BSC1005 Mod 2 Exam Guide PDF

Cancer is a cellular disease that is caused by an inability of the body to control cell division Melanoma- Skin Leukemia- White blood cells in the bone marrow Carcinoma-Lining of the internal organs or skin Sarcoma- Connective tissue, such as bone Lymphoma- Cells and tissues of the immune syste...

Cancer is a cellular disease that is caused by an inability of the body to control cell division Melanoma- Skin Leukemia- White blood cells in the bone marrow Carcinoma-Lining of the internal organs or skin Sarcoma- Connective tissue, such as bone Lymphoma- Cells and tissues of the immune system Males have a one in two chance of developing cancer Females have a one in 3 chance of developing cancer Cancer begins when a small or small group of cells disregards their genetic programming, loses their specialization, and begins to divide uncontrollably. Cancer cells can affect the physiology of the body's organ system. Cells are organized into tissues then organs then organ systems Physiology: normal function of a cell, organ, or structure. Nervous System: Regulates and coordinates the activities of all the other systems. It responds quickly to internal and external stimuli. Endocrine System: Endocrine glands secrete hormones, which regulate and coordinate the activities of other systems. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Respiratory System: Supplies blood with oxygen for tissue cells and rids blood of carbon dioxide. Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells and transports wastes away from cells. Also transports hormones secreted by the endocrine glands. Digestive System: Supplies Blood with nutrients and water for tissue cells. Rids the body of nondigestible remains. Urinary System: Excretes nitrogenous and other wastes. Regulates water-salt balance of the blood. Helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood. Lymphatic System: Helps maintain blood volume by collecting excess interstitial fluid and returning it via lymphatic vessels to the cardiovascular veins. Defends against disease. Muscular System: Produces heat that maintains body temperature. Protects and supports internal organs. Enables movement. Integumentary System: Helps maintain body temperature and protects internal organs. Cell: the smallest unit of biological organization that has all the characteristics of life. -Ability to acquire materials and energy -Ability to respond to its environment -Ability to reproduce -Ability to maintain an internal environment -Ability to adapt to its environment Prokaryotic Cells: referred as bacteria. Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of our body, animals, plants, and fungi. Contains internal compartments called organelles. Organelles: allow the cell to better separate and regulate chemical reactions, and allow the cell to be more specialized in its function. Nucleus: Is an organelle. It is where genetic information DNA is found. Information Processing: Nucleus- Contains genetic information of the cell Ribosomes- Structure where the genetic information is used to manufacture proteins Energy: Mitochondria- Convert the energy found in nutrients to a form usable the cell Transport & Processing of Nutrients: Endoplasmic Reticulum- Synthesis of proteins(Rough ER), lipids(Smooth ER), and carbs(Smooth ER) Lysosome-Digestion of incoming nutrients Golgi Apparatus- Processing center of the cell Isolation:\ Plasma Membrane-Isolates the cell from its external environment and selectively allows for the passage of materials. Cell Division:\ Centrioles- Assist in dividing the genetic material and contents of the cell during cellular reproduction Enzymes: catalysts for chemical reactions, they allow the reactions to proceed more efficiently. Most enzymes are proteins whose shapes determine the type of molecules they interact with. The shape contains an active site, which is the location where the incoming substrate interacts with the enzyme to conduct a chemical reaction. \*Some drugs are designed to bind to the active site of an enzyme and prevent it from interacting with the substrate\* This output is called a product. Biochemical Pathways: Enzymes are linked together in an assembly line to produce a product. Each enzyme in the pathway has a specific shape, and the product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of the next. \*It is possible to shut down a metabolic pathway by interfering with the active site of one of the enzymes\* Instructions to make these enzymes are in the DNA which is in the nucleus of the cell. DNA belongs to Nucleic Acids. DNA is made up of Nucleotides. Each Nucleotide has -5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose -A phosphate group -A nitrogen containing base. A(adenine), G(Guanine), C(Cytosine), T(Thymine) When that is all linked together it makes a single strand of DNA. DNA consists of two strands, bound together by Double-Helix. The nitrogen-containing bases on the interior of the double-helix complement each other. A and T. G and C. Always together Genome: Sum of genetic information in a cell. Within the genome are sequences of information(genes), which provides the instructions for forming a specific protein(or enzyme). Gene Expression: series of steps by which a cell uses the information contained within the DNA to form a protein. For Gene Expression to happen: -The DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell, while the site of protein production (ribosome) is outside of the nucleus in a semi-region called cytoplasm. -The information in the DNA is stored as one of the four bases (A,C,G,T), but proteins are composed of combinations of subunits called amino acids. To overcome this, DNA must be transcribed and the genetic language of the DNA must be translated into amino acid. RNA: plays an important role in transcription and translation. Transcription- First stage because this is where the information in the gene of interest is copied into an mRNA molecule. Occurs in the nucleus of the cell. -An enzyme called RNA polymerase identifies the gene to be expressed and unwinds the double helix, exposing the nucleotide bases on the interior of the DNA. -The RNA polymerase uses one of the DNA strands to produce a complementary RNA copy, called mRNA. Instead of T it uses U(Uracil) -The RNA polymerase releases, and the DNA re-forms a double-helix. Translation: Second stage, the mRNA moves out of the nucleus to one of the ribosomes. Translated to form a protein. Read as a three base called a codon. Which helps specify which amino acid should be used. This is organized into a genetic code. -The mRNA molecule arrives at the ribosome -Information on mRNA is read one codon at a time -As its being read, each amino acids is added to the growing protein chain -Once the information on the mRNA is processed, the ribosome and mRNA separate and may be used again. Primary Structure: Linear sequence of amino acids Secondary Structure: Amino acids begin to interact with one another based on weak chemical interactions Tertiary Structure: Protein begins to form a three dimensional molecule Quaternary Structure: Protein chains interact with one another, forming larger molecules.