The Colonies & Indigenous Study Guide PDF

**The Colonies & Indigenous** The 13 colonies were established in the 17th century by King James. Most settlers were convicts, murderers, forgers, aronsists, etc. **List of Colonies:** New England **MA**, **CT**, **NH**, & **RI** Middle Colonies, **NY**, **PA**, **NJ** & **DE** Southern Colo...

**The Colonies & Indigenous** The 13 colonies were established in the 17th century by King James. Most settlers were convicts, murderers, forgers, aronsists, etc. **List of Colonies:** New England **MA**, **CT**, **NH**, & **RI** Middle Colonies, **NY**, **PA**, **NJ** & **DE** Southern Colonies **MD**, **VA**, **NC**, **SC** & **GA** **Indigenous from Different Places/Municipal Names:** NJ - Lenni-lenape \| North - Minsi \| Central - Umami (down the river) \| South - Unalachtigo (Ocean) \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Pennsauken, Passaic, Cinnaminson, Shamong, Wenonah, Absecon, Hoboken, Hackensack, Etc. **Definitions From All Topic:** Traditional enslavement - One human being was owned by another. Chattel Enslavement - A person is property. Land Acknowledgement - Statement that recognizes/respects indigenous peoples as owners of a land. Etymology - origin of the word slave Slav - Group of peoples in central and eastern Europe speaking Slavic languages. White anglo-saxon (WASP) - Upper or middle class white protestant, considered to be a member of the most powerful group in society. They have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of U.S. history. Ratifying Constitution - Approve or enact a legally binding act. Originalism - Constitution is fixed and it should bind constitutional actors. Living Constitutionalism - Constitutional Law can and should evolve in response to changing circumstances and values of time. Texualist - Gives primary weight to the text/structure of constitution, and is often skeptical of judges. Intentionalist - Primary weight to intentions of framers, members of proposing bodies and ratifiers. Pragmatist - Substantial weight to judicial precedent or consequences of alt. interpretations. Anti-Federalist- Thought that the constitution gave too much power to the central government and that a republic could not work well in a large nation. Natural Law Theorist - Believes higher moral law ought to trump inconsistent positive law. Abolitionist - Who favors getting rid of a practice or institution especially enslavement. Nativism - Protecting the interests of native or indigenous inhabitants over those of immigrants. Know Nothing Party - Wanted Temperance, Protestantism, self reliance, american nationality and work ethic as nations values. Capitalism - Trade, Industry, & Profits are controlled by private companies instead of the workers. Whigs - Stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. Secession - Formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity. Can be violent or peaceful. Sovereignty - The claim of supreme power or authority. Colonialism - Taking control of people or land. Imperialism - Extending a country\'s power or influence. Progeny - A descendent. **Facts:** There is 15,000-20,000 years in between when the indigenous folks arrived to america. But Africans arrived there first. 12.5 mil african shipped to new world, 10.7 mill survived middle passage. 388,000 arrived in North America, 1860 - ⅔ of all new world enslaved persons lived in the south. 4 mil enslaved africans were worth 3.5 billion dollars, roughly 125 billion today. Race was shaped Latin America vs U.S.---One included Africans in independence and one didn\'t. "All men are created equal" ← "All men are born equally free and independent" Thomas Jefferson changed it because people were afraid Africans would assert their freedom. Columbus represents white settler colonialism, and the Irish promoted the idea of Columbus day. Camden, 1626 (Fort Nassau) - Fortified Dutch trading post, abandoned in 1651. Somerset vs Stewart case - Somersett was captured by Stewart at 9, Stewart brought him years later to a state and Somersett escaped and got baptized which won him the courts favor and he was now free. Arawak - peaceful farming tribe that dates back to prehistoric times. They were indigenous. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **Revolutionary War / Articles Of Confederation** - - **Atlantic Trade:** Africa → New World **Triangular Trade:** Africa → Caribbean → Colonies The War took place from 1775-1783, it was the fight where white colonial settlers fought against Great Britain. It was said that the King of England\'s abuse of power was the reason for the war. When really the war had more to do with colonial settlers\' desire to enslave Africans as Great Britain wanted to get rid of the practice. The French and Indian War, Anglo Spanish War, was part of the 7 years of war. The war ended with the 1763 Peace Of Paris which took away France from Britain\'s control in New France. *The Sugar Act of 1764 was created to pay off the debts of this war, it was also a part of the Revolutionary War.