Crises in Colonies Notes PDF

# Crises in Colonies ## Pueblo Revolt 1680 - Spanish discipline in New Mexico: Pueblo people despise those trying to change their religious belief. - Inquisition: goal to ensure everyone is correctly practicing Catholicism - revolt - Po' Pay's Appeal: born 1630; 1675: 1 of 47 pueblos arrested for "...

# Crises in Colonies ## Pueblo Revolt 1680 - Spanish discipline in New Mexico: Pueblo people despise those trying to change their religious belief. - Inquisition: goal to ensure everyone is correctly practicing Catholicism - revolt - Po' Pay's Appeal: born 1630; 1675: 1 of 47 pueblos arrested for "sorcery." He promises to throw out Spanish and return to indigenous customs. - Pueblo Revolt: August 1680, 2,000 attack: 400 colonists + 21 priests killed. Abandon Santa Fe, destroy Christian symbols; 1692: Alliance disintegrates. Only successful overthrow of Europeans: Catholic churches + Cathe ### King Phillips War 1675: - Praying Towns: land of people who are Christian gather and live together in practice. The English don't believe they truly have converted to Christianity. - Wampanoags: English settlers begin seizing their land + crops. - Metacom's Appeal: leader of Wampanoagg - builds alliances to try to overthrow the English. - 1675 Wampanoag Attacks: 12 towns destroyed; 40 damaged, 110 English men killed or captured - English surprised. - Mohawks: Wampanoags enemy - unite with English to push back. - Praying Towns moved out by English to an island; Mohawks mock them. - 1676 Metacom killed: anyone who helped in war is sent away to work as slaves. ### Bacon's Rebellion 1676: - English incursions and stresses: no available land; try to seize others land. Leadership against this because of good relations. - Gov. Berkley: uses Virginia to become wealthy; in charge of taxes. - Taxes raise and people sell land / Tobacco for $ to pay their taxes. - Nathaniel Bacon's Appeal: Newcomer; member of the elite; Trashes Berkley's power. Unites servants + freeman by promising to extinguish indigenous people and distribute land. - Bacon's Rebellion: May 1676; 1,000 soldiers debates land with Susquehannocks. Kills Occanecchees to kill all Indians as they're "all enemies"; Berkley leaves. - Oct. 1676: Bacon dies of illness; Berkley still loses office; Black and white alliances form. # First Permanent Settlements ## Juan de Oñate & Acoma: The Sky City - 1598 assault of Acoma - Oñate is brutal + exiled. - Encomienda: system of tribute (slavery). - Settlement of Santa Fe 1610. ## Quebec 1608 - Samuel de Champlain: Leader. - Montagnais Indians. - St. Lawrence River Valley. - Rely on indigenous people for fur trade. ### The French - Middle ground: French share culture and accommodate; learn each other's traits. - Polygyny: one husband many wives. - Huron Aroquis: two culture groups. - French population in New France: 19,000 (1714); 2,000 (1650). ## Jamestown 1607 - 25,000 Native Americans; 104 men - 20% won't work. - Powhatan: group and leader of the region. - Swamp ridden areas, disease, famine: English seek help from Powhatan. - 65 left out of the original group by the end. - John Smith captured by Powhatan and tried to kill him. ## The Tabacco Rom: John Rolfe - Increase Labor demand traded Tobacco as gold. - 1624-200,000 lb; 1664-15 mill lb; 1680-30 mill lb. - 12,000 immigrants come to Virginia. ### English Women - Fem-sole: Husband dies - you have control/power. - Very high in demand; bad sex ratio. - Fem-covert: wife covered by Husband. # Old worlds collide - 1492: 1/7 of world pop in Americas (50 - 100 million). ## Incan Empire - Machu Picchu. - Hierarchy, communication, lineage, infrastructure. ## Mexica/Aztec Empire - Very major power empire; hierarchy. - Tenochtitlan capital city - massive. ## North America - 7-10 million; sparse; diverse. ## Southwest Pueblos - Technology, irrigation systems. - Multiple villages or Isk; hierarchy. - Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon. ## Southeast Mississippians - Moundville, Cahokia - Large urban center. - "Mound people", hierarchy. ## Southeast Woodlands - Language: Algonquin & Iroquois. - Matrilineal: women significant. ## European Monarchies - 1469: Crowns of Castile/Aragon unity with Spain. - 1485: Rise of Tudor Dynasty in England. - 1. 1492: Reconquista in Spain. - 2. 1517: Protestant Reformation begins. - 3. 