Blue Futuristic Technology Presentation PDF

Introduction to Sensors and its types Subject Incharge: Prof. Rahul Abhay Waikar What are sensors? A Sensor is a characteristic of any device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity. The output of the sensor is a sig...

Introduction to Sensors and its types Subject Incharge: Prof. Rahul Abhay Waikar What are sensors? A Sensor is a characteristic of any device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity. The output of the sensor is a signal, which is converted to human readable form. It performs some function of input by sensing or feeling the physical changes in the characteristics of a system in response to stimuli. How does a sensor work? Sensors work by detecting physical changes in the device’s environment and output them as analogue voltages or digital signals. This is then sent to a human- readable display where it can be monitored or transmitted, or relayed to other electronic devices for further processing. A electronic sensor is usually equipped to be able to pick up the slightest change in its surroundings 02 and instantaneously relay the information for processing. The higher the sensitivity of the sensor, the better it is. Features The ability of a sensor to detect small 1. Sensitivity changes in the input signal (e.g., temperature, light, pressure). of Sensors Higher sensitivity allows for the detection of minute variations in the environment. Refers to how close the sensor's 2. Accuracy measurement is to the actual value of the measured parameter. Essential for applications requiring precise data (e.g., medical devices, scientific research). The span of input values a sensor can 3. Range detect and measure effectively. Sensors with a wider range are more versatile. Features The smallest change in the input that 4. Resolution a sensor can detect and measure. Determines the granularity of the of Sensors sensor’s measurements. The time it takes for the sensor to detect a change and produce a corresponding 5. Response Time output signal. Shorter response times are critical for dynamic or fast-changing environments (e.g., robotics, automation). The ability to produce consistent results 6. Repeatability under the same conditions over multiple measurements. Ensures reliability in applications requiring frequent monitoring. Features 7. Durability and Longevity The sensor's capability to operate effectively in harsh or varying environmental conditions (e.g., of Sensors temperature, humidity, vibration). Longevity reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving costs. 8. Power Amount of energy required for the sensor to operate. Consumption Low power consumption is critical for portable or battery-powered systems. 9. Size and Form Compact and lightweight designs enable easier integration into modern devices like Factor wearables, smartphones, and IoT devices. Features The ability to sense a specific physical 10. Selectivity parameter without interference from other environmental factors. For example, a temperature sensor that of Sensors isn’t affected by humidity. The balance between the sensor’s 12. Cost- performance and its price. Effectiveness Important for large-scale deployments or consumer applications. Compatibility with standard output 13. Signal formats like analog, digital, or specific Compatibility protocols (e.g., I2C, SPI, UART). Ensures seamless integration with microcontrollers or data processing units.  TYPES OF SENSORS Functionality Proximity Sensor Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of objects without physical contact. They measure the distance to an object, operating on various principles like ultrasonic, infrared, or capacitive. Mechanism: Emits a signal (electromagnetic, IR, or sound waves). Detects changes or reflections caused by nearby objects. Applications Automatic door openers, robotic systems, parking assistance, level sensing in tanks and containers, and non-contact switching. TACTILE SENSOR Functionality Tactile sensors detect physical contact and measure pressure, force, or vibration. They provide information about the texture, shape, and hardness of the object being touched. MECHANISM: USES RESISTIVE, CAPACITIVE, OR PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS. DETECTS CHANGES IN ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES (E.G., RESISTANCE) UPON TOUCH OR PRESSURE. 02 Applications Robotics, prosthetics, medical devices, touchscreens, haptic feedback systems, and industrial automation. LIGHT INTRODUCTION: Measures light intensity or presence. SENSOR Converts light into electrical signals for monitoring or control. MECHANISM: Photodiode: Converts light to current based on intensity. Phototransistor: Amplifies light-induced current for stronger signals. IR Sensors: Detect invisible infrared light for specific applications. APPLICATIONS: Automatic lighting systems. Opto-isolators for signal protection. Opto-encoders for precise position tracking in motors and robotics. Light Sensors Photodiode Converts light energy into electrical (Photodiode, IR, current. Phototransistor) Infrared (IR) Detects infrared radiation emitted Sensor by objects, commonly used in remote controls and security systems. Phototransistor Amplifies the electrical current generated by light, providing higher sensitivity to light levels.  