* Africans and Indigenous fought on both sides during the Revolution. They fought with the British first because they promised independence. Took advantage of the lack of British soldiers available. **Battles:** The **Boston Massacre** was very publicized as a massacre by leading patriots like Paul Revere and Samuel Adams. It was considered one of the most important events that turned colonial sentiments against King George III and British parliamentary authority. The **Crispus Attucks** was on the corner of King street when a teenage boy arrived crying that a British soldier failed to pay his boss for his haircut. When he reminded the soldier, Captain Lieutenant John Goldfinch, said that he paid the debt. The soldier pushed the kid with his musket and injured him. A mob approached the guard as a result of this and colonists attacked the soldiers and the soldiers fired their muskets. *(March 5th 1770 was the date of independence or known as Crispus Attucks Day)* "Shot Heard Round The World," was a phrase from the battle of Lexington, it was the first action of the war. The battle was fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex county; the British had 300 casualties. *(Lexington & Concord)* The **Battle of Trenton** was on December 26, 1776 in Trenton, NJ. George Washington crossed the Delaware river north of Trenton on christmas, the German hessians were tired and weary at the time from celebrating Christmas night with drinks and partying. On the 26th at daybreak American patriots surprised and overwhelmed the Hessians (Rall and his troops), ⅔ of the Hessian force was captured. *(they were german mercenaries.)*... Important battles were the **Battle of Saratoga** which was in 1777, it was the turning point in the revolution and the British surrendered in that battle. **Valley forge** which was the lowest point in the war for the Americans there were many American defeats. Lastly at the **Battle of Yorktown**, the British surrendered to Americans on October 19, 1781. This battle lasted 3 weeks. **Important Generals:** **George Washington** - Led the U.S. to total victory and led the surprise attack in Trenton. *(America)* **Charles Cornwallis** - Best known for his surrender at the siege of Yorktown which ended hostilities and led to peace negotiations between British and America. *(British)* **After:** Treaty of Paris was signed by the U.S. and British ending the American revolution on September 3, 1783. Spain and France made peace with Britain, Britain recognized the U.S. as a country, and the U.S. promised to pay what Americans owed British merchants. As for the U.S. the next 70 years would be a "negotiation" of policies and "compromises" to navigate sharing space with non white people. Also for the Africans some who fought with the colonies would achieve freedom while some would not and the Indigenous were pushed out of their land. **Making Of The New Country:** The U.S. created a constitution and government. The structure of this government was unicameral *(single house)* - legislative, each state had one vote no matter their population size, and congress was given sole authority to govern the country. The first constitution of the United States was The Articles of Confederation, it was adopted on November 15, 1777 and was in force from March 1, 1781-1789. It established a "league of friendship" between the 13 sovereign and independent states. The AoC became a document that promoted state rights, limiting power of the central government *(to abolish slavery)*. The powers granted were declaring war and making peace and making treaties with foreign countries. The powers denied were raising funds for the army or navy, to tax, impose tariffs or collect duties, executive branch to enforce laws, controlling trade among the states, forcing states to honor obligations, and regulating the value of currency. The Articles did what they were designed for, it was pro-enslavement and upheld the promises of the declaration. But it was abandoned because it could not tax and was generally bad in setting commercial policy, it also could not support a war effort. **Articles 1-7:** Article 1: Legislative - Makes laws Article 2: Executive - President, carries out laws Article 3: Judicial - Clarify laws Article 4: States Powers - Laws of the states Article 5: Amendments - can be changed Article 6: Federal Powers - higher than state and local laws Article 7: Ratification - saying it was ratified and became law - **Amendments:** 1st: Rights to freedom of speech, press, and religion. (protects the right to petition the government) 2nd: The right to own and bear arms for defense. 3rd: People cannot be forced to quarter soldiers during times of peace. 4th: People cannot be forced to search and seizure without a warrant and probable cause. 5th: Stops abuse of governmental authority in legal procedures. Makes rules for accusations by eminent domain and grand jury. Protects citizens from self-incrimination and double jeopardy. 6th: Allows a fair and speedy jury trial and the rights to know the accusation, the accuser, and to find counsel and witnesses. 