bpe-reviewer-2.docx

GROUP 3 - **Historical Development of Physical Education in Greece:** - Physical education in ancient Greece started for children at age **7, preparing** them for the physical demands of their society. - The first formal Olympic games were staged in **776 B.C.,** int...

GROUP 3 - **Historical Development of Physical Education in Greece:** - Physical education in ancient Greece started for children at age **7, preparing** them for the physical demands of their society. - The first formal Olympic games were staged in **776 B.C.,** introducing big-time sports events for entertainment. - **Ancient Greek Sports:** - **Chariot Races**: Dating back to 1600-1100 B.C., 12 laps around the hippodrome. - **Horse Racing**: Added to the Olympics in 648 B.C., 1.2 km race, jockeys were often young boys or slaves. - **Running**: Greeks favored foot races, especially the \"stadion\" (a 200-meter sprint). - **Wrestling**: Grapplers aimed to throw opponents to the ground. - **Pentathlon**: Included discus, javelin, and other events. - **Boxing**: No rounds or time limits, thin hand thongs (\"himantes\") were used. - **Pankration**: A no-holds-barred mix of wrestling and boxing. - **Aims of Physical Education in Ancient Greece:** - To provide knowledge of the body and physical movement. - Games were organized to gather large crowds and promote physical training. - **Physical Education in Sparta vs Athens:** - **Sparta**: Focused on producing strong, disciplined warriors. Training emphasized endurance, strength, and combat skills. - **Athens**: Balanced physical education with intellectual and artistic development. Sports were part of a well-rounded education, aimed at producing well-rounded citizens. - Both city-states valued sports but with different goals---military preparation in Sparta and broader intellectual and physical development in Athens. - **Famous Greek Philosophers and Physical Education:** - **Socrates**: Advocated a balance of physical and mental fitness. - **Plato**: Promoted physical education for building courage and discipline. - **Aristotle**: Stressed the importance of harmonious body and mind development. - Other figures like Pythagoras, Hippocrates, and Galen influenced the role of physical education in maintaining health and developing virtues. - **Physical Education in Egypt:** - In ancient Egypt, physical education was crucial for military and religious purposes. - Activities like wrestling, running, swimming, and archery were practiced to stay fit and prepare for battle. - During the Ptolemaic period, Greek culture influenced Egyptian physical education, adding events like boxing and chariot racing. - In the Islamic period, physical fitness aligned with Islamic principles promoting a healthy lifestyle. - The modern era introduced structured physical education programs in schools, influenced by European models. - **Famous Egyptian Philosophers and Physical Education:** - **Imhotep**: Influenced holistic practices combining physical fitness with medical care. - **Ptahhotep**: Emphasized discipline in physical training. - **Amenemhat I**: Promoted physical education for preparing young men for leadership and military roles. - **Akhenaten**: His reign\'s focus on purity may have encouraged physical fitness for both the body and soul. GROUP 4 - **History of Physical Education in Rome:** - Rome evolved from a small village in the 9th century BC to a vast empire, dominating the Mediterranean region. - Roman Republic was established around 509 BC, with governance through elected magistrates and representative assemblies. - Popular physical activities included jumping, wrestling, boxing, racing, hunting, and ball games, especially among the wealthy. - **Military Training in Ancient Rome:** - The Roman Legion prioritized obedience, discipline, and readiness for war. - Romans developed their own physical training system, focusing on team unity and avoiding individualistic Greek athletics. - **Impact of Christianity on Roman Sports:** - Early Christians influenced Roman sports, shifting literature from metaphors to direct condemnations. - Roman sports were eventually rejected by Christian leaders. - **Women in Ancient Roman Sports:** - Women had limited participation in athletics but were involved in swimming, dancing, and ball games. - They occasionally competed in events like running and wrestling, but these were mainly seen as entertainment. - **Greek Athletics vs. Roman Physical Training:** - Greeks valued balanced physical and mental development, while Romans focused on rigorous military training. - Greek athletics flourished in Roman times due to emperors promoting exercise by building public gymnasiums and baths. - **Gladiatorial Combats in Rome:** - Gladiators fought to the death or \"first blood\" for public entertainment. - Events also involved wild animal shows and large-scale spectacles in the Circus Maximus. - **Development of Physical Education in Germany:** - By the 16th century, Germany had a focus on physical fitness influenced by classical antiquity. - The 20th and 21st centuries saw the integration of modern educational practices, emphasizing inclusivity and lifelong fitness. - **Influential Figures in German Physical Education:** - **Johann Basedow**: Introduced various physical activities like swimming and gymnastics into schools. - **Johan Guts Muths**: Known as the \"Grandfather of German Gymnastics,\" he promoted games and gymnastics for youth. - **Friedrich Ludwig Jahn**: Emphasized physical education for national development and society\'s progression. - **John Speiss**: Popularized school gymnastics and promoted sports for all students. - **Development of Physical Education in Sweden:** - **Per Henrik Ling**: A key figure in Swedish gymnastics, classified it into four groups: 1. Educational gymnastics: Focused on personality and social qualities. 2. Military gymnastics: Emphasized physical efficiency and muscular development. 3. Medical gymnastics: Used for therapeutic purposes. 