1545: Counter Reformation by Roman Catholic Church. # Old worlds collide ## Benin, Gao, Timbuktu - Complex major cities. - Agriculture. ## Portuguese Navigation - Vasco Da Gama. - Cape of Good Hope. ## Columbus's 4 voyage - Thought the world was smaller. # Profit & Piety in NA - Plymouth Colony founded by "Pilgrims" in 1620. ## Puritan Religious Beliefs - Predestination: fate after death is pre-determined by God at birth. - John Calvin: came up with the idea of Predestination. - Arminian Doctrine: Individuals have control - earn your way to heaven. - Equality before God: Men & women had spiritual equality. - Head to New England for settlements to get away from church of England. ## Puritan Society - Covenant System: Legislator puts rules in place and everyone comes to agreement. - Hierarchal social & politically: men who own property. - Naturally increasing Population: have many kids; equal sex ratio; low death rates. - 1641 Body of Liberties: heads of each level of hierarchy is in charge. - Rhode Island: where people move to when they disagree with Puritan society. ## The Indigenous People Seek Religious Help ## Relations with Indigenous People: - 100k Native people in 1630 are able to stay living here. - Captivity narratives: write poorly about indigenous lifestyle. - Praying Towns: convert Native Americans to Christianity. ## Dutch Colonial Society - Religious Toleration: Trading colony, accept anyone who benefits them despite religion. - "Half freedom": Slaves work 1/2 of their time and 1/2 was their own; can purchase full freedom. - Women Rights: Legal Rights & economic opportunity. ## Dutch - Indigenous Relations - Iroquois Confederacy: made gov. connections. - 1660 Euro population: 9,000. - 1664: English seize territory - New York. # Maryland 1632: - Proprietary colony: King/ruler to govern the settlement. - Lord Baltimore: founded colony - religious freedom. - 1649 Act of Toleration: no one can exercise religion without content. - Susquehannocks: assist new arrivals. # Transatlantic Slave Trade ## Slavery in Africa - To become enslaved: be a war-captive; Judicial (commit crime); be in debt. - Enslaved Rights: not a life sentence; could own property; not inheritable. ## Infrastructure of Enslavement/Economy: - Guns, eum, cloth from Indian subcontinent - TRADE! ## Infrastructure of Enslavement/Forts 1650-1780: - Elmina - used as a fort for slave trade; 30,000 captives a year for 300 years. - Cape Coast Castle: underneath ground, 1,000 per room (1727). - High death rate during traveling, taken based on health status to slave ships. ## Infrastructure of Enslavement / Slave Ships: - Packed as many people on board as possible, very crowded; men held below deck and handcuffed. ## The Middle Passage: - Violence on high seas: enslaved people are thrown overboard when they died; sharks would follow ships and was used to scare people out of suicide; death used as a religious wrong "home." - James de Wolf: 1791 - sailed ship "Polly," and deliver 120 alive to Gold Coast of Cuba; 21 died but I said to have been dumped overboard, Alive - de Wolf accused of murder. - Woman had small pox, he worried she would spread disease to other slaves; DeWolf says "so sorry he lost so good a chair." - Escapes Prison, continues to move slaves elsewhere of Newport; no one left to testify because it's so many years later; charges dropped - becomes senator for R.I. ## Demography: - 15th century: 12.5 million people taken from sub-Saharan Africa; 18 die on middle passage. - 45% captives go to Caribbean + Brazil; 10% go to North America. - Captives to Commodities: bring fresh water and food to give them health boost; take pan oil to look healthy; shave heads (lice); would advertise them like a bidding show. # Religion and Conquest ## Requerimiento (1513) - A document to legalize colonization. - Says you're on Spanish sail and under Catholic church. - Refusal - war; slavery; death. ## Spanish in Mainland North America - Cabeza de Vaca - 1528: Shipwrecked close to Florida with 3 other survivors, made their way to New Mexico. - Hernando de Soto - 1539: He lands somewhere near Tampa with 600. Encounters with Spanish man from Cabeza shipwreck. ## Colombian Exchange - Trades food, animals, diseases, etc. ## John Cabot Voyages 1497-98: - King Henry 7th sent him off to explore. - The estimation about him is on his second voyage, his ship sunk. - Several English voyager set out but none of them are successful, there is no progress being made. - Elizabeth the 1st funds voyager for the English and they defeat the Spanish. ## Elizabethan Enterprise: Roanoke - Colonization funded by Sir Walter Raleigh. - Arrive in July 1585. - Area named "Virginia" in honor of Elizabeth 1st. ## Giovanni da Verrazzano Voyage - 1524: Francis 1st sends Italian Verazzano to North America. ## Jacques Cartier Voyage to North America - 1534 Cartier encounters Micmac Indians.