7th: Keeps individuals rights to jury trial depending on the case and cases already examined by not being re-opened by another court. 8th: Does Not allow unreasonably high bails and fines and punishment that is unusual or cruel. 9th: Keeps the rights of citizens which are not mentioned by the U.S. Constitution 10th: Keeps powers that are not given to the U.S. government under the constitution, nor prohibited to a State of the U.S., to the people and the states. 11th: States are protected from suits by citizens living in another state or foreigners that do not live within the state borders. 12th: Changes and explains the procedure for electing vice-presidents and presidents. 13th: Except as punishment for a criminal offense, forbids forced-slavery and forced servitude. 14th: Details Equal Protection Clause, Due Process Clause, Citizenship Clause, and clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials. 15th: Keeps citizens the suffrage rights regardless of their race, color, or previous slave status. 16th: Keeps the U.S. government\'s right to tax income. 17th: Allows popular voting as the process under which senators are elected. 18th: Denies the sale, manufacture, distribution, and transport of alcohol. 19th: The right to vote for women. 20th: If there is no president-elect before inauguration day, this allows the vice-president-elect to act in that role until a new one can be appointed. ("Lame Duck Amendment") 21st: Repeals the 18th amendment. 22nd: A person cannot be elected into the office of President more than twice. 23rd: Allows citizens in Columbia to vote for their electors in elections. 24th: Does Not allow the federal and state governments from giving taxes on voters during elections. 25th: In case of the removal or death of the president the Vice President will become President. 26th: Reserves the right for citizens 18 and older to vote. 27th: Does not allow any changes to the salary of Congress members from taking effect until the next election finishes. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **The U.S. Constitution Facts / War To War 1783-1812** - - **"Manifest Destiny" - The belief that the U.S. had a god-given right to conquer.** **(Journalist John O'Sullivan)** The **Louisiana purchase** was a part of the Spanish Empire from 1762-1800. Without the **Haitian Revolution** the Louisiana purchase wouldn\'t have happened. The history of the Louisiana Purchase is the same as the Haitian Revolution. It was a transaction with France in 1803, the U.S. purchased land west of the Mississippi River. This was during Thomas Jefferson\'s presidency, he sent James Monroe to France to try to purchase New Orleans and West Florida for \$10 million. The Haitian Revolution ended Napoleon\'s attempts to create a French empire in the Western Hemisphere and caused France to decide to sell its North American colonies to the U.S. (Napoleon sold all of Louisiana for 15 mil.) **Clauses:** **Three-Fifths Clause of 1787** - ⅗ths of the enslaved population would be counted for taxation. **Fugitive Slave Clause of 1850** - Protected the interests of white enslavers by giving the right to capture slaves who escaped to free states. **The Insurrection Clause of 1868** - Designed to protect against rebellions and insurrections of enslaved. (Made rebellion a federal matter) **Importation Clause of 1808** - Installed a deadline for accepting the importation of Africans. Also forbade taxes on items exported from state to state. - **Which States Ratified The Constitution: (1781-1787)** Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire **People In That Era: (1800s)** **George Washington** was the 1st president of the U.S., he established a national bank, suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, and established a trade relationship with Great Britain. Washington established the rule of presidents only serving after two terms. **Pierre Dominique Toussaint** pushed out the Spanish in the East, was given the nickname "L\'Ouverture" meaning "the opener" for opening Hispaniola to freedom. He called himself a "Black Bonaparte" and was declared General of Saint Domingue. He helped liberate Santo Domingo (DR) from the spanish. **York** was highly skilled in herbal medicine and hunting, the indigenous were in awe of his skills. He was Clark\'s personal servant from a young age. After completing his service with Clark, York asked for freedom in return but Clark refused. York pleaded to be free to reunite with his wife but Clark denied his request again and sold him to a brutal master in 1811. He remained enslaved until 1816. **Denmark Vesey** was a Christian Pastor in Charleson, South Carolina. He was a free Black man who did a rebellion, which was planned in June 1822, it involved freeing hundreds of enslaved Africans. With the help of both free and enslaved Africans and leaving for Haiti. But the revolt was betrayed by two enslaved, this caused Vesey to be captured and executed. This also happened with **Gabriel Prosser**, in Richmond, VA, he organized them to fight on August 30, 1800. **The Black Seminoles** (indigenous) were the first people of Florida who developed the process of ethnogenesis, meaning their formation as a tribe was a coming together of various groups. Black Seminoles resulted from enslaved Africans escaping captivity from Georgia, the Carolinas, and Florida to the Seminole territories. **Insurrections:** **New York Rebellion of 1712** - Uprising of 23 Black slaves, 9 whites were killed. 