Cells and Tissues Lecture PDF

Presented by Gregory Cells and tissues Fury 01/10/24 Learning outcomes 1 2 3 4 Understand the Describe Review the Understand components of common cells in structure of what happens cells and cell the human body...

Presented by Gregory Cells and tissues Fury 01/10/24 Learning outcomes 1 2 3 4 Understand the Describe Review the Understand components of common cells in structure of what happens cells and cell the human body tissues when cells go division wrong (Cancer)  Main components of the cell Nucleus – contains genetic material of the cell o chromosomes made of histone protein and DNA Cytoplasm – gel-like substance within the cell o supports and suspends organelles o provides optimal environment for metabolic activity Plasma membrane – external boundary of the cell o regulates transport of molecules in and out Mitochondria – generate majority of chemical energy required for cellular biochemical  Somatic and germ cells Two main cell types found in multicellular organisms (including humans) are somatic and germ cells Somatic cells Germ cells Diploid cells Haploid toward end of development Most cells in human body Sperm and egg Mitosis Meiosis Mutations not passed on Mutations can be passed on Do not transfer genetic Can transfer genetic information information Mitotic cell cycle Mitosis vs. meiosis Levels of cell organisation Cells within the human body Human tissues Epithelial o Lines tissues and organs o Protection, diffusion, secretion Nervous o Sends and receives electrochemical signals Muscle o Movement can be involuntary or voluntary Connective o Support and connect other tissues, protection Epithelial cells Examples of epithelial tissues Examples of epithelial tissues Examples of epithelial tissue Nervous cells Dendrites receive electrochemical signals Synapse at end of Nucleus and axon terminals allow from other neurons organelles electrical and within the cell chemical messages body to be transmitted from the neuron to the other cells in the body. Myelin sheath is a protective coating Axon transmits – small gaps are signals to other Nodes of Ranvier neurons or organs Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Dense connective tissue  Loose connective tissue Areolar connective tissue – interstitial fluid occupies space within the tissue Found within the subcutaneous layer of the skin (hypodermis) Reticular connective tissue – reticular fibres dominate majority of the structure Provides support structure (stroma) to lymphoid organs, such as Cartilage Adipose tissue Also known as body fat Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells called adipocytes, which contain large lipid droplets Energy storage and release, insulation, organ protection Bone Bone Red blood cells Blood is a connective tissue o Liquid matrix - plasma Biconcave shape, no nucleus RBCs (erythrocytes) contain haemoglobin Oxygen binds to haemoglobin and is then Leukocyt transported throughout the body e Platelet Erythrocy What is cancer? A malignant growth caused by uncontrolled division of cells Cancerous cells can eventually spread throughout the body via various means (circulatory system, lymphatic system, invading surrounding tissues) Metastatic tumours are still the same type of cancer as original tumour Learning outcomes 1 2 3 4 Understand the Describe Review the Understand components of common cells in structure of what happens cells and cell the human body tissues when cells go division wrong (Cancer)