Spinal Cord and Nervous System Notes PDF

# The Spinal Cord - The spinal cord goes from foramen magnum to L1 and 2. - Gives rise to upper extremity nerves - cervical enlargement. - Gives rise to lower extremity nerves - lumbar enlargement. - The spinal cord ends in a tapered cone called _conus medullary_. - What anchors the spinal cord to...

# The Spinal Cord - The spinal cord goes from foramen magnum to L1 and 2. - Gives rise to upper extremity nerves - cervical enlargement. - Gives rise to lower extremity nerves - lumbar enlargement. - The spinal cord ends in a tapered cone called _conus medullary_. - What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx? - _Film terminal_. - A bundle of nerves resembling a horse’s tail. - _Cauda equina_. - When performing lumbar puncture you need to avoid iliac crest (L3 S4), with the needle extracting CSF from subarachnoid space. - Lateral grey horn is formed only in thoracic and lumbar regions. # The Spinal Nerve - The function of a dorsal root carries sensory (afferent) neurons while its structure is of a pseudounipolar neuron. - Function of a ventral root carries motor (efferent) neurons while its structure is a multipolar neuron. - The spinal nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons _True_. - The cell body of a motor neuron in the somatic nervous system is located in the anterior grey horn. - The stretch reflex is an example of a monosynaptic reflex _True_. - In the withdrawal reflex, what two neurons are involved in the first synapse? - Sensory (afferent). - Association (interneuron). # Connecting Tissues and Plexuses - Which connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve? - _Epineurium_. - C1 - C4 forms the _cervical_ plexus. - C5 - T1 from the _brachial_ plexus. - L1 - L4 forms the _lumbar_ plexus. - L4 - S4 forms the _sacral_ plexus. - S5 - Co forms the _coccyx_ plexus. # Regions and Roots - Which region pertains to the back of head? - _Cervical_. - Which region pertains to the back of trunk? - _Thoracic_. - Which region is of the thigh? - _Lumbar_. - Spinal roots that form _ansa cervicalis_ are: - C1 -C3. - Spinal roots that form _phrenic_ nerve are: - C3 - C5. # Median and Ulnar nerves - Which cords form the median nerve? - Lateral. - Medial. # Muscle to Nerve Innervation - _Deltoid_, _teres minor_ to _axillary_. - _Triceps brachii_, _brachioradialis_ to _radial_. - _Biceps brachii_, _coracobrachialis_ to _musculocutaneous_. - _Adductor pollicis_ to _ulnar_. - _Flexor carpi ulnaris_ - _Palmaris longus_, _pronator teres_ to _median_. # Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Someone hit their funny bone, what did they really hit? - _Ulnar_ nerve. - Carpal tunnel syndrome affects the lateral half of 4th digit and is associated with which nerve? - _Median_. # More Muscle to Nerve Innervation - _Adductor magnus/longus_ to _obturator_. - _Sartorius_, _pectineal_ to _femoral_. - _Biceps femoris_, _semimembranosus_ to _tibial_. - _Fibularis brevis/longus_ to _common fibular_. # Integration of the Nervous System - Sensations go with which cranial nerve? - Taste: VII (Facial) and IX (pharyngeal). - Vision: II (Optic). - Smell: I (Olfactory). - Balance: VIII (vestibulocochlear). - Hearing: VIII (vestibulocochlear). # Sensation Based on Mechanism - Touch, pressure, hearing - _mechanoreceptor_. - Smell, taste - _chemoreceptor_. - Temperature - _thermoreceptor_. - Vision - _photoreceptor_. - Pain - _nociceptor_. # Matching Nerve Receptors - Detect pain - _free nerve end_. - Light touch - _merkel disk_. - Deep cutaneous pressure - _Pacinian corpus_. - Two point discrimination - _Meissner corpus_. - Continuous touch - _Ruffini end organ_. # Special Senses - The premotor, prefrontal, speech motor, and primary motor cortex are of which lobe? - _Frontal_. - Insula used for taste is _special_. - Primary auditory cortex is _special_. - Primary visual cortex is _special_. - Olfactory cortex is _special_. # Wernicke and Broda Areas - Wernicke and Broda areas are found in which cerebral hemisphere? - _Left_. # Matching Body Parts to Motor Locations - Toes: _medial_. - Forearm: _superolateral_. - Lips/jaw: _lateral_. - Tongue: _inferolaterally_. # Matching Body Parts to Sensory Locations - Genital: _medial_. - Shoulder: _superolateral_. - Nose: _lateral_. - Pharynx: _inferolateral_. # Ascending Tracts (Dorsal Column) - Ascending tracts are used for two-point discrimination above thoracic level - _cuneatus_. - Ascending tracts are used for two-point discrimination below thoracic level - _gracilis_. - First order neuron is located ipsilaterally of dorsal root ganglion. - Second order neuron is located in medulla oblongata. - Third order neuron is located contralateral thalamus. # Spinothalamic Tract - The spinothalamic tract detects pressure and itch. - In the spinothalamic tract, where is the second order neuron located? - The spinal cord. # Descending Tract - Upper motor neuron is located - precentral gyrus. - Which decussates in medulla oblongata - lateral corticospinal tract. - Internal capsules are associated with which tract? - _Descending_. # Brain Waves - Resting state - _alpha_. - Intense mental activity - _beta_. - Brain disorder - _theta_. - Deep sleep - _delta_. # Autonomic Nervous System - The cell body of the motor neuron in the somatic nervous system is located in the _ventral_ grey horn. - Cell body of preganglion in autonomic nervous system is located in the _lateral_ grey horn. - Post-ganglion is located in the autonomic _ganglion_. - CNS outflow of thoracolumbar is _sympathetic_. - CNS outflow of _sacral_ is _parasympathetic_. # Receptors and Neurotransmitters - What binds to _nicotinic_ receptors? - Acetylcholine (Ach) - What binds to alpha 1,2 and beta 1,2,3 receptors? -Epinephrine. # Para vs. Sympathetic Stimuli - Increases heart rate - _sympathetic_. - Decreases heart rate - _parasympathetic_. - Increases body temperature - _sympathetic_. - Stimulates digestion and urine production - _parasympathetic_. - Parasympathetic innervation of the heart is caused by which cranial nerve? - _Vagus_ nerve. - A patient comes in with asthma and/or hypertension, which receptor can be used? - _Beta 2_ receptor.