21 were convicted and executed. **1811 Slave Revolt** - Brought more laws for enslaved and free blacks, occurred in territory of Orleans. 500 slaves rose up and caused a lot of damage. **Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822** - Freed hundreds of slaves, revolt was betrayed by 2 enslaved. **Nat Turner\'s Revolt 1831** - Resulted in the deaths of 50-60 white people including captors. He led roughly 70 enslaved. Many of the rebels were captured by local white militia, whereas Turner went into hiding for 6 weeks until capture. He was tried and hung for leading the rebellion at the age of 31. **Black Seminole Slave Rebellion 1835-1838** - Native Americans and Maroons destroyed 21 sugar plantations and freed slaves. - - From [1801-1862] the amount of cotton picked daily by an enslaved person increased by 400%. Profits of cotton propelled the US into a position as one of the leading economies in the world. The bodies of enslaved people served as America\'s largest financial asset. The North profited off of enslavement. **...** The **Tripolitan War (First Barbary War: 1801-05)** was a conflict between the US and Tripoli, started by American refusal to continue payment of tribute to the thieving rulers of the North. A demand from the Pasha of Tripoli for greater tribute and his declaration of war on the US (May 14, 1801) coincided with a decision by US President Thomas Jefferson's administration to demonstrate American resolve. The **War of 1812** was over free trade and sailors rights. It was another example in the U.S. of Africans choosing sides for freedom. About 4,000 enslaved took their freedom, the Africans who sided with the British left with them after the war. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent (1814). The U.S. demanded their slaves back but Britain refused to do so. Britain agreed to pay back some of the former captors of those once enslaved Africans in 1826. The end of the war brought widespread removal of Indians, rescued westward migration. North → Genesse Turnpike, Middle States → West on Philadelphia-Pittsburgh turnpike and national road, Southern Migration → Federal roads and the wilderness. - - The **Panic of 1819** was the first major financial crisis and it featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. 3 key causes were inflation, public debt from the war of 1812, and the Louisiana purchase. Those who had purchased land and Africans at inflated prices found themselves in financial trouble. The **1st Seminole War** began in 1817 with an attack on Fowl Town in Georgia by the U.S. A local chief, Inihamathla, warned leaders of nearby Fort Scott not to cross into their territory. Both Africans and Indigenous raided plantations, freed captives, and killed settlers. It ended in 1818 with the Battle of Suwanee where Black Seminoles retreated further South into Florida. - In the **Indian Removal act of 1830** forced relocations were carried out by the government after the removal act. The act was signed into law by president Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders, The relocated peoples suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation while en route to their newly designated Indian reserve. thousands died from disease before reaching the destinations or shortly after. - **The Missouri Compromise** admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It also declared a policy of prohibiting slavery in the remaining Louisiana Purchase lands, the 16th US congress passed the legislation on March 3, 1820 and President James Monroe signed it on March 6, 1820. The effort to admit Missouri into the union as a slave state caused a crisis, the northerners did not approve the creation of new slave states. It would tip the balance of free and slave states, but Southerners sought to expand slavery. Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained balance between free and slave states, southern resentment of northern attacks on slavery led to greater sectional unity and tensions. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **Antebellum America / Politics** **Monroe Doctrine** warned European nations that the U.S. would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs. It was the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere and was delivered in a routine annual message to congress. It was made by James Monroe, the 5th president and an enslaver. **John Quincy Adams**, 6th president and S.O.S. when Madison was president, characterized the American revolution as a "war of freedom" whereas Latin America\'s wars of independence were "a war of slaves against their masters". He also called Mexicans inferior and rejected **Jose Maria Morelos's** request for US support against Spain (1815). - 1845 - **Journalist O'Sullivan** coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny" to promote annexation of Texas. 