Cardiopulmonary System Overview

Cardiopulmonary System

• The cardiopulmonary system is composed of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular) and the lungs (respiratory).
• Objectives for the lecture include identifying components of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, describing the heart (position, chambers, valves), and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), the portal system, functional and anatomical end arteries, arteriovenous anastomosis, and differences between right and left lungs.
• The cardiovascular system comprises the heart as a pump and a network of tubes (blood vessels).
• The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped muscular pump, approximately the size of a human fist.
• The heart has an apex, base, two surfaces (diaphragmatic and sternocostal), and three borders (right, left, inferior).
• The heart is located in the middle mediastinum, a central partition in the thoracic cavity, slightly to the left of the median plane, surrounded by a double sac of serous membrane (pericardium).

Heart Chambers

• The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
• The atria are thin-walled receiving chambers.
• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood.
• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood.
• The ventricles are thick-walled discharging chambers.
• The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
• The left ventricle pumps blood to the body.

Heart Valves

• The heart has four valves: two atrioventricular valves and two semilunar valves.
• The atrioventricular valves include the tricuspid valve (right) and bicuspid valve (mitral, left).
• These valves allow blood flow in one direction from the atria to the ventricles.
• The semilunar valves include the pulmonary and aortic valves.
• They control the flow of blood from the ventricles to the major arteries (pulmonary trunk and aorta).

Blood Vessels

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart.
• Capillaries connect arterioles to venules and are sites of gas exchange.
• The smallest arteries are arterioles, and the smallest veins are venules.

Arterial Anastomosis

• Anastomosis is the joining of terminal branches of arteries.
• Arterial anastomosis in the intestinal arteries permits blood flow to tissues even if one artery is blocked. (Intestinal Arteries)

End Arteries

• End arteries are vessels whose branches do not anastomose with branches of arteries supplying adjacent areas.
• An example is the arteries of the retina.
• Functional end arteries have anastomoses that are not sufficient to maintain tissue viability when one source is blocked.
• Examples include cerebral and coronary arteries.

Veins

• Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• Venules connect capillaries to veins.
• Smaller veins often form plexuses.
• Deep veins (venae comitantes) are accompanied by arteries.

Capillaries

• Capillaries are microscopic vessels forming a network that connects arterioles to venules.
• These vessels facilitate gas exchange between the circulatory system and tissues.

Arteriovenous Anastomosis

• Arteriovenous anastomosis is a direct connection between an artery and a vein without intervening capillaries.
• The tips of the fingers and toes are examples.

Cardiopulmonary Circulation

• Cardiopulmonary circulation is the circulation between the heart and lungs.
• Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right side of the heart.
• The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary trunk.
• The blood picks up oxygen in the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart via pulmonary veins.

Systemic Circulation

• Systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all tissues in the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart.
• Systemic arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the body’s cells and tissues.
• Gas exchange occurs in the capillaries, where oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is absorbed.

Portal Circulation

• Portal circulation is a system of vessels that connects two capillary beds.
• Blood from the gastrointestinal tract goes to the portal vein, then to the liver, and then to the heart.
• The portal vein first passes through a capillary bed in the liver before continuing to the heart.

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system comprises the upper respiratory passages and the lower respiratory passages.
• The upper respiratory passages consist of nose and pharynx..
• The lower respiratory passages consist of larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Lungs

• The lungs are the primary organs of respiration, conical in shape with apex, base, and three surfaces.
• They are enclosed by a serous membrane called pleura.
• The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two lobes.
• The right lung is shorter and broader, related to the liver.
• The left lung is longer and narrower.

This quiz covers the essential components of the cardiopulmonary system, focusing on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Participants will learn about the heart's anatomy, including its chambers, valves, and the associated blood vessels. Explore the functional and anatomical differences of the lungs as well.