Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy Lecture Notes PDF

Dr Eman Abdelghany  Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:  Identify the components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.  Describe the Heart as regards (position, chambers and valves).  Describe the Blood vessels (Arteries, Vei...

Dr Eman Abdelghany  Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:  Identify the components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.  Describe the Heart as regards (position, chambers and valves).  Describe the Blood vessels (Arteries, Veins and Capillaries).  Describe the Portal System.  Describe the Functional and Anatomical end arteries.  Describe the Arteriovenous Anastomosis.  Identify differences between right and left lungs  CVS is composed of :  Pump : Heart.  Network of Tubes: Blood Vessels.  Heart Is a hollow, cone shaped muscular pump that keeps circulation going on. It is the size of hand’s fist of the same person. It has: Apex, Base. Two Surfaces: Diaphragmatic &Sternocostal. 3Borders: Right, Left, Inferior.  Location of the Heart It lies in a centrally located partition in the thoracic cavity Known as the Middle Mediastinum between the two lungs 2/3 of the heart lies to the left of median plane. pleural sacs. Enclosed by a double sac of serous membrane (Pericardium). Chambers of the Heart  ATRIA :  Two (Right & Left)  Superior in position.  They are the receiving chambers.  They have thin walls.  The upper part of each atrium is the Auricle.  The Right Atrium is the first chamber that receives the venous blood entering to the heart.  Left Atrium receives arterial blood coming from the lungs.  Ventricles are the inferior chambers.  They have thick walls.  They are the discharging  chambers (actual pumps).  Their contraction propels blood out of the heart into the circulation.  The left ventricle forms the apex of the heart. VALVES OF THE HEART  The heart has Four Valves:  Two Atrioventricular Valves between atria & ventricles.  They allow the blood to flow in one direction from the atria to the ventricles.  Right AVV (Tricuspid)  Left AVV: Bicuspid  (Mitral)  Two Semilunar (Pulmonary & Aortic) VAVES  Are found between the right and left ventricles respectively and the great arteries leaving the heart ( aorta& pulmonary trunk).  They allow the flow of blood from the ventricles to these arteries. BLOOD VESSELS Arteries Veins  Thick  Thin walled. walled, do  Many of them not have possess valves. valves.  The smallest  The smallest arteries are veins are arterioles. venules. Capillaries.  ARTERIES  They transport blood from the heart and distribute it to the various tissues of the body through their branches.  It is the joining of terminal branches of the arteries.  (Intestinal arteries) Anatomic End arteries:  Vessels whose terminal branches do not anastomose with branches of arteries  supplying adjacent areas (Arteries of Retina). Functional End arteries:  The terminal branches do anastomose with those of adjacent arteries but the anastomosis is insufficient to keep the tissue alive if one of the arteries is occluded.  As cerebral and coronary arteries.  VEINS  They transport blood back to the heart.  The smaller venules (Tributries) unite to form larger veins which commonly join with one another to form Venous Plexuses. DEEP VEINS (VENAE COMITANTES)  They are two veins that accompany medium sized deep arteries  Microscopic vessels in the form of a network.  They connect the Arterioles to the Venules.  Direct connections between the arteries and veins without the intervention of capillaries.  Found in:  Tips of the Fingers and Toes. BLOOD CIRCULATIONS  CARDIOPULMONARY:  Takes place between the heart and lungs.  The Right side of the heart (Right atrium & ventricle) receive oxygen poor blood  This blood is pumped from the heart through the Pulmonary Trunk to the lungs.  Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.  It returned to the left side of the heart (left atrium & ventricle) through 4 Pulmonary Veins  SYSTEMIC:  Takes place between the heart and each cell of the body.  Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to all body tissues through the Aorta and its systemic arteries which ultimately terminates in capillaries.  Oxygen poor blood circulates from the tissues to the capillaries, venules & veins back to the right atrium through the Systemic Veins.  It is a system of vessels interposed between Two Capillary Beds.  It takes place in the liver and some endocrine glands (Pituitary gland).  Veins leaving the gastrointestinal tract do not go direct to the heart.  They pass to the Portal Vein.  This vein enters the liver and breaks up into veins of diminishing size which ultimately join capillary like vessels (Sinusoids) :first capillary bed.  Venous blood enter 2nd capillary bed then to smaller veins that leave the liver through hepatic veins.  Respiratory System Upper Lower Respiratory Respiratory Passages Passages Nose & Pharynx Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi & Lungs  Nose The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum. Each half has 2 openings anterior opening into face (called nares) and posterior nasal openings into nasopharynx (called choana)  Nasopharynx Lies: behind the nasal cavity for breathing.  Coveys: air from nose to larynx  Larynx It is the organ of phonation. Connects nasopharynx with trachea. It is formed of cartilages connected together by joints and membranes and moved by muscles. Contains vocal cords(organs of speech/phonation).  Trachea and bronchi Connect larynx to lungs. Extent: its upper half in the neck and its lower half in the thorax. Trachea is divided into Rt and Lt bronchi each is connected to the corresponding lung: - Its wall is kept patent by 16-20 C- shaped cartilages present in its anterolateral wall, posteriorly completed by trachialis muscle..  The lungs Essential organ for respiration. Conical in shape having, apex, base and 3 surfaces Surrounded by serous membrane called pleura  The Lungs Right lung Left lung Shorter and Longer and broader due to narrower. relation to liver. It has 2 fissures: It has only the oblique oblique fissure. and transverse. It has 3 lobes, It has 2 lobes, upper, middle and upper and lower. lower. THANK YOU