1841-1850: Immigration tripled totaling 1,713,000 immigrants. Including at least 781,000 Irish, 435,000 Germans, 267,000 British, and 77,000 French. Hierarchy in Whiteness: Germanic/Anglo-Saxon immigrants are higher on hierarchy as opposed to the Irish and other Eastern Europeans. **Yeomen** - "Poor white trash" seemed to blur the lines between enslaved and free. But even they upheld notions of their supremacy. ⅔ lived in non-slaveholding families. They were usually men who held and managed a small land estate (freeholder). Some hoped to acquire slaves, the economy impacted the potential for doing so. 30%-50% were landless. **Elite** - Commercial middle class of merchants, bankers, factors, and lawyers who arose to sell southern crops and lived in cities that acted as shipping centers. They had an easier time climbing the ladder of success. Most wealthy lived isolated lives, plantations were large enterprises that required a lot of attention, they aimed to be self-sufficient. While men cultivated paternalistic ideology, the plantation mistress supervised the slaves and free household. **Exploitation/Disrespect:** 75% of slaves worked in the fields, 55% were in cotton growing. Most of them worked in groups of 20-25 from light-dusk. They aged fast due to poor diet and heavy labor. Marriages were not recognized by law, not respected, and a haven of love and intimacy for slaves. Families were often split up which caused supportive networks of "Uncles" and "Aunts" replacing distant parents. Growth of the enslaved was due to high fertility. Health remained an issue and pregnant women were malnourished. They were more at risk due to poor living conditions and lived shorter lives. The Cotton Boom caused a huge increase in the trade of Africans. They were treated like livestock in Natchez and New Orleans markets. Women were vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Children of master-slave relationships were publicly acknowledged and often remained in bondage. The system rested on violence and coercion, both men and women used violence against slaves. Free African communities flourished but had a precarious position because they lacked civil rights. They challenged Southern assumptions of white superiority. Both Africans and indigenous were not considered heirs of the American revolution. Half of the Nations free Aricans lived in the north, they formed community support networks, newspapers, and churches. Where they encountered residential segregation, job discrimination, segregated public schools, and limits on their civil rights. The economic prospects of African Men deteriorated with immigration and racism. Free African Americans participated in anti slavery activities, but were frequent targets of urban violence. **Events in Society:** The conflict over the **Wilmot Proviso** (unsuccessful proposal in congress to ban slavery) was one of the major events leading to the American civil war.---During the 1830s immigration climbed sharply as 600,000 immigrants came into the country. This jumped to 1.7 million in the 1840s where harvests all across Europe failed and reached 2.6 mill in the 1850s. At the beginning of the 19th century only about 5000 arrived.Cities struggled with services such as water, sewerage, garbage and collection. Residential segregation, ethnic neighborhoods, and middle class suburbs---increasingly marked cities. The gap increased between the rich and poor.--- Panic of 1857 was a financial panic caused by the declining international economy and over expansion of the domestic economy. It affected the north more than southern exports. Southerners believed the panic showed the superiority of their slave based, "King Cotton" economic system. **Influential People:** **Frederick Douglass** escaped on Sept. 3, 1838, by boarding a northbound train of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. He was encouraged to escape by his wife, who was free. He was known as Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey before he changed his last name to Douglass. **David Walker** was the son of an enslaved man and a free black woman. He traveled widely before settling in Boston, where he worked and owned clothing stores and involved himself in reform causes. He wrote the appeal to colored citizens of the world, in 1829. He exposed the hypocrisies of American claims of freedom and christianity. **Simon Bolivar** was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama to independence from the Spanish Empire. Known as "El Liberator" or liberator of America because of his work liberating much of South America. He allowed enslavement in his lands for a time. He is known as the George Washington of South America. **Vicente Guerrero** was one of the leading generals