4. Aesthetic gymnastics: Aimed at self-improvement and self-understanding. GROUP 5 - **Objectives of Physical Education:** - Understand the development of physical education in Sweden and the USA. - Compare the approaches of Swedish and American physical education. - Explore the influence of Swedish gymnastics on U.S. practices. - Identify the impact of early pioneers on modern sports and fitness. **Development of Physical Education in Sweden:** - **Per Henrik Ling (1776-1839)**: - Known as the \"Father of Swedish Gymnastics.\" - Emphasized therapeutic exercises to improve health. - Invented gymnastic apparatuses like ropes and modified vaults (e.g., vaulting horse and climbing ropes). - Classified gymnastics into four groups: 1. **Educational Gymnastics**: Focus on personal and social development. 2. **Military Gymnastics**: Emphasis on physical efficiency and strength. 3. **Medical Gymnastics**: Focus on therapeutic knowledge and body correction. 4. **Aesthetic Gymnastics**: Self-improvement and awareness. - **Hjalmar Ling (1820-1866)**: - Continued his father's work and introduced educational gymnastics. - Created exercises based on age and progression. - Led to compulsory physical education in Swedish schools. - **The Lingiad**: - A major event similar to the Olympics, celebrating Per Henrik Ling's legacy. - First held in 1939, featuring physical and artistic activities. **Development of Physical Education in the U.S.A.:** - **Early Influence**: - Immigrants brought sports like bowling, horse racing, and wrestling. - Physical education in the 1800s focused on health and strength. - **Important Figures in U.S. Physical Education**: - **Benjamin Franklin**: Promoted physical activities for health. - **Noah Webster**: Emphasized fitness as part of education. - **Thomas Jefferson**: Supported physical fitness as essential for society. - **Introduction of Gymnastics**: - **Charles Beck**: Brought the German system of gymnastics to Round Hill School in 1823. - **Hartvig Nissen**: Introduced Swedish gymnastics in the U.S. in 1883. - **Nils Posse**: Spread Swedish gymnastics to Boston in 1885. - **Pioneers in Physical Education**: - **Catharine Beecher**: Designed exercise programs for American children, focusing on vitality for girls. - **Dudley Sargent**: Encouraged students to participate in various sports like baseball, rowing, and boxing. - **Edward Hitchcock**: Led the Department of Health and Physical Education in 1861. - **William Anderson**: Founded the National Association for the Advancement of Physical Education in 1885. - **Advancement of Playgrounds and Sports**: - Playgrounds became part of urban areas to reduce juvenile delinquency. - **Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)**: Formed in 1879 to promote amateur sports. - **Collegiate Sports**: - Intercollegiate sports like rowing (Harvard vs. Yale, 1852) and football (Princeton vs. Rutgers, 1869) grew in popularity. - **Women\'s Sports**: Archery, tennis, and basketball became popular among women in the late 1800s. GROUP 6 **Introduction: Historical Development of Physical Education in China** - China's cultural history dates back over 2,500 years, with a rich heritage from the Shang to the Tang Dynasties. - **Tang Dynasty**: Known for high living standards and cultural achievements, surpassing the West. - **Feudal system**: Frequent city-state conflicts over trade routes. **Physical Culture in Ancient China** - Evidence of early physical culture in hunting and dancing. - **Xiozhongwu Dance**: Used to treat leg and foot diseases. - **Military training**: Crucial for maintaining territories; knights used chariots with bronze helmets and weapons. - **Chariots**: Lavishly decorated, manned by a driver, spearman, and archer. - **Infantrymen**: Recruited from farmers, facing harsh conditions. - **Mongol invasion**: Introduced horseback riding skills. - **Shih Hu's court**: Known for luxury, with a female battalion in sable furs. - **Boxing**: Became popular after Buddha Dharma's influence, evolving into over 170 movements by 1070 A.D. - **Martial arts**: A blend of philosophy and skill, evolving into Wushu (martial valor/skill). **Physical Education in China: Key Aims** 1. **Physical health**: Improve fitness, strength, endurance, flexibility, and coordination. 2. **Moral and ethical development**: Instill discipline, teamwork, respect. 3. **Lifelong physical activity**: Encourage regular exercise to prevent lifestyle diseases. 4. **Holistic development**: Enhance physical, mental, emotional, and social skills. 5. **Cultural preservation**: Promote traditional sports like Wushu. 6. **Balanced education**: Integrate physical education with academics. **Influence of Philosophers on Physical Education** 1. **Confucius**: Advocated balanced education with archery and ritual dances. 2. **Laozi**: Emphasized body-mind harmony, influencing Tai Chi. 3. **Sun Tzu**: Focused on strategy and discipline in martial arts. 4. **Zhuangzi**: Emphasized harmony with nature, influencing Qigong. **Historical Background of Physical Education in India** - **Yoga**: Popular in India, with a focus on physical postures, breathing, and meditation. - **Pre-Independence Period**: Influenced by ancient traditions, religious beliefs, and colonial rule. - **Vyayam Mandirs**: Early centers for physical training. **Traditional Indian Physical Activities** - **Wrestling (Malla-yuddha)**: Hand-to-hand combat. - **Lathi**: Martial art using a long wooden stick. - **Kho-Kho**: Traditional game emphasizing teamwork and strategy. **Social Hierarchy in Ancient India** - **Brahmins**: Priests, scholars, and teachers. - **Kshatriyas**: Warriors and rulers, responsible for protection. - **Vaisyas**: Merchants and landowners, focused on trade. - **Sudras**: The lowest class, serving other varnas. **Pre-Independence Development** - **Ancient and Medieval Periods**: Early civilizations before modern independence. - **British Influence (1600s - 1700s)**: Trading posts and colonies established. - **British East India Company Rule (1757 - 1858)**: Economic and political control over India. - **British Crown Rule (1858 - 1947)**: Direct governance, modernization efforts, and calls for independence. - **Indian Nationalist Movement (late 19th century - 1947)**: Efforts toward independence from British rule.