effective.

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Mass Screening

Screening a whole population, regardless of their risk factors.

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Multiple/Multiphase Screening

Using multiple tests to screen for a single condition.

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Targeted Screening

Screening specific groups with increased risk of developing a certain condition.

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Case-finding/Opportunistic Screening

Screening individuals who are already seeking healthcare for a different reason.

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Accuracy of a screening test

The ability of a screening test to accurately measure what it aims to test, resulting in values that are close to the 'true' value.

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Precision/Reproducibility of a screening test

The consistency of a screening test, producing similar results when performed repeatedly.

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Study Notes

Module Code: CMT 04104

  • Module Name: Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Emergency Preparedness Answer Guide
  • Date: April, 2019
  • Time: 2:00 hours

General Instructions

  • Integrity, authenticity, and devotion must be maintained throughout the marking process.
  • Carefully read all instructions for each section before marking.
  • If significant changes to the answer guide are required for mark adjustments, communication with the Academic Officer is necessary.
  • The final answer guide, along with any adjustments, must be submitted with the marking report to the Academic Office.
  • Markers must sign their answer booklets.
  • Responses to all sections must be written on the provided question paper.
  • Academic Officers will assign markers for each section to verify answers.
  • All marked papers should be packed, sealed, and stored in a secure location after marking.

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

  • Section A consists of 20 multiple-choice questions.

  • One mark is awarded for each correct answer.

  • Responses written in lowercase letters will not receive any marks.

  • Answer each question (i) to (x) by choosing the correct letter and writing it in the designated box using capital letters.

  • (i) Regarding Causes of epidemic:*

  • (B) Increase in density of vector species is a cause of epidemics.

  • (ii) Concerning Common Source Epidemic:*

  • (A) Occurs when a group of people are exposed to a common source of infection.

  • (iii) Management of Mass Casualties:*

  • (B) Search, Rescue, First Aid is the main area of mass casualty management.

  • (iv) Man-made Disaster Example:*

  • (A) Wars is an example of a Man-made disaster.

  • (v) Explanation of True Positives (TP):*

  • (D) Diseased individuals with a positive screening test are true positives.

  • (vi) Data Utilization:*

  • (C) Data utilization is the use of collected data to make decisions and monitor progress.

  • (vii) Risk Factor of a Disease:*

  • (C) A variable that increases a person's chances of developing a disease.

  • (viii) Study of Disease and its Causes:*

  • (A) Epidemiology is the study of disease and its causes.

  • (ix) Malaria in Tanzania:*

  • (C) Endemic disease is the term used to describe Malaria in Tanzania.

  • (x) Measures of Central Tendency:*

  • The measures of central tendency are not included in this section.

Section B: Multiple True/False Questions

  • This section contains 4 questions with 5 options each.
  • Write TRUE or FALSE in the space provided after each option.
  • Correct statements should be marked with "TRUE", and incorrect statements with "FALSE".

Section C: Matching Items

  • This section consists of two matching questions (with five options each).
  • Match items from column B with their corresponding explanations in column A.
  • Use capital letters to write the matched letters.
  • Each item from column B should only be used once.

Section D: Short Answer Questions

  • This section has eight short answer questions.
  • Write your answers in the designated space on the paper.
  • Avoid messy or disorganized work.

Section E: Guided Essay Questions

  • This section includes two questions requiring a narrative answer.

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CAT I Epidemiology,Biostatistics And Emergency Preparedness Past Paper PDF April 2019

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Emergency Preparedness. It consists of multiple-choice questions designed to assess your understanding of the material. Ensure to carefully follow the guidelines provided for marking and response submission.

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