of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain. After years of struggling for power within Mexico, Guerro obtained power against the will of the elites and became Mexico\'s first African president in 1829. One of his greatest achievements was abolishing enslavement in Mexico on Sept 16, 1829. As president Guerro championed the causes of the racially oppressed and economically oppressed. Due to an act of betrayal Guerrero was captured by his enemies and executed. Historians say his execution was a warning to other men like him, never to seek the office of president. **Enslaved who escaped:** **Henry Box Brown** was a Virginia enslaved person who escaped to freedom at the age of 33 by arranging to have himself mailed in a wooden crate in 1849 to abolitionists in Philadelphia. From a short time Brown became a noted abolitionist speaker in the northeast U.S. he moved to England and lived there for 25 years touring with an anti-slavery panorama, becoming a magician and showman. He didn\'t help his family escape. So they took him off the abolitionists circuit because it wasn\'t a good look. **Anthony Burns** escaped enslavement in 1854 hiding on a ship from Virginia to Boston. After gaining work in a clothing store, he sent a letter to his brother who was still enslaved. The captor found the letter and went after burns and found him via US Marshal. Burns was chained under guard at a federal court. Abolitionists led efforts to free burns - with weapons. President Franklin Pierce headed and sent the military to ensure Burns was returned to enslavement. Months after returning to the South, his freedom was purchased. **Thomas Sims** in 1851, escaped Virginia to Boston where he worked as a waiter. But he was recaptured and arrested by his owner at the federal courthouse. Despite numerous attempts to free him Sims was eventually sold to Vicksburh, Mississippi. He escaped in 1863 going back to Boston and joining Union forces. **Margaret Garner** was a black woman who escaped from enslavement in Kentucky and moved to Cincinnati - along with 7 others. Her captor along with law enforcement found her and the others and attempted to recapture them. They all fought back but were eventually subdued. Garner killed her daughter rather than have her return to enslavement, almost killed her sons too but she was subdued by the U.S. Marshals. She and her other children were sold to Arkansas but her kids died when the ship crashed. She was sold to someone in New Orleans. **William and Ellen Craft** were a married couple enslaved in Macon, Georgia.They escaped to the North in December 1848, traveling by train and steamboat, arriving in Philadelphia on Christmas Day. They crossed the boundaries of race, class, by passing as a white male planter with William posing as her personal servant. Their daring escape was widely publicized making them among the most famous of fugitives from slavery. Abolitionists featured them in public lectures to gain support in the struggle to end the institution. **Dred Scott** was an enslaved man who along with his wife Hariet unsuccessfully sued for freedom for themselves and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v Sandofrd case of 1857 popularly known as the "Dred Scott Decision". The case centered on his family. The scotts claimed that they were granted the freedom because Dred had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin territory for four years where slavery was illegal and laws in those jurisdictions said that slaveholders could use their rights to slaves if they stayed for an extended period. The court ruled that Congress could not ban slavery and that black people did not have the right to bring suits before federal court because they were not citizens. Dredd Scott v Sandford "That they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect;". **John Brown** was an American abolitionist leader, Reaching national prominence for his radical abolitionism and fighting in bleeding Kansas. He was friends with both Fedreick Douglass and Harriet Tubman. In October 1859 Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry Virginia (Today west virginia) intending to start a liberation movement that would spread south. He had prepared a provisional constitution for the revised slavery free U.S states he hoped to bring about. He seized the armory but 7 people were killed and more were injured. Tensions intensified when Brown raided the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry to instigate a revolt. Brown was hanged but southern opinion was shocked by northern attempts to make brown a martyr and northern support for slave revolts. - **Political Events:** In the **election of 1856** democrats picked Pennsylvania James Buchanan as compromise candidate. The Republican Party linked many free-soil supporters and former whigs nominating John C. Fremont. Know-Nothings ran Millard Fillmore. While Fremont ran strongly in the north Buchanan carried nearly the entire South and won. Republican leaders realized that, in 1860, they could win with only two more Northern states and