Opto-isolators Provide electrical isolation between circuits, using light to transfer signals without direct electrical connection. Applications: Opto-isolators and Opto- encoders Opto-encoders Convert mechanical rotation into digital signals using light, used for position and speed measurement.  Types of Sensors Gyroscope (Acceleration Sensor) Measure Rotation Features: Mechanism: Applications Detects changes in High accuracy in MEMS gyroscopes: Use Stabilizing images in angular velocity, detecting rotational micro-electro-mechanical cameras, motion providing information changes. systems to detect angular sensing in video games, about rotation and Compact size for momentum. navigation systems in Traditional gyroscopes: orientation. integration in portable vehicles, and inertial Use a spinning mass to devices. measurement units create measurable angular (IMUs). momentum.  Types of Sensors Hall-Effect Sensor Magnetic Field Features: Mechanism: Applications: Detection: Contactless sensing Hall voltage is generated Automotive: Detecting Detects magnetic fields mechanism. when a magnetic field speed, position, and and their variations to High durability and passes through a rotational movement. longevity. conductor. Industrial equipment: measure proximity or This voltage varies with Current sensing in speed. Effective in harsh the strength of the machinery. Named after physicist magnetic environments. magnetic field. Consumer electronics: Edwin Hall. Used in keyboards and other devices. Types of Sensors Temperature Sensor Thermistor Changes its resistance based on temperature, commonly used in temperature control systems. Thermocouple Generates a voltage based on the temperature difference between two junctions, used for high-temperature measurements. RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) Changes its resistance linearly with temperature, offering high accuracy and stability. Types of Sensors TEMPERATURE SENSOR MECHANISM: APPLICATIONS: FEATURES: Thermocouples: Generate voltage Climate control systems (e.g., HVAC). High accuracy and fast that changes with temperature. Medical devices (e.g., digital response time. RTDs: Change resistance with thermometers). Works across a wide temperature. Industrial processes requiring temperature range. Semiconductors: Produce a current precise temperature monitoring. Durable for long-term usage. based on temperature changes. Types of Sensors Ultrasonic Sensor Functionality Emit and receive ultrasonic sound waves, measuring the time of flight to determine distance and object presence. Mechanism: Emits ultrasonic pulses and measures their reflection time. Calculates distance using the speed of sound formula. Applications: Distance measurement, obstacle avoidance, parking assistance, level sensing, and object detection.  What is Interfacing? Connecting sensors to microcontrollers/microprocessors to read and process data. Involves hardware connections and communication protocols. Interfacing Components of Sensor Interfacing: and Power Supply: Provides power (e.g., 3.3V/5V). Signal Conditioning Circuit: Adjusts signals (amplification, filtering). Communication Interface: Enables data transfer (analog/digital). Control of Types of Interfaces: Analog Interfacing: Sensors like LM35 (temperature sensor) require ADC (Analog- Sensors to-Digital Converter). Digital Interfacing: Outputs binary data (e.g., Ultrasonic sensor). Practical Example: Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): Power: VCC & GND to Arduino. Trigger Pin: Sends pulses. Echo Pin: Receives the reflected signal to calculate distance.  Interfacing and Control of Sensors Why Control Control Techniques: Practical Tools and Sensors? Example: Signal Conditioning: Filters noise, amplifies signals, converts ranges. Software: Ensures accurate operation, energy efficiency, and Calibration: Aligns sensor output Smart Lighting System: with reference values. Microcontrollers: Arduino, prolonged sensor life. Light sensor (LDR) measures Raspberry Pi, ESP32. ambient light. Power Management: Sleep modes, Software: MATLAB, LabVIEW, lower sampling rates for efficiency Microcontroller adjusts LED Embedded C, Python. brightness accordingly. PID Controllers: Adjust systems dynamically (e.g., robot arm movements). AI Tool used Canva(AI) for ppt making Gamma : PPT reference ChatGpt : Information and text gathering Gemini : Image Generation THANK YOU