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Questions and Answers
Where does the spinal cord go from?
Where does the spinal cord go from?
Foramen magnum
Where does the spinal cord end?
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1 and L2
What does the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord give rise to?
What does the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord give rise to?
Upper extremity nerves
What does the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord give rise to?
What does the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord give rise to?
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What is the tapered cone at the end of the spinal cord called?
What is the tapered cone at the end of the spinal cord called?
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What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
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What is a bundle of nerves resembling a horse's tail called?
What is a bundle of nerves resembling a horse's tail called?
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What should you avoid when performing a lumbar puncture?
What should you avoid when performing a lumbar puncture?
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What is extracted from the subarachnoid space during a lumbar puncture?
What is extracted from the subarachnoid space during a lumbar puncture?
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Where is the lateral gray horn found?
Where is the lateral gray horn found?
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What type of neurons does the dorsal root carry?
What type of neurons does the dorsal root carry?
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What is the structure of a dorsal root neuron?
What is the structure of a dorsal root neuron?
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The spinal nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons.
The spinal nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons.
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Where is the cell body of a motor neuron in the somatic nervous system located?
Where is the cell body of a motor neuron in the somatic nervous system located?
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The stretch reflex is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
The stretch reflex is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.
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Which two neurons are involved in the first synapse of the withdrawal reflex?
Which two neurons are involved in the first synapse of the withdrawal reflex?
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Which connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve?
Which connective tissue surrounds the entire nerve?
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Match the following nerve plexuses with the spinal cord segments they are formed from:
Match the following nerve plexuses with the spinal cord segments they are formed from:
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Which region of the spinal cord pertains to the back of the head?
Which region of the spinal cord pertains to the back of the head?
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Which region of the spinal cord pertains to the thigh?
Which region of the spinal cord pertains to the thigh?
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Which spinal roots form the ansa cervicalis?
Which spinal roots form the ansa cervicalis?
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Which spinal roots form the phrenic nerve?
Which spinal roots form the phrenic nerve?
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Which cords form the median nerve?
Which cords form the median nerve?
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Match the following muscles with the nerves that innervate them:
Match the following muscles with the nerves that innervate them:
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What is the name of the nerve that is sometimes referred to as the 'funny bone'?
What is the name of the nerve that is sometimes referred to as the 'funny bone'?
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What nerve is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, which affects the lateral half of the fourth digit?
What nerve is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, which affects the lateral half of the fourth digit?
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Match the following sensations with the cranial nerves responsible for them:
Match the following sensations with the cranial nerves responsible for them:
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Match the following sensations with the type of receptor that detects them:
Match the following sensations with the type of receptor that detects them:
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Match the following nerve receptors with the sensation they detect:
Match the following nerve receptors with the sensation they detect:
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Which lobe of the brain contains the premotor, prefrontal, speech motor, and primary motor cortex?
Which lobe of the brain contains the premotor, prefrontal, speech motor, and primary motor cortex?
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The insula is involved in the sense of taste.
The insula is involved in the sense of taste.
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The primary auditory cortex is a specialized brain area.
The primary auditory cortex is a specialized brain area.
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The primary visual cortex is a specialized brain area.
The primary visual cortex is a specialized brain area.
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The olfactory cortex is a specialized brain area.
The olfactory cortex is a specialized brain area.
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In which cerebral hemisphere are Wernicke's and Broca's areas found?
In which cerebral hemisphere are Wernicke's and Broca's areas found?
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Match the following body parts with their motor locations:
Match the following body parts with their motor locations:
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Which tracts are used for two-point discrimination above the thoracic level?
Which tracts are used for two-point discrimination above the thoracic level?
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Where is the first order neuron located in the dorsal column tracts?
Where is the first order neuron located in the dorsal column tracts?
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Where is the second order neuron located in the dorsal column tracts?
Where is the second order neuron located in the dorsal column tracts?
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What does the spinothalamic tract detect?
What does the spinothalamic tract detect?
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Where is the second order neuron located in the spinothalamic tract?
Where is the second order neuron located in the spinothalamic tract?
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Where is the upper motor neuron located in the descending corticospinal tract?
Where is the upper motor neuron located in the descending corticospinal tract?
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Where does the descending corticospinal tract decussate?
Where does the descending corticospinal tract decussate?
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Which tract is the internal capsule associated with?
Which tract is the internal capsule associated with?
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Which type of brain wave is associated with resting states?
Which type of brain wave is associated with resting states?
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Which type of brain wave is associated with intense mental activity?
Which type of brain wave is associated with intense mental activity?
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Which type of brain wave is associated with brain disorders?
Which type of brain wave is associated with brain disorders?
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Which type of brain wave is associated with deep sleep?
Which type of brain wave is associated with deep sleep?
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Where is the cell body of the motor neuron located in the somatic nervous system?
Where is the cell body of the motor neuron located in the somatic nervous system?
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Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron located in the autonomic nervous system?
Where is the cell body of the preganglionic neuron located in the autonomic nervous system?
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Where is the postganglionic neuron located in the autonomic nervous system?
Where is the postganglionic neuron located in the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the CNS outflow of the thoracolumbar region responsible for?