no Southern support. Reformers were appalled by the influx of Irish into American cities. Former Whigs formed the "Know-Nothing" or American party to prevent what they saw as a takeover by the immigrants. After success in 1854, the Know-Nothings succumbed to sectional divisions. In response an expansionist, free soil Republican Party emerged. Breckinrridge and Lincoln showed extreme positions on enslavement in the territories. Douglas and Bell tried to find a middle ground. In the Election of 1860 4 candidates ran for president. The democrats split over a proposed enslaved code for the territories. Douglas won the nomination but Southerners nominated John C. Breckinridge. Southern and border state whigs created the constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell. Republicans nominated Abrham Lincoln, a moderate. **Souths Beef w/ Lincoln:** **Lincoln** won the election with 180 electoral votes by sweeping the North but with no votes from 10 southern states which took him away(excluded) from their ballots. Southerners responded to the election of 1860 by starting secession movements, the lower south seceded, 8 slave states did not act. Republicans had believed the South would not secede; secessions misjudged in believing Lincoln would allow them to leave peacefully. The North had 3 options, offer the South an agreement over enslavement to maintain the Union, Let the states go in peace or use force to maintain control. Issues the South had with Lincoln were that the emergence of the Republican Party in 1854 was against the expansion of enslavement. Southerners labeled it an abolitionist party and named them the Black Republicans, they hated Lincoln as their (the northerners) candidate for president. Lincoln\'s "A House Divided" speech led the south to view Lincoln and the Republican Party as a threat to their interests. Lincoln only wanted to contain enslavement. In February 1861 7 secessionist states established the Confederate States of America. They made the Confederate constitution which was identical to the U.S. document but guaranteed states rights and protected enslavement. Jefferson Davis was a moderate who was chosen as its president. He tried to portray secession as a legal, peaceful step. - \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- **Mexico & Texas / Kansas Nebraska Act / Stuff** - - - **James K. Polk** was committed to expanding the U.S. territory. Tensions with Mexico led that nation to break relations with the U.S. Polk wanted to extend U.S. territory to the Pacific and encouraged a takeover of California. A border dispute led Polk to order troops to defend Mexico. Polk planned the war strategy, sending troops into the northern provinces of Mexico, conquering New Mexico and California. Victories in Mexico came hard. The fierce Mexican resistance was met by American brutality against Mexican citizens. When General Scott captured Mexico city the war ended. Polk had ambitions of taking more territories but strong opposition made him accept the **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo**. The republic ceased on February 19, 1846 when annexed. - - The **Compromise of 1850** arose out of this free soil/labor v. enslavement divide. It admitted California as a free state, Left Utah and New Mexico to decide for themselves whether to be a slave state or a free state. Defined a new Texas-New Mexico boundary. - -... **The Kansas-Nebraska Act** repealed the Missouri compromise which had outlawed slavery about the 36-30' latitude in the Louisiana territories and reopened the national struggle over enslavement in the west. It was a controversial bill that raised the possibility that slavery could be extended into territories where it had once been banned. It intensified the bitter debate over enslavement in the U.S. It was introduced in 1854, Senator Stephen Douglass of Illinois proposed a bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska, a vast area of land that would become Kansas, Nebraska, Montana and Dakotas. It proved to destroy the Whig Party. Nearly destroyed the northern wing of the Democratic party. It negated treaties with Indians removed to Kansas in the 1830s. - - **Book/Quotes:** Uncle Tom's Cabin/Life Among the Lowly is an anti-enslavement novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Stowe was a Connecticut born abolitionist, she wrote the novel to show the reality of enslavement while also showing that Christian love could overcome enslavement. The novel focuses on the character of Uncle Tom, a long suffering enslaved African American around whom the stories of the other characters revolve. It was published in 2 volumes in 1852, the novel had an effect on attitudes toward African Amerricans and enslavement in the U.S. and is said to have helped lay the groundwork of the civil war. (*It was the best selling novel and the second best selling book of the 19th century following the bible.)* "I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." - Abraham Lincoln Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861