Biology Exam Review PDF

BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW 1. How can you tell the difference between an animal and plant cell? What would you look for? ( section 2.1) Plant cell has: chloroplasts, cell wall and large central vacuole 2. Label the following diagrams using the labels found in the chart below (as applicable...

BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW 1. How can you tell the difference between an animal and plant cell? What would you look for? ( section 2.1) Plant cell has: chloroplasts, cell wall and large central vacuole 2. Label the following diagrams using the labels found in the chart below (as applicable) (2.1) ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Structure Function Cytoplasm Gel-like fluid that suspends organelles Where chemical reactions take place allows organelles to move around Cell wall Porous and rigid wall made of cellulose Support and protection Cell membrane Semi-permeable double layered membrane Nucleus Membrane bound organelle that Controls cell activities contains genetic information Endoplasmic reticulum Branching tubes and pockets Process materials through the cell to be removed from the cell Golgi bodies Tubes and pockets Process Vacuoles Fluid filled organelle. One large in plants, Containing substances. Maintaining many small in animals turgor (in plants). Digests unwanted materials. Chloroplast Found in plants cells only Contain chlorophyll. Carries out photosynthesis 3. What are the 3 reasons why cells divide? Explain one in further detail. (2.2) Reproduction – Cells must replicate the DNA and then divide it evenly between cells so that each newly reproduced cell has the correct amount of DNA Repair – Cells must be able to generate new cells through mitosis that will take the place of damaged or dead cells. Growth – In order for a zygote to develop into an adult, cells must divide to create new cells. 4. What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? Where does diffusion occur within the cell? Where does diffusion occur within the body? (note) Osmosis: Movement of a fluid (usually water) across a membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Diffusion: Movement of a solute across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration. In the cell, diffusion occurs across organelle membranes and cell membrane. In the body, diffusion occurs between 1) capillaries and cells 2) capillaries and alveoli 3) between cells. 5. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis? (2.5) Mitosis involves the division of genetic material/ cytokinesis involves the division of cytoplasm and the pinching off of the membrane (animals) or the development of a cell plate (plants) 6. What happens during interphase? (2.5) Growth and replication of DNA 7. Put the phases in order by numbering each phase in the spaces provided. Identify the phases and mitosis and write a description of the key events that occur during that phase. (2.5) Picture Phase Description of events Anaphase Spindle fibers contract pulling sister chromatids to opposite pole. _# 3_ Metaphase Spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the equator _# 2_ Telophase Nuclear membrane begins to form Spindle fibers disappear Cell membrane begins to pinch __# 4_  Prophase Centrioles move to opposite poles Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve Chromatin condenses into chromosomes _# 1__ 8. How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals? (2.5) Plant : Cell plate forms between daughter cells Animals: Cleavage furrow is created between two daughter cells (cell membrane pinches) 9. List the causes of cancer and explain them in detail. (2.7) Random mutation: Usually occurs during DNA replication. Oncogenes: Genes that increase ones risk of developing a certain kind of cancer. Ie. Breast cancer Carcinogens: environmental factors that can cause mutations in ones DNA. ie. Cigarette smoke 10. Explain the ‘ABCD’s’ of moles. (2.7) A – Asymmetry B – Border C – Colour Change D - Diameter 11. The structures of cells are often related to the function that they serve. Give 3 specific examples of how the structure of specialized cells relates to the function they serve within the body. (2.9) Red Blood Cell – Smooth to easily pass through vessels. Contain hemoglobin which allows for binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide Nerve cells – long, thin and branching to reach other neurons and tissues to send and receive electrical impulses throughout the body Epithelial cells – Tightly packed thin sheets of cells that protect against dehydration and protect what lays beneath 12. What is the hierarchy of structures in animals? Give a specific example from one of the systems studied this year. (3.1) Cardiac muscle cell

cardiac tissue
heart
circulatory system
human 13. Differentiate between embryonic stem cells and adult (or tissue) stem cells (3.2) Embryonic - can differentiate into any different type of specialized cell Adult or specialized – can only differentiate into certain types of specialized cells (depending on the type of adult stem cell) ie. Bone marrow
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets 14. Identify the four tissue types. Write their structure, function and examples in the chart. (3.1) Picture Tissue type & example Structure Function Connective Matrix of fibers and Connect different liquid structures Protection Support  Nervous Long, thin and Send and receive branching cells electrical impulses throughout the body Muscle Long cells bundled Contract and relax to together allow for movement Contain many mitochondria Epithelial Tightly packed thin Protection from sheets of cells dehydration Provides a low-friction surface 15. Label the diagram below in the spaces provided. (3.3) A Mouth B Esophagus C Stomach D Small Intestine E Large Intestine 16. Define the term peristalsis and describe its role in the human body. (3.3) Smooth muscle contractions that push food through the digestive system a) Label the diagram using the following terms: Red blood cell, alveoli, oxygen, carbon dioxide, capillary. (3.6) b) Explain what is happening in the diagram above and use the following terms in your explanation: Red blood cell, bronchioles, alveoli, bronchi, mouth, trachea, oxygen, carbon dioxide, transportation. (3.6) Red blood cells are releasing carbon dioxide which is diffusing across capillary wall into alveoli. Oxygen in taken in through the mouth, down the trachea, into the bronchi then the bronchioles and finally to the alveoli.  Oxygen is diffusing from alveoli into capillaries and is binding to red blood cells. It is then transported to rest of body. 17. What is the role of the epithelial tissue that lines the trachea and bronchi? (3.6) To secrete mucous that traps invading particles and to warm and moisten incoming air Cilia sweep mucous and trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract 18. List the 3 parts that make up the circulatory system (3.4) Blood, Heart and vessels 19. Fill in the following table(3.4) Structure Function Red Blood Cells Smooth , hemoglobin, no nucleus Binds oxygen and carbon dioxide White Blood Cells Granular, nucleus is present Destroys invading bacteria and viruses Platelets Small pieces of cells Important in clotting Plasma Liquid, protein rich Carries blood cells and nutrients 20. Tendons connect ___muscle__ to ___bone____. When muscle ___contract__ they pull the bone Muscles can only __pull__and therefore work in groups. (3.8) 21. Differentiate between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. (3.10) CNS – Brain and spinal cord PNS – neurons that connect rest of the body to the CNS 22. Describe the functions of the following organ systems and how each one interacts with at least one other organ system. (3.11) Structure (Parts) Function Interaction with other organ system(s) Circulatory Heart, vessels, blood Circulates oxygen and Digestive system: absorbs nutrients from nutrients to tissue. Removes intestine and brings to cells. Removes waste and carbon dioxide waste from cells. Respiratory Lungs, trachea, bronchi, Takes in oxygen and releases Circ system: brings oxygen to rest of body. bronchioles, alveoli carbon dioxide Releases carbon dioxide into alveoli to be expelled. Musculo- Muscle, bone, tendon, Complex Movement Circulatory system: provides muscle cells skeletal ligaments, with the glucose and oxygen needed so the mitochondria in the muscle cells can undergo cellular respiration and provide the cell with the energy needed to contract. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, Digest food into smaller Circ System: delivers nutrients to tissues. stomach, small and large molecules (nutrients) that intestines, and accessory diffuse into the circ system organs and be carried throughout body.