What is the CNS outflow of the thoracolumbar region responsible for?
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What is the CNS outflow of the craniosacral region responsible for?
What is the CNS outflow of the craniosacral region responsible for?
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What binds to nicotinic receptors?
What binds to nicotinic receptors?
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What binds to alpha 1, 2, and beta 1, 2, 3 receptors?
What binds to alpha 1, 2, and beta 1, 2, 3 receptors?
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Increasing heart rate is a function of the sympathetic nervous system.
Increasing heart rate is a function of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Increasing body temperature is a function of the sympathetic nervous system.
Increasing body temperature is a function of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Stimulating digestion and urine production is a function of the sympathetic nervous system.
Stimulating digestion and urine production is a function of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Which cranial nerve causes parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
Which cranial nerve causes parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
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Which receptor can be used to treat asthma and hypertension?
Which receptor can be used to treat asthma and hypertension?
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Study Notes
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Function
- The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to L1 and L2.
- It gives rise to nerves that innervate the upper and lower extremities.
- The cervical enlargement gives rise to upper extremity nerves whereas the lumbar enlargement gives rise to lower extremity nerves.
- The spinal cord ends in a tapered cone called the conus medullaris.
- Structures that anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx are the filum terminale.
- A bundle of nerves resembling a horse's tail is the cauda equina.
Lumbar Puncture Procedure
- When performing a lumbar puncture, avoid the iliac crest (L3-L4).
- Insert the needle into the subarachnoid space to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Spinal Cord Grey Horn
- The lateral grey horn is found only in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
Dorsal and Ventral Roots
- The dorsal root carries sensory (afferent) neurons, with a pseudo-unipolar structure.
- The ventral root carries motor (efferent) neurons, with a multipolar structure.
- The spinal nerve contains both afferent and efferent neurons.
Nervous System Structures and their Functions
- The cell body of a motor neuron in the somatic nervous system is located in the ventral gray horn.
- The cell body of a preganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system is located in the lateral gray horn.
- Postganglionic neurons are located within autonomic ganglia.
- The CNS outflow of the thoracolumbar region is sympathetic, and the cremosacral region is parasympathetic.
Nerve Plexuses
- Cervical plexus (C1-C4)
- Brachial plexus (C5-T1)
- Lumbar plexus (L1-L4)
- Sacral plexus (L4-S4)
- Coccygeal plexus (S5-Co)
Muscle to Nerve Innervation, Nerves
- Muscles supplied by nerves: deltoid, infraspinatus , Teres Minor (axillary nerve), triceps brachii, brachioradialis (radial nerve), biceps brachii, coracobrachialis (musculocutaneous). Adductor pollicis (ulnar), flexor carpi ulnaris, palmar longus, and pronator teres (median).
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Carpal tunnel syndrome affects the lateral half of the 4th digit and is associated with the median nerve.
Cranial Nerves and Sensation
- Taste is associated with cranial nerve VII (Facial) and IX (Glossopharyngeal).
- Vision is associated with cranial nerve II (Optic).
- Smell is associated with cranial nerve I (Olfactory).
- Balance and hearing is associated with cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear).
Primary Motor Cortex and Brain Regions
- The premotor, prefrontal, speech motor, and primary motor cortical areas are located in the frontal lobe.
Sensory Receptors
- Touch - mechanoreceptors (free nerve endings, Merkel disks)
- Light touch - Merkel disks
- Deep cutaneous pressure - Pacinian corpuscles
- Two-point discrimination - Meissner corpuscles
- Continuous touch - Ruffini end organs
Body Part Sensory Mapping
- Toes - Medial
- Forearm - Superolateral
- Lips/Jaw - Lateral
- Tongue - Inferolateral
- Genitals - Medial
- Shoulder - Superolateral
Ascending Tracts
- Dorsal column tracts (cuneatus and gracilis) are used for two-point discrimination (above and below thoracic level).
- First-order neurons in dorsal root ganglia.
- Second-order neurons in the medulla oblongata.
- Third-order neurons in contralateral thalamus.
Descending Tracts
- Upper motor neurons are located in the precentral gyrus.
- Decussate (cross over) in the medulla oblongata.
- Includes lateral corticospinal tract, internal capsules
Brain Waves
- Resting state - Alpha waves
- Intense mental activity - Beta waves
- Brain disorder - Theta waves
- Deep sleep - Delta waves
Autonomic Nervous System
- Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the ventral gray horn.
- Preganglionic cell bodies in autonomic nervous system located in lateral gray horn
- Postganglionic neurons are in autonomic ganglia
- CNS outflow of sympathetic system is thoracolumbar
- CNS outflow of parasympathetic system is craniosacral
Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to nicotinic receptors
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine bind to alpha and beta receptors
Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic
- Para: decreases heart rate, increases digestion, decreases body temperature.
- Sympathetic: increases heart rate, decreases digestion, increases body temperature.
- Parasympathetic innervation of heart is by vagus nerve.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including its structure, nerve origins, and lumbar puncture procedures. Explore the intricacies of the grey horns and nerve roots, along with key terminologies. Perfect for medical students and those interested in human anatomy.
